Journal of University of Babylon

In this search, a new scheme based on facial imagery of suspect is used for automated criminal investigation. Because, classification of fingerprint by pixel-wise matching is tedious and the features based schemes often lead to misclassification and hence improper matching. The image matching algorithm attempts to partially match the facial image of the suspect with known images. The conventional model based approaches are difficult to be implemented. Unfortunately, with the increase in the complexity of the process being modeled, the difficulty in developing dependable fuzzy rules and membership functions increases. A novel approach based on Adaptive neuro-fuzzy is used. It has the benefits of both neural networks and fuzzy logic. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid system combines the advantages of fuzzy logic system, which deal with explicit knowledge that can be explained and understood, and neural networks, which deal with implicit knowledge, which can be acquired by learning. Fuzzy logic has tolerance for imprecision of data, while neural networks have tolerance for noisy data. The main trick in this matching lies in fuzzy membership, which keeps track of the important features in the human faces and their relative distances. The matching scheme has the advantages of size and rotational invariant. This means that the matching scheme is insensitive to variation of image size or their angular rotation on the facial image plane.

This paper presents a new method to find the approximation solution for linear ferdholm integral equation : by using Taylor series expansion to approximate the kernel as a summation of multiplication functions by i.e. then use the degenerate kernel idea to solve the fredholm integral equation .In this paper we solve the above integral equation with and , is a real number, and are real continues functions .
We have deduced a MATLAB program to solve the above equation, we have used MATLAB (R2008a) to perform this program .
The presented method has high accurate when compare its results with the other analytical methods results .

In this paper, we describe a principled methodology of agent-based systems architecture and standardization. We illustrate the use of this methodology on an example of a supply chain management system. Using the methodology, it is possible to assess architectural decisions on software qualities such as performance, modifiability, and security. The focus for the methodology is risk identification, evaluation, and mitigation in the early stages of system design. We describe a test bed to analyze and evaluate agent-based systems in manufacturing enterprises that is based in part on this methodology.
This paper provides an overview of the standardization effort in the area of specifying standards for heterogeneous, interpreting agent-based systems. We describe also the types of software agents, which are of interest.

In this research, we present an important result on the characters of the quaternion group Q2n where n=pr and rZ+ and p is any prime number and not equal to 2, and the main result is the following proposition:-
Every rational valued characters of the quaternion group can be written as Z-linear combination of induced characters , Ci runs over all cyclic subgroup of Q2n.

A total of 153 isolates of enterobacteria were recovered from 187 clinical samples in one hospital In Hilla, Iraq during a period of three months. Enterobacteria isolates were mainly recovered from urinary tract (26.7%) and wounds (17.6%) samples.
The following bacterial species were recovered: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Klebsiella spp. Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Proteus spp., Enterobacter cloacae, E. aerogens, Enterobacter spp., and Salmonella spp., and Citrobacter frundii. E. coli was prominent in urine and stool, Klebsiella in wounds, and Proteus in urine and ear samples.
A standardized method was used to determine the susceptibility of enterobacteria isolates against 14 antibiotics. More than half of isolates were susceptible to penicillins (Amk, Amx), third generation cephalosporin (Ctx), and Rifadin (RD), but they were less susceptible to other penicillins (Pen, Amp), Gentamycin, and tetracycline.
Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed multiresistance to penicillin (100%), cephalexin, Gm, Te, RD, My, and NA. In addition to these antibiotics, half of the isolates showed resistance to extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotic cefotaxime.
Proteus mirabilis has the highest number of multi-resistant isolates. They were highly resistant to Pen, Gm, and showed moderate resistance to Amp, cephalexin, St, Te, and My antibiotics. High percentage of Enterobacter isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics used in this study except for P, Amp, and St.

Ninety nine isolates of Escherichia coli have been isolated and detected from un married female patients with UTI, (55) isolates were related to diabetic female and (44) isolates were related to non diabetic female during the period between February and June 2008 in Hilla province. The patients ages ranged from (11–30) years. Haemagglutination assay (HA) has been used to detect the ability of E. coli isolates to produce colonization factor (Type 1 fimbriae). It has been found that 45 (81.8 %) among (55) isolates from diabetic female with urinary tract infection have ability to produce Type 1 fimbriae, while 20 (45.5 %) among (44) isolates of non diabetic female with urinary tract infection have ability to produce this factor. The effect of such antibiotics as (Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Nitrofurantion) on colonization factor (Type 1 fimbriae) has also been studied and it has been found that these antibiotics causes complete inhibition to this factor.

This study was done in three southern Iraqi marshes(Al-Hammer, Al-Chebiash , Al-Hawiza ) during 2006 to identify epiphytic and epipelic algae for six sites (two sites for each marsh), So monthly samples were collected from February 2006 to July 2006 for epiphytic algae on submerged plant (Potamogeton pectinatus L.) with seasonally samples for epipelic algae , The results showed that Cocconeis placentula var.euglypta (Ehr.)Cl. , Cocconeis. pediculus Ehr., Fragilaria capucina Demazieres ,Microcystis aeuroginosa kütz were identified as most frequent species by occurrence in all sites, a high total cell number (88116.3)cell×104/g was recoded in Al-Chebiash marsh on March 2006 (site3) for epiphytic algae Cymbella affinis (kütz.) while a lowest number(15.6)cell×104/g was also recorded in Al-Chebiash marsh for epiphyticspeciesOedogonium Sp. On February 2006 (site 3), Also Al-Chebiash marsh was identified as a most abundant marsh for a species diversity during a study period.

Background: Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of different type of degenerative diseases.
Objective: Investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and obesity.
Methods: 30 Obese (BMI 34-42 kg/m2) subjects and 20 non-obese (BMI 23-24 kg/m2)subjects were subject to the present study. Conjugated diene lipid hydroperoxides (CD), protein carbonyls, serum uric acid and total serum protein were determined spectrophotometrically.
Results: Results of present study show highly significant (P<0.001) increase in the levels of CDH and total carbonyl group and show increase in total protein whereas shows decrease in uric acid levels of obese men, when compared with control group.
Conclusions: Increase the levels of oxidation product and decrease the antioxidant levels indicate involvement of obesity in the conditions of oxidative stress.

This study deals with measuring of some chemical parameters including :pH, EC, SO4-2, Cl -,Ca+2, total hardness, and alkalinity of drinking water in Ilaje Jboor in Hilla governet . The total count of coli form bacteria was also studied, to evaluate the quality of drinking water.
During the period from April 2008 to February 2009 samples ware collected monthly. The analysis explained that drinking water depending on characters of raw water (river) and the efficiency of drinking water plants different but in most samples the chemical parameters were within compared EPA,WHO and Iraqi guidelines of drinking water.The results indicated that the water which was processed in Ilaje Jboor can not be used for drinking because of contamination of E. coli form bacteria.

The use of cheap adsorbent has been studied as an alternative substitution of activated carbon for the adsorption of MG from its aqueous solution .
The low cost adsorbent Egg Shell Powdered (ESP) was successfully used for the sorption dyes from its aqueous solution .This study investigates the potential of egg shell powder as a low cost adsorbent for malachite green removal from its solution The equilibrium time was 60 min.
The effect of initial concentration for MG , sorption time on dye removal ,and dose of adsorbent was studied . The equilibrium sorption isotherms have been analyzed by the linear , Freundlich and Langmuir models.
The kinetics studies were provided with Pseudo first order.

In the present work, effect of addition Lithium Fluoride on dielectric properties of high density polyethylene has been studied .For that purpose ,the HDPE samples with LiF additive have been prepared with volume different percentages and different thickness.The experimental results showed that the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, AC electrical conductivity are changed with change LiF content and frequency of applied electrical field.

In this study the ligand 2-(sodium 4- azo salicylate) -4,5-diphenyl imidazole was prepared by the reaction between sodium 4- aminosalicylate and 4,5-diphenyl imidazole in alkaline alcoholic solution. The ligand was examined by using element analysis , UV-Vis. and infrared spectra. Also this research involved the rapid and sensitive determination of cobalt (II) , nickel (II) , copper(II) and zinc(II) using this ligand at (λmax =464 , 460 , 500 and 520) nm respectively , pH =8 and the mole ratio was 1:2 (metal : ligand ). also these complexes were examined by using the same methods .

In this research the open type wind tunnel is designed, manufactured and calibration. Test section was 30 cm squared, 60 cm long. And with overall length was 3 m , it is consists of contraction cone(nozzle), test section and diffuser. Subsonic flow are achievable allowing experiments on many aspects of incompressible air flow and subsonic aerodynamics to be performed at satisfactory Reynolds numbers .The tunnel has a smooth contraction fitted with the protective screen. The working section is constructed of clear perspex. Turbine blade specimen is investigated in this wind tunnel to check the operation and calibration of the wind tunnel. ANSYS12 software is used to study the velocity & pressure distribution in the wind tunnel. Good agreement is evident between the experimental and ANSYS12 results.

The use of mineral admixtures and super plasticizers, has led to the development of high strength of normal weight concrete. The best use of these materials has resulted in concrete compressive strength exceeding 70 MPa.
This investigation or research reports results of a study undertaken to develop high strength light weight concretes using a waste of local clay brick as a lightweight coarse aggregate, super plasticizer and mineral admixtures.
A series of seven concrete mixtures were made. The cement or cement with mineral admixtures (hydrated lime as an additive) content of the mixtures ranged from 300 to 600 kg/m3. A large number of test cubes and cylinders and prisms were cast for the determination of the mechanical properties of concrete(density, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength).
From the results of this work. It is concluded that high strength concretes with densities of less than 2000 kg/m3 can be made with the use of minerals admixtures and super plasticizers and light weight coarse aggregate(waste of local brick) as coarse aggregate .The highest compressive strength achieved was 56.4 MPa at 90 days (3 months) for (cement + mineral admixture) content of 600 kg/m3.

This work is an attempt to prove that the milling stage for some pre-sintered ferrite compounds is unnecessary. Three samples of Ni, Zn and Mg ferrites were prepared by using the traditional ceramic method without milling. The samples were tested by XRD and the analysis of the results showed that Ni and Zn ferrites (in contract of Mg-ferrite) could be prepared without milling. We can make use of this phenomenon to minimize the energy required for preparation process.

This research presents an experimental study on flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete one-way slabs with two different systems. The first system is the conventional concrete overly and the second system is the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthening. The suggested combination between the two systems is also studied. The experimental investigation was conducted using six small size one-way slab specimens. All slabs were tested to failure under simply supported conditions. The both strengthening systems increased the flexural strength and reduced the deflections and crack widths of the strengthened slabs. Two modes of failure were observed, debonding and rupture of the CFRP reinforcement. Significant increase in ultimate flexural capacity ranging from 13% to 139% was registered in all the strengthening slabs, as compared to the control slab. The slab which was strengthened with suggested combination strengthening system exhibited the highest efficiency.

This paper presents a method for monitoring, evaluation and improving of electrical power system voltage stability that is based on Artificial neural networks(ANN). The training data is obtained by solving several normal and abnormal condition using the Linear Programming technique. The selected objective function gives minimum deviation of the reactive power control variables, which leads to the maximization of minimum Eigen value of load flow Jacobian. The considered reactive power control variables are switchable VAR compensators, OLTC transformers and excitation of generators. The method has been implemented on a modified IEEE 30-bus test system. The results obtain from the test clearly show that the trained neural network is capable of improving the voltage stability in power system with a high level of precision and speed. Thus, the method can be used as a guide by the operator in Energy Control Center (ECC) for power system control.

Ten descriptive models; two describe the water content as a function of matric potential [ ], four describe unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of water content [ ], and four describe unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of matric potential [ ]; were used by the RETC optimizing program to analyze seven-observed different data sets for predicting or estimating unsaturated hydraulic characteristics. The seven data sets are: 1) all laboratory measured data, 2) all laboratory measured data with one matching data point, 3) all laboratory measured data with one matching data point, 4) all laboratory measured data with all data, 5) all laboratory measured data with all data, 6) one matching data point with all data point and, 7) one matching data point with all data; where , , k indicate volumetric water content, applied suction or pressure head, and k is field determined instantaneous-unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Highly significant correlation values, , were obtained from fitting of van Genuchten and Brooks and Corey models to laboratory measured relationship. Predicted , and functions from soil water retention compared very well with observed data with linear correlation exceeded 0.800 and regression coefficient approached unity on 1:1 line. When one , or matching point was used in the analysis besides data, the , and functions were more precisely predicted. The linear correlation between matched and observed , and functions exceeded 0.959 with a regression coefficient of 1.0158 on 1:1 line. Estimated , and functions obtained from analyzing both the retention and conductivity data matched the observed values with correlation coefficient of 0.937 and a regression coefficient of 0.9888. Predicted relationships obtained form analyzing observed besides one matching point underestimated observed data especially near saturation suggesting the susceptibility of the prediction to high water content values. Predicted values obtained from analyzing the besides one matching point compared precisely with observed values. When all predicted data were plotted against measured data on 1:1 line, it produced correlation coefficient value of 0.846 and a regressing coefficient value of 0.9308.

Electromagnetic servos (ES) are devices converting the electrical signals to a mechanical motion. The ES are simple in design, stricture and reliable. They have wide applications in control and guidance systems. These devices have disadvantage of there non linear characteristics in the dynamic systems which can be over come by using PWM technique with a frequency suitable for the requirements of that dynamic system.
This paper includes the following:-
a- Theoretical background, structure, operation, performance, mathematical model and the block diagram of these devices.
b- Simulation and analysis of a supposed type of PWMES suitable for applications in control and guidance systems of small aircrafts and small calibers guided missiles by using Mat lab and Simulink programs.
c- Results of some important tests and showing some of the important performance behavior and parameters.
This simulation program enable the users to choice and to test the effect of any parameter and to investigate its influence on the performance of the device ,for example the dimensions and the magnetic characteristics of the ferrite parts , effect of the air gab ,influence of the coils and windings ,showing the values and behavior of the motion and its speed and acceleration, the effect of changing the frequency ,the effect of the load ,showing the values of generated forces and moments ,or any electric , magnetic or mechanical parameters.

A laboratorial test analysis has been made to evaluate a Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) mixes by using the available Iraqi cement. Six types of Iraqi cement are used in this study. Extensive preliminary physiochemical tests have been carried out for all types of cement. Fresh concrete tests show that the maximum and minimum slump flow values of 758mm and 650mm have obtained from SCC mixes made of Kerbala (Sulfate Resistance) and Tasluja (Ordinary) respectively. Kerbala (Sulfate Resistance) fulfills 2 sec and 8sec are the minimum values through T50cm and V-Shape Tests
The maximum and minimum compressive strength values of 62.7 Mpa and 40 Mpa have been obtained after 28days from SCC mixes made of Tasluja cement (Ordinary) and Kerbala cement (Sulfate Resistance) respectively.

Adaptive phased antennas, known as SMART ANTENNAS attract so much attention with the increase of wireless communications implementation. The smart antennas can change their shape of transmission placing nulls in the direction of interference, and steer their main lobe to the direction of interest. This process leads to maximizing Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) maximizing the throughput of the network. They can mitigate channel fading by searching for the best alternative path. This paper investigates the principles and the algorithms used to steer the main lobe and shape the radiation pattern to optimize the performance. Only analogue techniques are considered.