kufa journal Physical Education Sciences

Different countries of the world have taken special and great interest in the game of table tennis, which quickly led to its development, as targeted strategies were developed through local and international sports federations for table tennis and great efforts were made to raise the level of the game The study aimed to know the effect of the proposed exercises in developing some physical abilities and performance accuracy of some offensive skills among the research sample. The study was conducted on (6) players of Khanaqin Sports Club with table tennis in Diyala Governorate. The pre and post measurements of the research sample were conducted after the variables under study were chosen by the researcher, and the proposed exercises were applied for a period of (8) weeks, at the rate of (3) training units per week, after which the information and results were collected, treated statistically, presented and analyzed, and then discussed in an accurately scientifically. Based on scientific sources The researcher concluded that the proposed exercises led to the development of offensive skills and physical variables selected among the research sample. The researcher recommended the adoption of these exercises to raise the level of the variables under study among the players of Khanaqin Sports Club in table tennis.

The research aims to identify the leadership styles of the heads of clubs in Anbar Governorate from the point of view of coaches. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The research sample included (94) coaches for the season (2021-2022). The researcher used the Social Statistical Package (SPSS) to process the data statistically. The researcher concluded the validity of the leadership styles scale. The scores of the leadership styles scale also showed that the largest part of club heads have a democratic style in leadership dealings with subordinates. The results showed that the democratic style was at a high level. The results showed that the level of leadership style for club heads for the autocratic style and the lax style was average. The researcher recommended the necessity of employing leadership styles and their patterns for club heads in a way that raises the level of clubs' work to achieve the required goals and stay away from inflexible styles in dealing with club coaches.

The aim of the research is to reach the working structure of the elements of physical fitness and some physical measurements of weightlifting players. The researcher used the descriptive method in the relational method to solve the research problem. The research sample included young weightlifting players in the city of Mosul, who numbered (29) players. The researcher used measurement and testing as means of data collection The study included (13) physical measurements (height, torso length, leg length, arm length, thigh length, flexed humerus circumference, flat humerus circumference, forearm circumference, thigh circumference, calf circumference, palm span, foot width, shoulder width As well as (7) of the elements of special physical fitness, they are ( explosive power of the arms, explosive power of the legs, strength characteristic of speed for the arms, strength characteristic of speed for the legs, maximum transitional speed, agility, strength extension for the two legs) and the researcher used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation and coefficient of torsion And factor analysis by the method of the main components as the main statistical means in the research, The researcher reached five factors, four of which were accepted according to the conditions of acceptance of the worker.

The study aimed to construct a measure of training procrastination among the players of the Police Games in football, for the players of the Police Games in football. And the researcher used the descriptive approach in both his survey styles and the correlational relationships for its suitability and the nature of the research problem.
(130) players, and to begin with defining the areas of the scale, which included six areas, after which the paragraphs of the scale were formulated distributed over these areas and presented to a group of experts and specialists, so that later the scale would be applied to the building sample and special statistical analyzes would be carried out to extract indicators of honesty, stability and objectivity, and to adopt the appropriate means by which During which the research objectives were achieved

The main direction of the current Preparing a proposed training curriculum using applied exercises for the different play movements of the young handball players, as well as identifying the impact of these vocabulary on the performance of some basic skills in handball among the members of the research sample. In terms of individual and collective defense and attack, it has a positive effect on the performance of the skills of these two variables. In order to answer this question, the procedures that the researcher will take to reach the achievement of the objectives of this research. Assuming that the proposed training curriculum used in these applied exercises has a positive effect on the performance of some basic skills similar to the different play movements of the research sample members.
The researcher identified a community and his research sample, who are the players of the Specialized School of Handball in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, the governorate center for the year 2022, and their number is 18 players with ages from 15-18 years. The application of the experiment took from 12/7- 2/9/2022, data collection, classification and analysis using appropriate statistical methods. The researcher concluded that the results showed the effectiveness of the strategy of exercises similar to playing in developing specific skills, but in varying proportions. The results also showed the effectiveness of the traditional method in developing specific skills, but in varying proportions and results. The researcher showed that the strategy of exercises similar to play contributed to the development of competitive behavior between the learners themselves and the members of the two groups better than the traditional method. The strategy of exercises similar to playing contributed to the development of competitive behavior between the learners themselves and between the members of the two groups, better than the traditional method.

The balance beam is one of the artistic gymnastics devices that require physical abilities, including flexibility, because it plays an important role in performing the basic skills of this device, especially the front balance skill. Static flexibility plays the main role in performing the front balance skill on the balance beam. Through following up on practical lessons in the artistic gymnastics lesson for female students, it was found that some students face difficulty in performing the skill, so the researchers sought to study this problem. The aim of the research was to find a correlation between static flexibility and skill performance of the front balance skill on the balance beam in artistic gymnastics for female students. The descriptive approach was used using the correlational method, and the study community included fourth-stage female students / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / College of Education for Girls / University of Kufa, for the academic year (2021-2022), and the sample number was (35) female students, and photography was conducted to evaluate the performance of the front balance skill on the balance beam by consulting gymnastics experts, then the sample's static flexibility test was conducted to compare it with the performance evaluation test, and the results were extracted through the statistical package (spss), and the researchers concluded that there is a significant correlation between static flexibility and the performance of the front balance skill, and static flexibility plays a role in performing the skill with a correct movement path and fluidity and a wide range of movement and away from excessive movements, thus saving effort and time, and the researchers recommended emphasizing the improvement of static flexibility directly related to the performance of the front balance skill due to its effective role in the movement performance in a harmonious and coordinated manner and with less effort.

The strategic vision and its relationship to the creative abilities and professional compatibility of football coaches in the Iraqi governorates
Keywords / strategic vision. Creative abilities. professional compatibility. trainers.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that sports clubs rely heavily on the coaches in charge of the training process to achieve their goals as the focus of the training, technical and administrative process of the football game. Sports clubs Practicing the game of football at different levels in order to show what they have and make the best use of it, which will reflect positively on achieving growth, development and advancement in the game of football.
The research problem was in an attempt to answer the question: (What is the relationship of the strategic vision with the creative abilities and professional compatibility of football coaches in the Iraqi provinces?), The research objectives were:
1. Preparing a scale of strategic vision, creative abilities, and professional compatibility among football coaches in the Iraqi governorates.
2. Identifying the relationship between the strategic vision and creative abilities on the one hand, and the strategic vision and professional compatibility on the other hand, among football coaches in the Iraqi provinces. As for the research methodology and its field procedures, the selection of the research community and the preparation of the three scales and their presentation to a group of experts and specialists, as well as the treatment of the research results through the statistical methods used, and also the results were presented, analyzed and discussed in the areas of the three scales and the correlations between the research variables as well. As for the conclusion, it included the most important conclusions. Most of the coaches own the football game There are some developmental tools and training programs to improve their performance, which enhance their self-confidence and develop their creative abilities. The most important recommendations are to give coaches the opportunity to learn, acquire knowledge and enhance their confidence by building bridges of active communication between them by involving them in as much as possible in football meetings and courses.

The educational process administrators were keen on positive interaction between students and the teacher, as well as correcting or modifying their behavior during various educational situations. They also emphasized the renewal of models, methods and approaches used in education or teaching. While the researchers were following up on the students' performance in the educational units for volleyball for the third stage at the University of Kufa - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, as they were teachers of the subject for several years, they noticed the rarity of using the (Needham) model within an educational curriculum in the sports field, as this model helps students integrate into the educational process with vitality and activity, because it is based on the ideas and principles of the constructivist theory, as an attempt to develop motor coordination and the accuracy of the blocking wall skill in volleyball. Through the above, the research problem can be summarized in the following question: Does the use of exercises according to the (Needham) model with auxiliary means have an effect on developing motor coordination and the accuracy of the blocking wall skill in volleyball for students? The research aimed to: prepare exercises according to the (Needham) model with auxiliary means in volleyball, as well as identify the effect of exercises according to the (Needham) model with auxiliary means in developing motor coordination and accuracy of the volleyball blocking wall skill for students.
The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests, and the research community was determined by third-stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa, for the academic year 2022-2023, numbering (58) students, and a sample of them was selected by the simple random method (lottery) with (42) students, and they were divided into two samples, the first is the exploratory sample with a number of (10) students and the second is the application sample with a number of (32) students. The sample was divided equally into two experimental and control groups using the simple random method (lottery). After completing the unit items, the researchers conducted the post-tests, and the data was collected and processed statistically using the (SPSS) program. As for the most important conclusions, they are: The exercises that were prepared and applied according to the ((Needham model with auxiliary means helped greatly in developing the motor coordination and accuracy of the blocking wall skill in volleyball for students, and also that the motor coordination was reflected positively on the accuracy of the blocking wall skill in volleyball for students. As for the most important recommendations, they are: Using the ((Needham structural model with auxiliary means in developing motor abilities and basic skills in the game of volleyball, as well as working on organizing the content of the study material with an educational design according to the stages of the ((Needham structural model with means and in a manner that is consistent with achieving the educational objectives set.

The research aims to prepare training methods of fartlek exercises according to the (pulse), to identify the differences between the results of the pre and post tests in the completion of a 400-meter run for the research groups, to identify the differences between the research groups in the post-tests to achieve the 400-meter run, to identify the differences between the results of the pre and post tests of speed scale for the research groups. The researchers used the experimental method and identified the research sample from the students of the Sports Institute in Sulaymaniyah. They were randomly divided into three experimental groups, with (5) students for each group. Fartlek exercises were applied according to (pulse). After that, the appropriate statistical treatments were carried out to show the most appropriate way to train running (400m) freestyle. The researchers concluded that the use of fartlek exercises according to the pulse contributed to the development of the research variables (running at speed and achieving 400m freestyle running). . The researchers recommended the need to include the training curriculum prepared by the trainers on the fartlek method according to the pulse for the purpose of contributing to the development of speed running and the completion of the 400m freestyle run. For students and students and then participate in school competitions

The first chapter dealt with the introduction and the importance of the research in the use of ballistic training and showing the extent of its impact in developing some physical abilities and achieving the triple jump for the disabled (deaf and dumb) category. The research problem was identified in the poor selection of effective and appropriate training methods for the specialized performance of this activity. The human field contained a sample of (deaf and dumb) players in athletics and the time field for the period from (10/9/2022 to 12/1/2022) and the spatial field was the field and stadium in the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The second chapter included the tests used that were appropriate for the research topic using the experimental method and appropriate statistical methods. The third chapter included a presentation of the results of the tests under study, their analysis and discussion, and the fourth chapter included the conclusions, including (ballistic exercises contributed to developing the physical abilities of the research sample, improving the level of performance in the triple jump effectiveness of the sample members, ballistic exercises showed positive results in developing the muscular capacity of the upper and lower limbs and improving the working angles of the body) and the recommendations (emphasizing ballistic training within the training curriculum for the triple jump effectiveness, adopting the components of the training curriculum and generalizing it to the trainers in this activity for this category of disability, using modern training methods according to scientific methods that are compatible with the requirements of the activity to bring about development in physical abilities and the triple jump).

The effectiveness of an educational program using the supra-cognitive strategy in developing creative thinking of the subject of teaching methods among student of the Faculty Of Physical EDucation and Sports SCiences
Supervisor / Prof. Dr Thamer Hussein Kahat... Al-Qadisiyah University - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
Assistant Lecturer/ Hazim Thabet Zughayer…Qadisiyah Education Directorate.
Lecturer Dr/ Mohamed Radi Athab... Al-Qadisiyah University - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
The importance of the research using a new strategy in teaching practical teaching methods and its impact on the development of creative thinking among students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and their acquisition of mathematical scientific concepts. Practical teaching methods for students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences). The academic year (2021-2022) was chosen (160) students for the sample of building the scale, as well as choosing (40) students for the experimental and control group, at the rate of (20) students for one group of third-stage students according to the people and in a random way. The nature of the research problem, which is to find the relationship between two or more variables, and "the experimental approach is an attempt to control the basic factors is sufficient Except for one variable that is manipulated in a specific way so that it is possible to fix and measure this manipulation. The descriptive approach was also used in build a measure of creative thinking for student. conclusions of the research and includ that the educational program prepared by the researcher using the meta-cognitive strategy had a positive impact on the development of creative thinking For students in the subject of practical teaching methods compared to the method used by the teacher. As for the recommendations, it was necessary to use the meta-cognitive strategy in developing creative thinking for students in the subject. of practical teaching methods. Statistical means The researcher used a bag(spss).

The colleges of physical education in the country, including the College of Physical Education at the University of Babylon, rely on a special program for accepting students who apply for this purpose. This program is not subject to the central admission program on the basis of which students applying to other colleges and specializations are accepted. The most important feature of the special admission program for the College of Physical Education is its reliance on physical and skill tests and various games as a clear basis for acceptance, as these tests, despite their differences and variations, are effective tools for evaluating the physical and skill performance level of students. Hence, the importance of the research emerges in order for these tests to be used or applied. These tests had to be based on sound scientific foundations, in addition to unification away from individual points of view. What we mean by unification is providing specific test batteries for each sporting event, as it would determine those in charge of the measurement and testing process with standardized controls, thus leading to achieving justice among the applicant students in terms of the opportunities available for acceptance. The aim of the research was to build a test battery for some football skills and its hypothesis was that there are significant differences between the battery tests for some football skills. Therefore, the researcher used the descriptive method using the method of studying mutual (overlapping) relationships. As for the research community, they are the first-stage students of the College of Physical Education at the University of Babylon for the academic year 2021-2022 AD, numbering (88) students. As for the research sample, it included (60) students who were selected intentionally, representing a percentage of (68.18%) of the original community. The tests included - shooting - rolling - ball control. There were conclusions including that controlling the use of the ball is necessary for the player’s level to advance, as well as recommendations including using a battery to test some football skills in the periodic assessment to know the levels of first-stage students in the College of Physical Education, University of Babylon.

The importance of the research was evident in studying the effectiveness of communication skills by obtaining a standardized scale to measure this skill. Communication for the coach is little studied in Iraq, which contributes to clarifying this relationship and placing its results in the hands of researchers and coaches in order to benefit from these results and apply them to sports teams in the field. The problem of the research lies in the low level of performance of some players despite receiving the same signals, gestures, facial expressions and hand movements of the coach in order to change his performance and position, and at the same time lies in the obstacles that hinder communication. The study aimed to build a scale of communication skills for coaches and players of the Iraqi football league. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method and correlational relationships because it is the most appropriate for the nature of the problem. The research sample was selected, amounting to (120) coaches and (660) excellent players representing the various governorates of Iraq. The construction sample was represented by coaches of first-class clubs, numbering (60) coaches, and the exploratory experiment was represented by (10) coaches and (10) players. The results showed good levels in the effectiveness of communication skills for football players.

Most coaches do not give attention to some motor qualities such as neuromuscular coordination and motor accuracy in proportion to their size when building the training curriculum in volleyball, which prompted researchers to shed light on this problem. The most important objectives of the study were to identify the relationship between neuromuscular coordination, attention focus, and high smashing accuracy in the research sample. The most important thing that the researchers assumed was a significant relationship between neuromuscular coordination, attention focus, and high smashing accuracy in the research sample. The research methodology was a descriptive approach using the correlational method. The research sample was taken randomly from third-year students at a rate of (39%). After taking the opinions of specialists about the appropriate tests to measure the research variables, the researchers went to extract the scientific foundations for the tests by conducting the exploratory experiment, which consisted of 10 students from the same research community. After that, the researchers went to conduct the main experiment, which was on 1/25/2021. After collecting the data, tabulating it, processing it statistically, discussing it and analyzing it, they reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the correlation coefficient for eye and arm compatibility with crushing accuracy is greater than its counterpart in leg and eye compatibility with crushing accuracy. As for the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers, they emphasized neuromuscular coordination exercises using eye, hand and leg coordination exercises to obtain good technique.

The study dealt with the introduction of the research and its importance crystallized in the pursuit of developing the percentage of contribution of performance endurance in some offensive skills in indoor soccer for young players, the aim of which is to create players with high endurance, which makes the player able to play throughout the match without fatigue or boredom, so the endurance element is important for every athlete. .
As for the research problem:
The research problem was revealed through the researcher's experience as a player and his knowledge of the game field. He found that there has been a great development in the game of indoor soccer in recent years due to the change of some laws and rules, which made the game faster and more exciting. This rapid development depends on the presence of physical and mental elements and abilities that gave the skill performance the characteristic of continuity without decreasing the level. This development also gave the player the ability to plan and visualize quickly in difficult and different playing situations.
Research objectives
* Identify the degree of performance endurance among players of Babylon youth clubs in indoor soccer.
* Identify the degree of offensive skills performance among young players in indoor soccer.
* Identify the relationship between performance endurance and offensive skills performance among young players.

* Identify the percentage of contribution of performance endurance and offensive skills performance among young players.

Motivation is a form of arousal that creates a kind of activity, effectiveness, energy or drive that aims to enable the student to choose specific goals and work to achieve them as an internal process that activates and directs him to maintain his behavior. The modern contemporary person is characterized by accepting new experiences and ideas, intellectual openness, and accepting renewal and change. There is no point in building a modern society unless the trends, motivation and capabilities of the individuals of this society go hand in hand with the forms of modernization. Modern society needs individuals from men and women who contribute to its construction. The research aims to identify the reality of academic self-motivation and the psychological aspects of modernity among fourth-year students, and to identify the nature of the correlation between academic self-motivation and the psychological aspects of modernity among fourth-year students. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey and correlation study method. The research sample was selected from fourth-year students (evening studies) at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon for the academic year 2021-2022, and their number reached (30) students. Then, the researcher selected and applied the scales of academic self-motivation and psychological aspects of modernity to the research sample. The results were extracted using appropriate statistical treatments to reach the results. After that, the results were presented, analyzed and discussed. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, including that the sample enjoyed academic self-motivation and psychological aspects of modernity among students, and the existence of a significant correlation between academic self-motivation and psychological aspects of modernity among students. Based on the results reached by the research, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations, including paying attention to developing academic self-motivation and psychological aspects of modernity.

The basic skills are one of the components of the futsal game, in addition to physical fitness and the psychological, educational and mental aspects that improve the level of performance. Therefore, attention is required to prepare the skills through the use of various learning methods and aimed at developing performance and learning the basic skills better. Through the researchers' observation of the learning process of basic skills, the research problem emerged in the presence of difficulty in learning and performing these skills, so the researchers decided to solve this problem by proposing a set of compound exercises and applying them to the students, and for the purpose of achieving this, exercises that meet the learning need and according to the requirements of the environment must be used. The game and an approach to the player's performance during the game. The study aimed to know the effect of compound skill exercises in learning basic skills in futsal for female students of the first stage - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. As for the hypothesis of the research, there was a positive effect of compound skill exercises in learning basic skills in futsal for female students. The experimental approach was used with the design of (two equal groups), with a pre- and post-test, due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research community was determined by the first-stage female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon for the academic year (2021-2022), whose number is (24) students. The most important conclusions were the following: The positive effect of the proposed compound exercises in developing the basic skills subject of the research.

The importance of sport comes from the importance of human health and the freedom of his body from disease and physical weakness that hinders him from achieving efficiently and effectively. Physical and mental health, as here it is the duty of the sports school or the sports teacher to pay attention to this oppressed segment in practicing what it wishes to practice in terms of a healthy recreational sports activity. Hence, the researcher, being a teacher of physical education in a mixed secondary school, noticed that many students do not practice sports because of the prevailing custom in their areas where sports were practiced exclusively for students. The study aimed to study the obstacles facing the student who practices sports and to study and analyze the results of the questionnaire to find out the impact of the school on the students' practice of sports. The researcher used the descriptive approach to solve the research problem and its suitability for the research, and most practical research uses the appropriate approach that is commensurate with the nature of the problem. The researcher identified the research community as female students of Khatib Al-Anbiya Mixed High School in Diwaniyah for the year (2022/2023), whose number is (75) students only in middle school, excluding intermediate students, and they represent (100%) of the original community. The researcher applied the main experiment by distributing the questionnaire to the students of the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of middle school, to the exclusion of middle school students. As for the remaining four axes, they are: the personal axis, the family axis, the environmental and social axis, and the academic axis. The highest degree of the scale is (100) degrees, and the lowest degree was (25) degrees, as the scale in the final form contained 4 axes and (25) paragraphs that revolve around the student and what revolves around her. The researcher used the statistical bag (SPSS) to process the data statistically, and the researcher discussed the results of the questionnaire according to the information received by the sample, and the conclusions were The practice of sports has an effective and positive effect on students and women in general and at different ages As for the recommendations, it is necessary to work on providing an appropriate environment for students to practice sports activities
1-1 المقدمة واهمية البحث :

The game of five-a-side football today is very popular if it has spread widely in various countries of the world and has become a game that is practiced in all cities and countries of the world, and that this game needs different capabilities and skills, whether physical, skillful or mental as well, and that any weakness in the skills of the game (offensive - Defensive) causes weakness in the team and the fact that this game is now practiced to a large extent even by students with their various specialties in general and the specialty of physical education in particular so it attracted the attention of coaches and teachers of the game in all faculties of physical education and sports sciences in order to develop this game it was necessary to use exercises Sports that work on developing the physical and skillful abilities of the players, and one of the exercises is the rubber ropes exercises and their role in developing the physical and motor abilities in the skills of the five-a-side football for the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
Therefore, the research aims to:
1- Preparing exercises using rubber ropes to develop the physical and motor abilities of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa.
2- The effect of rubber rope exercises on developing the physical and motor abilities of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa.
3- Identifying the preference of exercises with rubber ropes at the expense of the exercises used by the professors of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa.
``The study was conducted on a sample of students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa for the academic year 2020-2021, whose number is (109) students distributed into four academic divisions. one experimental group, and the experimental group was divided into two parts, one of which used the usual exercises, and the second used the exercises with rubber ropes to develop and improve the skills of the futsal game to suit the students for the purpose of equivalence, then conducting the pretests for the students, and then starting the implementation of the pretests and reaching the posttests by following the same procedures that It was adopted in the pre-test of the experimental group with one design.

Abstract
The recent paper aims to find the following:
The indication of differences in the impact of the special muscular power training using resistance ropes on the variables (force platform, total start time (TST), reaction time start (RTS), and underwater start distance time (USDT) determined to accomplish the track start between the pre- and post-tests for both the experimental and controlling groups, in favor of the post-tests, and the existence of significant differences in the impact of the special muscular power training using resistance ropes in the variables of force platform, total start time (TST), reaction time start (RTS) and underwater start distance time (USDT) determined to accomplish the start of the track in the post-tests between the experimental and controlling groups and in favor of the experimental group. The researcher used the experimental method that has two tests, pre and post, after the homogenization of the research sample was carried out then divided the research sample into two groups, experimental and controlling, and conduct equivalence between them in the relevant research variables after conducting pre-tests as the experimental group to apply the independent variable, which is the special muscular power exercises by using resistance rubber ropes within a prepared curriculum that was implemented by the experimental group members in two medium sessions for 24 training units at a rate of three days a week and with a undulation of the shape of a load movement 3: 1. Then, post-tests were conducted, and the results were obtained and processed statistically by applying the two T-tests of the related and independent samples using the SPSS statistical pack. The researcher concluded that the special muscular power exercises used in the research affected the development of the values of each of the variables of the force platform and the variables of completing the start of the track in the freestyle and butterfly swimming of the experimental group significantly according to the values of the search results.
Also the training curriculum using rubber ropes affected positively the development of each of the values of the force platform and the variables of completing the start of the track in the free and butterfly swimming of the experimental group, according to the values of the search results.
The researcher recommended the need to use the training curriculum and exercises proposed in the training curricula for swimmers of the skill of starting swimming in all its forms, as well as allocating a special curriculum for starting in isolation from the swimming training curriculum in the water and setting repetitions and exercises with stresses and training volumes for the same goal, as well as the need to conduct similar research targeting starting skills for other types of swimming, such as (backstroke, breaststroke), as well as for other skills, such as (rotation).