AL-Anbar University journal of Economic and Administration Sciences

The study aimed at measuring the dynamic productivity of the private banking sector in Iraq for the period (2010-2017) using the Malmquist method and applying to (23) private banks. Three inputs were used (capital, deposits and administrative expenses) and three outputs (loans, investments, And the net profit) The banks have been divided into two groups: the first are banks that have foreign capital, and the second is the banks that do not have foreign capital, and the research found that banks within the first group more productive than banks in the second group during the period (2010-2017 ), With an average productivity of (1.46) m The second group, which reached an average productivity of 1.98, in addition to the achievement of the Bank of Economy within the first group and the National Bank within the second group the best rates of productivity dynamic where the average productivity during the study of the Bank of the economy (3), while the average productivity of the National Bank 3.78.

The problem of the study was the lack of clarity of the causal relationship between money supply and GDP in Iraq, which negatively affects economic growth, economic decisions and policies in Iraq, as well as the extent to which money can affect GDP and the impact of GDP on money supply.
The study aims to analyze and measure the causal relationship between M2 and M1 and the GDP at current and constant prices in Iraq during the period 2018-1988. The use of Granger's reasoning, the joint integration test, and the error correction model were used to determine the direction of the causal relationship Between the two variables and the balance relationship in the short and long periods.
The results showed that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between money supply in the narrow and wide sense (M2 and M1) and Gross Domestic Product at current and constant prices. Moreover, the results of Granger's causality revealed a causal relationship that moves from GDP at constant prices to narrow and wide money supply . This result indicates that the real business cycles theory is correct in terms of the impact of GDP growth rates on money supply.

The study of economic activity through the growth of gross domestic product, which is one of the most important indicators that can be inferred to identify the reality of any economy, so that the analysis of the relationship between him and the direct cash credit granted by the banking sector, which is a tool of monetary policy is of great importance The aim of the research was to analyze the evolution of these variables and to measure the relationship between them by means of a number of tests and the use of the self-regression model (ARDL) to clarify the effect. between the gross domestic product (GDP) cash and credit (CC), and error correction parameter is negative and significant in the short term, and the existence of a relationship in the long-term moving from (GDP) to (CC).

The forms of financing are very important for economic development, rebuilding theinfrastructure destroyed by wars, and filling the gap of underdevelopment that has arisen as a result of the decline in real income and the reduction of savings during the past period, causing a shortage of domestic investment and reluctance of foreign investors to enter the country due to insecurity and safety. This has led to the reluctance of international banks to lend, in addition to the fact that most of Iraq's annual budget allocations go 60% to operating expenses compared to 30% for investment allocations with a percentage that does not meet the huge burdens and the building of a country like Iraq . Thus, the study revolves on opportunities and obstacles to foreign investment and the analytical study in diagnosing the depth of the problem.
The research hypothesis assumes that the important economic sectors directed at foreign investment are lead to the development of these sectors and foreign direct investment which is directed to the oil sector increases financial resources and enhances public revenues of the state. This is reflected positively on the process of economic development and reconstruction in Iraq.

The role of the state in economic life started to grow as a result of its intervention in many economic activities. Governments of developing countries that adopt the socialist system became the sole dominant power on all economic activities as a result of intervention in economic institutions. Iraq is an example of such countries. The government during the 1980s was controlling all the wealth of the country and monopolized the authority to build up the economy according to its own ideology. The private sector was ignored or ousted from economic activities because the state views it as an exploitive sector which cares for its interests only. This sector as a result was isolated by preventing it from participation in the productive, commercial, and industrial projects and the nationalization of its projects into the public sector. This created a gap of trust between the private sector and the state which grew larger after the wars of the 1980s and 1990s that caused the destruction of the country’s infrastructure and public institutions. As a result, Iraqi state tried hard to turn these institutions to the private sector through complete or partial sale.
But this transition was not done with integrity to allow the private sector to exercise its role in the national economy because of sale to selected parties. When the socialist system ended after 2003 and a real transition into free market economy started the private sector was given the chance to enter in the process of building, reconstruction, and activating economy. But this chance was humble and restricted because economic institutions and sector were still controlled by the public sector. These sectors are also a big financial burden to the state because they were failing, providing low quality services to consumers, and lack attempts to increase their limited production or develop their means of production through technological upgrade. These sectors are still using old technology and low expertise manpower. This study, therefore, investigates the possibility of privatizing Iraqi electricity sector by figuring out the obstacles and reforms necessary to re-activate this sector, notably, privatization of this sector. The study tries also to estimate the demand for electricity for the period (2004-2016) to identify the most important variables affecting electricity demand.

The basic objective of the government from exercising power and rule in a given society is producing benefits for the society although political and economic philosophy. The duty of ruling regime is improving the living conditions and welfare. If per capita income continues to rise over the years, there would be a structural changes in the economy and a clear improvement in the quality of life. The society will shaft to better level of economic well-being, then we can call this government a "good governance". The purpose of the study is to explore the impact of "governance indicators on economic development in Iraq and neighboring countries", using annual balanced panel data for the period (1996-2016), for six countries; (Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) that is meaning we have 123 observation from 1996 to 2016, and a simple multiple regression for empirical investigation is used. A set of independent variables such as economic openness (trade % gdp), export% gdp, total government final expenditure % gdp, dependency ratio% working age, governance indicators (G1, G2,G3), has been chosen to explore their impact on economic development (log per capita income).

The evaluation of the efficiency of economic performance is one of the main factors on which the success of any economic unit depends on access to high levels of efficiency in the use of economic resources. The study dealt with a knowledge and applied framework for evaluating the performance of the general company for wool industries and how to rehabilitate them in view of the available strategic options and alternatives, To the problems experienced by the General Company for woolen industries in light of the trade contraction of goods and services and the weakness of competitiveness, and the study reached many conclusions, the most important that the commodity activity achieved the highest contribution to the total Revenues reaching its contribution throughout the years of schooling (50.6%) of total revenues came in second place manufacturing revenue reaching contribution ratio throughout the years of schooling (35.4%) to total revenues, followed by the rest of the items and elements of small proportions. The company achieved results indicating the inefficiency of the company during the years of study (2010-2016),due to the increase in the proportion of costs more than the increase in revenues. As for the criteria of share of the sales unit of profits and the ratio of sales to capital invested, we find that the company has achieved low rates during the study period, reflecting the inefficiency of the company ,in addition to the intensity of competition for imported products , in the required level , which in turn led to a decrease in the volume of profits in the company as a whole.

Tax is associated with the existence and development of the state. Each state is in need of revenues to meet its increasing general needs. Taxes have many goals including the financial and funding role and economic role. Taxes play vital role in enabling the state to interfere in various faces of economic life. Iraq suffers a marginalization of the role of taxes in funding and that Iraqi budget depends on petroleum to a large extent to fund general expenditure especially after the change of Iraqi regime in (2003). This puts Iraqi economy in great danger as petroleum prices are connected to prices of international markets and, therefore, it is subject to continual fluctuations of the international markets. This study aims to analyze the situation of Iraqi tax system and the extent of its contribution in general revenues and present suggestions to increase them. The paper found that the marginalization of the role of taxes in funding is due to lack of variety in the sectors forming gross domestic product because of dependence on petroleum revenues in funding. The researchers recommend diversifying the sources of funding general revenues in Iraq and decreasing dependence on petroleum through attention to industrial and agricultural sectors and providing supports to them. The researchers also recommends providing incentives to private sector in Iraq because it contributes to increasing the tax source and consequently increasing tax revenues.

The public spending and domestic spending of variables that are effective on the foreign direct investment flow, and that because it reflects a positive impact on the provision of suitable foreign investor working environment by creating infrastructure and institutional large consumer market to increase the demand for goods and services produced by these investments, as the research aims to statement and the role of this spending on foreign direct investment flow using a model vector error correction (VECM), and the research found a relationship equilibrium long-term between the departments of public spending (current spending, investment spending) and foreign direct investment, and there is no relationship equilibrium long-term between domestic spending and foreign direct investment .

The research aims to analyze the strategic performance gap in a number of Iraqi community colleges by analyzing the gap in the (financial perspective, the customer\\'s perspective, the perspective of internal processes, the perspective of learning and growth), and the extent to which it relates to the dimensions of the possibility of transition to the learned organization, Generation and sharing of knowledge, collective dialogue, continuous learning, building and empowering educated teams, and linking the organization to the external environment) and their impact on the possibility of transforming community colleges into learning organization.
The problem of the research was the president\\'s question (does the analysis of the strategic performance gap lead to organizations recognizing the need to transform it into a learning organization). Two main hypotheses were formulated to clarify the relationship between these two variables. The questionnaire was adopted as a data collection tool, And the statistical program (SPSS) was used to analyze the data.
The main findings of the study were the relationship between the relationship between the analysis of the strategic performance gap and the possibility of transition to a learning organization.

Social media has become a growing force and a promotional tool for modern organizations generally and educational institutions in particular. Furthermore, its success and failure depend on its ability to accomplish the daily transactions through electronic means efficiently and effectively. Therefore, the study started by answering the research question "What is the contribution of social media to enhance the management of students' relations between the private primary schools in the Nineveh Education Directorate?” Researchers sought to diagnose the reality of using modern educational institutions (private primary schools) for the modern applications such as (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Viper, and WhatsApp program) which help the educational institutions to develop and run their activities and promotional programs through social media. As well as to diagnose the nature of the relationship between the study variables.
To achieve the research aims and objectives, the practical aspect included the distribution of (120) questionnaire to specialists at ten primary schools in the city of Mosul. The questionnaire included three main sections. The first section consisted of the techniques used within social networks, and the second part discussed the nature of student relationship management for educational schools. While the last part of the questionnaire focused on the relationship between social networks as external factors that contribute to enhancing the student relationship management. The study found that there is a positive effect among the research variables. Furthermore, there is an active role of social communication in strengthening the management of the affairs and relations of students within the research sample schools by a positive correlation up to (0.886). It also contributes to the achievement of the primary school objectives, the quality of education and raises the scientific level of students. Moreover, Students' needs are met, also continuous contact between the schools and students, thus enhancing the competitive advantage of schools in the external environment.

The study aims at measuring and testing the relation between country risk, as it is called by researchers and writers, and flows of FDI. The study deduces that there is fluctuation in direct foreign investment Due to several factors, including exchange rates, reduced capacity of local markets and, finally, political turbulence. This fluctuation was very clear in 2002. most countries have witnessed a high level in direct foreign investment like Iran, Indonesia and Nigeria. other countries show a low level of direct foreign invest like Jordan and Malaysia. We must know the books of country's risk like international country risk guide and must study the country's economy, fiscal and policy in order to know or to expect the country's investment direction. This leads to expect the returns and to know how to avoid the risks in order to end them.

This research aims to study the relationship between knowledge management processes and competitive advantages.The availability of such processes in the organizations is one of the requirements of attaining the competitive advantages .
The relationship has been verified in the light of the results of analyzing the data collected via 78 sample questionnaire including the heads of the departments and the administrative unit in the In Industrial Installations In Mosul City.
The results have shown .that there is a correlation and significant effect between knowledge management processes and the competitive advantages depending on the components and dimensions of both this leads us to conclude that the competitive advantages are mainly stemming from the knowledge management processe.
Finally , the study suggested the most important of which is the necessity of establishing an administrative unit majored in the knowledge management processes.

The human resource is an essential source for both industrial and service organizations to achieve sustainability, to do so, it's important to provide an appropriate work environment, and enhancing quality of health and safety procedures as well as encouraging organizations to provide appropriate work conditions through developing a certain standards and specifications such as (ISO45001), which deals with the health and safety of employees. This research is as an attempt to explore the availability of (ISO45001) requirements in New Hammam Al-Alil Cement Factory. The research tool was a checklist which was distributed to managers to specify the availability of these requirements. The research conclude set of conclusions which indicates that the availability of those requirements in factory, and according to those conclusions many recommendations were suggested.

This research attempts to test the possibility of developing the quality of the industrial performance of the General Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries by adapting the philosophy and concept of lean production and its many practices including the withdrawal system, quality management, organize of the work place, continuous improvement, the internal arrangement, Visual Work place. participation of employees. to reach targeted results such as (speed, productivity, quality) and by eliminating the processes that do not create value for the final product submitted at the General Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries. The goal is to achieve quality-manufacturing processes. To achieve the goal, the research was based on the chic list method, which is one of the case study methods that personal observation and interviews are based on. This research reached a number of conclusions, the most important which is to spread the culture and principles of the lean system in all units of the company and to show the benefits of this system to improve the performance of the company. As well as a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to rearrange the internal arrangement of the company to ensure convergence of units of the company and ease of movement in both employees and customers.

In our current study, we seek to highlight the role of TQM with its necessary requirements as a tool to promote the application of Total productive maintenance platforms, considering that these two variables from the holistic point of view represent the way to distinguish the performance of organizations and hence their competitiveness in the midst of the Red Ocean. (7) organizations in the iron and steel sector especially since this study is the first in the surveyed sector. Z limit For researchers
In our study, we interviewed interviewees represented by heads of departments and divisions, their assistants, experts and specialists in the field of maintenance and quality, as well as the questionnaire in both Arabic and English languages to match the language of the respondents (102)
The study concluded with a number of appropriate proposals for the sector based on its findings and conclusions

This research aims to demonstrate the extent to which environmental auditing is reflected in the process of sustainable development. In order to achieve this, a questionnaire was prepared which included (26) items distributed to the directors of industrial companies and accountants as well as a sample of (70) academic and professional engineers in Arbil. , And retrieved (63) questionnaire, through the analysis of the results of these forms through the statistical program SPSS and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which a large proportion of respondents believe that environmental auditing reflected positively on the process of sustainable development, To These include the need for companies to carry out the environmental auditing process as well as the financial audit due to the effects and damage to the environment as a result of the types of activities carried out by the companies and their reflection on the process of sustainable development.

This research was aimed to investigate the factors that more affected on the level of students satisfaction in some Iraqi colleges in the city of Baghdad by using one of the universal measurement that named (Watt Measurment). This scale involves (25) statements concern with academic program, acadmic and physical facilities .
The sample of research consist of 236 students with perentage more than 13%. SPSS statics program was used to analysis primary data to reach research results that it refers to identical with Watt scale .More over the research demonstrated the vale of students satisfaction was reach to (67,22).

The research aims to identify the impact of green human resource management practices (by characterization, recruitment, training and green reward) in improving the performance of the organization. The problem of the study lies in the weakness of green practices in the institutions and organizations operating in Iraq. They were taken from hospitals operating in the center of Anbar province as a sample for the study. The appropriate statistical methods were used by constructing a questionnaire and distributed to the community's sample of (82) Using the SPSS program, the study found a number of results, including weak application of green human resource management practices in the study society, resulting from poor awareness of the importance of these practices and their application methods. The management of green human resources in the processes of characterization, recruitment, training and reward, which lead to improving the performance of the organization in addition to the safety of the internal and external environment of the organization.

Research aims to delve into the cost of quality measurement models and then propose an accounting information system it is measuring and disclosing for quality of costs types according to the PAF (prevention, evaluation and failure) model, from the accounting guide to the documentary and records to the statement and reports representing the system outputs and attached to financial statement to help the management in making decisions to improve performance by identifying the causes of poor quality and processing which reflected on their sales and market share.

The study aimed to clarify the general considerations of IFRS 1 and the minimum requirements to be presented in the presentation of the financial statements and to indicate the extent to which the Jordanian industrial companies (Food and Beverage Industries) comply with International Accounting Standard No. (1).
The study showed that the items required in International Accounting Standard (IAS) 1 are the ratio of compliance and application or compliance of the company to the standard, with the company No. 4 being ranked first and highest (75%), 2 companies ranked second (72%), Ranked third with 69%, 5 ranked fourth with 65% and 1 with 58%.
The recommendations were that there should be reports from government entities or accredited organizations showing the percentage of compliance in the application of disclosure and presentation according to International Accounting Standard No. 1 for all companies to be a guide for users on the credibility and transparency provided by these lists and the need to develop laws and instructions to guide companies to work. In accordance with International Accounting Standards (IAS) 1, Accounting for Companies in case they fail to comply with IAS 1 to ensure that financial reports remain in the Justice and Transparency Department and to be highly credible, In accordance with the development of developed countries in commercial transactions and preparation of financial statements.

This paper involves applied a binary logistic regression as a traditional method for modeling and analyzing the effect of a set of explanatory variables on anemia (including two types, chronic and acute anemia), which represents a categorical binary response variable in some of Iraqi hospitals. The analysis was considered that females are the reference level. The Bayes method was applied as a modern method to estimating the parameters of a binary response regression model. Both the non-information and information prior probability distributions were used to find the Bayesian estimates. The results of the Bayesian estimates were compared according to probability function. A comparison was also made between the traditional method and the results obtained from the Bayes method. The AIC, SC, and 2 Log L as a model selection criterion were used. Both the Receiver Operating Characteristic and the classification table were used also to identify the model's accuracy and classification capability. The paper found that the parameters estimates of the binary logistic regression has similar to the non-informational prior distribution with a very slight superiority of the latter method according to the standard deviations of the estimated parameters as well as the model selection criterion. The analysis showed a clear superiority of the Bayes method according to the information prior distribution based on estimates of the logistic regression parameters on the other estimates. The analysis showed the high classification capacity of the Bayes method according to the prior information distribution. One of the most important variables affecting anemia in males (considering that females are the reference level), is sex and the Reticulocyte count as well as iron deficiency in the blood.

The objective of the research is to identify the role of logistics management in enhancing the competitive advantage, The sample consisted of (200 managers of Iraqi telecommunications companies, To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and after the proper statistical methods, The research reached conclusions, the most important of which is the relationship between the independent variable (logistic management) and the dependent variable (competitive advantage) Based on the research results, the researcher recommended, The need for attention by the departments of logistics services and considered an administrative department in itself to make them perform their duties with the efficiency and quality required in order to achieve and enhance the competitive advantage in these companies, and the need to hold more courses for employees of Iraqi telecom companies to raise awareness and awareness of the importance of managing logistics operations and their impact on enhancing the competitive advantage.

This Research aimed to statement The Role of Strategic Flexibility as independent Variable with its Dimensions –Product Flexibility, Market Flexibility, and Competitive Flexibility- on Achieving Organizational Effectiveness as dependent variable with its Dimensions - Achieving Goals, Environmental Adapting, and Outputs Quality. Then diagnosis Correlation and Regression between them.
For Achieving Research purposes, designed Questionnaire encompassed (38) Questions, analysis data and investigates hypothesis by (SPSS) Program, The Study Sample include (55) Managerial Leaders s in Al Hayat Company in Erbil City, used: Frequencies, Percentages, Mean, Frequencies, Correlation, Regression, and Standard Deviation.
The prominent Findings appears that there is morale correlation between variables of research, and there is weak morale impact between Strategic Flexibility and Organizational Effectiveness.

In this paper, it was proposed to use the PSO algorithm to estimate the rate of occurrence of the Non-homogeneous Poisson process with rate described as a power law function. The results of the estimation method were compared with classical methods of maximum likelihood and least squares. The research included a realistic application in which the operating periods between the two stops per days of the Mosul Gas Station, and estimated the time of the station stop using the estimation methods proposed in the research. Among the applied results, it was observed that the PSO algorithm was better in estimating the rate of occurrence.

This research seeks to find out the most important prerequisites for the success of strategic planning and its role in crisis management strategies and to identify the most important strategies that can be adopted to address the crises that may be exposed to organizations. The importance of research highlights the effective role that successful strategic planning can play in crisis management and minimizing its effects. The questionnaire was distributed to ( 112) employees of the General Company for Telecommunication Equipment and the capacity , Recovered (95) Valid form for analysis, The research questionnaire was based on two basic hypotheses indicating the existence of a relationship of correlation and influence between the requirements of success of the strategic planning with its dimensions of ( Support of senior management, availability of resources , flexibility, ICT) in crisis management strategies. The study concluded that there was a strong correlation and a significant effect between the search variables.