Journal of sustainable studies

The current study aimed to identify popularity among children and adolescents. Popularity was defined as potential changes in the goals of the child or adolescent that reflect the changing importance of fame or the hierarchy of social status. It also addressed the relationship of the family to the formation of their popularity, as one of the ways in which they can influence the popularity of their children later is to play games with them, so that they express a range of feelings to grow up and become more acceptable to their peers.
We also discussed aggression and its relationship to popularity. Studies varied in this regard, as some of them indicated a weak link between popularity and high levels of aggression in school, but some resort to some aggressive behaviors to be more popular. As for the relationship between popularity and gender, the researcher discussed the differences between males and females in the behaviors that are used and that distinguish males from females, as males and females have different interests, as males tend to be more athletic and interested in the opposite sex, while females are interested in appearance and personal attractiveness. Popularity and social status were also mentioned, as the social skills that children and adolescents develop were mentioned, as well as acceptance and social competence. A number of conclusions were made that emerged from the current research.

This research focuses on the subject of Chinese maritime strategy. On its way to assuming a global position on the international political stage, China seeks to move from a "land power" to a "sea power", taking advantage of its favorable geography, and following a set of steps to achieve its geopolitical goals. The influence of Alfred Mahan's views, the author of the "sea power" theory, on Chinese maritime strategy appears. China follows what is known as the "string of pearls" strategy in order to tighten its grip on the Indian Ocean and secure energy supplies. It also applies a defense strategy to coastal areas to enhance its national security, and also follows a strategy to build naval bases, the importance of which was indicated by Alfred Mahan. It works to enhance Chinese investments abroad in support of building its naval power and entering the gateway to the global economy. In order to enhance this strategy, China is working to develop its military capabilities. The study concluded that China is working with all its political and economic capabilities to implement this strategy to expand its "vital area" and geopolitical goals, but at the same time it faces a set of geopolitical challenges that it seeks to overcome to achieve the construction of a global naval force.

This article reviewed the topic of the speech of Pope Urban II and its impact on the First Crusade (490-493 AH / 1096-1099 AD) by researcher Wissam Jamil Ali, in which he focused light on the Pope’s speech and its impact on the orientation of hundreds of thousands of human masses from Western Europe towards the Islamic world. In it, we discussed some important aspects and points in the research and discussed, analyzed, and revealed and clarified some of the circumstances and details of the circumstances of the call for the Crusades project by the papacy within Europe. This review included the most important results drawn from this study, including: that most of Pope Urban II’s motives in calling for the Crusades project The Crusade against the Islamic world was based on the fragmented reality of the papacy within Europe at that time, and the First Crusade was prepared with the utmost ingenuity and mastery in the Pope’s speech, in addition to the fact that there were many economic benefits that the papacy obtained from this project.

The research problem was represented by natural, human and life variables have an impact on growing the sesame crops in Diyala governorate, and this reflexes a clear spatial variation the place of study. The paper explained that this spatial variation in the area that was used in growing the sesame.
The paper also took the geographical appearance for the exploited areas in growing the sesame crop in (2024- 2019) as the exploited areas were (1050) dunums in the whole governorate. Al khalis district was in the first in an area of about (25) dunums in (12,8%) then Kara Tabba came after in an even area with Al Khalis, Bani Saad was next in an area of about (112) dunums in (10,6%) from the total of the exploited area.

This research is an academic study carried out by the researcher for Uday bin Hatim bin Abdullah bin Saad Al-Tai (68 AH/687 AD) to explain his biography and how to convert to Islam After severe aversion, the researcher highlighted his distinguished personality because of his important roles and many pillars that contributed to changing the face of events, including his steadfastness and his people and his tribe He did not apostatize after the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him) May Allah be upon him and grant him peace) in some of the Apostasy, as he witnessed the conquest of Iraq, the incident of Qadisiyah and the fall of Mehran, and the day of the bridge and he had a good deed. He was the one who saved the companions of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him), and after him his son Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). We have divided this research into three axes, the first axis includes his biography while the second axis dealt with his Islam and his position on the greatest Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the third axis accompanies Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). Perhaps one of the most prominent results reached is that in the ninth year of the Hijrah, Islam was condemned by one of the Arab kings after severe aversion, and because of faith after symptoms and repelling, and gave obedience to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) after the long fathers, he is Uday bin Hatim Al-Tai. Uday bin Hatim was on the great side of trustworthiness, and he had honorable positions and sincere words that tell the extent of his faith in God Almighty and His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and the intensity of his chanting to the imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).

Imam (Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Askari) is the twelfth Imam according to the Shiite sect. He took over the reins of the Imamate after his father, Imam Al-Askari. His birth was hidden except for those close to him, and his Imamate was proven at that time.
The twelfth Imam had two occultations. The first was called the minor occultation because of its short period. This occultation began after his prayers for his father and ended with the fourth ambassador (Ali bin Muhammad Al-Samarri) informing him of the beginning of the second complete occultation, which is called the major occultation. It began with the death of the fourth ambassador. During this occultation, there was no one representing the twelfth Imam and he did not have a special embassy. The embassy means someone who represents him in fulfilling people's needs and conveying rulings and all necessary matters. During this occultation, the general representation and what we call the reference also began. It is the result and fruits of the minor occultation because the Imam was aware of the absence of anyone representing him directly. Therefore, he prepared for this great role people who would lead society after the major occultation that would occur in his knowledge.
In the major occultation, we see that people in general and loyalists in particular are unable to see the Imam despite his presence among the people and his performance of the duties of the Imam with which he was charged, because he represents the divine caliphate on earth. This indicates the Imam’s strong knowledge that prevents people from seeing him, and not as some imagine. The Imam is not air or shadow, but a human being like the rest of the people, but he enjoys great knowledge that enables him to perform his duties without anyone being able to see him. We see some people and the few for whom he has fulfilled some needs, and then he disappears from their eyes, and this disappearance is the knowledge that he has, and thus he prevents them from seeing him again.

The current study applies the theory of speech acts to David Mamet’s ‘Oleanna’. The basic premise of speech act theory is that speakers use words not only to present information but also to perform actions such as commanding or requesting. This study argues that the speech acts used can also reflect the social status of the speaker and his/her dominance over the communication in a given discourse context. Drawing upon West and Zimmerman’s (1985) concept of “participant identities”, the current study explores the (mis)use of power, exploitation, and self-assertion in David Mamet’s ‘Oleanna’. This play is suitable to investigate since it is about a reverse in power between a professor and his student in an academic setting. Whereas the dominant is supposed to be John, the professor, the unfolding events will show a reverse in power as Carol, the student, gains newfound power. The study proposes that this reverse of power takes place the moment the professor involves in a personal conversation about his private life with his student. This study reaches at the conclusion that dramatic works serve as an ideal field for the investigation of speech acts within literary contexts. In addition, transformation of power is obvious in such a literary work together with the evident use of power, manipulation and self-assertion.

Technological development and changes have made the field of journalism face many challenges regarding the extent to which these methods contribute to achieving democracy and freedom in journalistic work "free press" and the independence of the press. Therefore, the research aims primarily to shed light on the repercussions of the collapse of free press in society and proposals for its development .In order to achieve this goal, the researcher relies on applying the descriptive approach with the aim of describing the phenomenon that is the subject of the research and study. The study concluded that the free press is a watchdog on the performance of governments and institutions, as it sheds light on issues of corruption, mismanagement and violations, which enhances transparency and accountability. There are many reasons that contribute to the collapse of the system of press freedom (government repression, economic decline, violence against the free press, erosion of independence and pluralism), so the research recommends overcoming the collapse of the free press through the necessity of activating laws to protect journalists, and obtaining a permit to publish a newspaper.

This research represents an attempt to explore the impact of artificial intelligence on Iraqi digital newspapers through a field study conducted on a sample of journalists in Iraqi newspapers, consisting of 50 individuals. The aim is to understand the transformations in the nature of editorial work, analyze journalistic practices in Iraqi digital newspapers, and evaluate the extent to which artificial intelligence technologies improve or change these practices. The results showed a high level of awareness among journalists in Iraqi digital newspapers regarding artificial intelligence technologies, which can be attributed to rapid technological developments that have made it essential for journalists to keep up with these technologies to understand their impact on journalistic work. This awareness is a positive step towards investing in these technologies to enhance the quality and speed of content production. The results indicated that there is consensus among journalists that artificial intelligence technologies are effectively used in editorial processes, as the tools associated with artificial intelligence significantly contribute to correcting errors, accelerating the editing process, and improving content quality.

The novel Tashari by the Iraqi writer Fikra Kachachi presents a painful picture of the suffering of Iraqis, especially Iraqi women, in light of the harsh political and social conditions that Iraq has experienced in recent decades. The novel revolves around the character of "Wardiya", an Iraqi doctor who was displaced from her homeland due to wars and internal conflicts, to live in exile in France. The novel reflects the identity crisis suffered by Iraqi immigrants, as they struggle between clinging to their homeland that has become strange, and the life of diaspora that they find themselves in in Western countries.
The novel uses symbolism, time and place in an innovative way to represent the suffering of "Wardiya" who seeks to return to Iraq, while living in constant hope of returning to her homeland, which has become in her mind just a lost dream. The novel also deals with issues of psychological alienation, social dispersion, forced migration, and political death, as well as the relationship between different generations in an Iraqi family torn apart by war.

This study focuses on the impact of women's writing in modern Arabic narrative and how these writings influence the formation of female identity in Arabic literature. At a time when traditional literature was limited to representing men and their experiences, women's writings began to offer an alternative perspective, portraying the experiences and concerns of women in a society dominated by masculinity. Women's writing aims to reshape the image of women, challenge traditional values, and raise social and cultural questions related to gender and identity. These writings also contribute to revealing the multiple dimensions of female identity and deconstructing the stereotypes propagated by mainstream literature. A critical reading of women's narrative in modern Arabic literature uncovers complex intersections between culture, society, religion, and history, which have shaped the woman's identity within literary texts. Women's writing reflects not only the personal experiences of women but also a long-standing struggle with collective identities that impose a certain role on women in society. Through this narrative, the multiple identities of women emerge, revealing the challenges of the self trying to express itself away from the constraints of the dominant "other," which has traditionally been male in most classical Arabic literature. Through a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study aimed to analyze women's narrative texts in modern Arabic literature, with the goal of uncovering the dynamics of the self and the other between women and the masculine society. The study concluded that women's literature does not only represent personal experiences of women but also reflects a prolonged struggle with social identities that impose a particular role on women. Thus, women's writing contributes to creating a more complex image of women and opens the door for a deeper understanding of cultural and social identities in the contemporary Arab world.

This study aims to explore the relationship between nature and the muwashshahat of Andalusian poetry by analyzing how Andalusian poets utilized elements of nature as rhetorical tools to express their emotions. The muwashshahat is one of the most prominent forms of Andalusian literature, distinguished by its use of nature to reflect the human relationship with the environment and place. The study examines how poets employed natural imagery to build poetic texts, conveying emotional meanings such as love and longing. The research employs an analytical approach to examine muwashshahat texts and extract the rhetorical techniques used by the poets to depict nature in an innovative style that reflects their psychological and emotional states.
The muwashshahat of Andalusian poetry is a literary form in which poets excelled at depicting nature and using it as a profound expressive tool. Through their rhetorical images and the employment of natural elements such as flowers, trees, and water, the poets reflect their emotions and feelings towards life, love, and loss. This research seeks to study these natural symbols in the muwashshahat and analyze their role in building the emotional meaning of literary texts.
In Andalusian literature, the muwashshahat is one of the most prominent poetic forms that Andalusian poets strived to develop and used as a means to express their feelings towards life and nature. Nature played a significant role in shaping these literary forms through the images and metaphors employed by the poets to convey their emotional experiences and perceptions of beauty and existence. This study aims to highlight the relationship between nature and the muwashshahat and analyze how these natural elements influenced the development of Andalusian literary texts.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the (S.H.R) strategy in acquiring scientific concepts among fifth grade primary school students in the science subject. In order to verify the research objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated: (There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who will study science according to the (S.H.R) strategy and the average scores of the control group who study the same subject according to the usual method in the scientific concepts acquisition test(
The experimental design with partial control was chosen for two equivalent groups, and the researcher chose the research sample (Al-Nobala Elementary School for Boys) affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Karbala Governorate, and by random drawing method, its section (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group that studied according to the (S.H.R) strategy with 33 students, while its section (B) represented the control group that studied according to the usual method with 34 students. The researcher identified the scientific material to be taught, which included units (first, second and third). From the science book, with two semesters for each unit for the fifth grade of primary school, the behavioral objectives were formulated for the topics studied by the students, which were 133 behavioral objectives in the first three Bloom levels (knowledge, comprehension, application). In order to conduct the study experiment, the researcher identified scientific concepts according to their acquisition processes (defining the concept, distinguishing the concept, classifying the concept), where the researcher counted 12 main concepts and 32 sub-concepts for the three units. As for the research tool represented by the scientific concepts test, the researcher prepared a test to measure the acquisition of scientific concepts, where each concept was given three test paragraphs based on the three cognitive processes (definition, distinction, application), thus the number of test paragraphs became 36 multiple-choice test paragraphs. The researcher confirmed the validity and reliability of the test. After statistically analyzing the results, it was concluded that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the scientific concepts acquisition test. In light of the results reached by this research, the researcher recommends a number of recommendations and suggestions that were mentioned in Chapter Four.

The purpose of this research is to examine the quality of the academic climate in universities from the perspective of faculty members. The researcher employed a descriptive methodology to achieve the research objectives. A primary sample of 100 faculty members from the colleges of Wasit University was selected, drawn from a research population consisting of 988 faculty members. The researcher developed a research tool, an academic climate quality questionnaire, which consists of five domains, each containing eight items. These items were formulated based on the theoretical background of the research and relevant educational and psychological literature. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were determined, including validity through two indicators (face and construct validity) and scale reliability using Cronbach's alpha internal consistency. The research results indicated that: There is a weakness in some areas of the quality of the academic climate, and there is a need to support its strengths.

The research aims to detect the changes that have occurred in the vegetation cover of the vine during the period 2000-2024 using remote sensing technology to assess the state of degradation of vegetation cover based on a set of satellite visuals landsat8 Landsat TM, using ARC GIS program, plant equations and bands were used, where plant spectral indicators (NDVI) were employed. EVI2. RVI. SAVI), from which spectral reflectivity values were derived at different wavelengths.
The results of the study indicated that there is a significant decline and deterioration in vegetation cover, as the area of vegetation cover in 2000 reached (233.40 / km2), that it declined in 2024 to reach (106.85 / km2), as a result of various human activities and the lack of diverse water sources and the consequent negative effects that affect vegetation cover in general, and the study showed that the most changing areas located east and north of the region and the least changing are located south of the region, as digital maps were produced showing the distribution of vegetation cover For plant indicator values, the values were derived and represented by maps showing the spatial distribution of vegetation cover.

One of the important issues that has taken up a significant space in scientific research is the research on the authority of the phenomena of the Holy Quran between the fundamentalists and the Akhbaris. In light of this disagreement, principles and methods were established, and each team came out with a result that differed from the other. The fundamentalist trend has defined its position on the phenomena of the Holy Quran and declared its authority, while the Akhbari trend has adopted its well-known position, which is the non-authority of the phenomena of the Holy Quran, because - as they believe - only those addressed by it can understand it.
What is intended to be researched is the approach of Allamah Tabataba'i (may Allah sanctify his secret) in interpretation, as it is known about him, and what he has stated is that his approach in interpretation is (interpreting the Quran with the Quran). The question that deserves an answer and research is what is the position of Sayyid Tabataba'i (may Allah sanctify his secret) on narrations in the interpretive process? Does his adoption of this approach mean that he neglected and abandoned the narrations related to the interpretation of the verses, or do the narrations have a role?

The importance of preaching comes, especially in our current time; where the Islamic nation is exposed to media and counter-preaching that deal with Islamic values, principles and doctrine, by distorting, doubting and insulting the religion itself and raising suspicions about it, that it is a religion whose time has ended and no longer adapts to contemporary reality, and other things, so it was necessary to confront this media and preaching with committed Islamic media and preaching, adopting advanced methods and approaches that can keep pace with what is presented by counter-media, hence our research came, to put in the hands of the preacher of the message a group of preaching methods and approaches through which he can practice his preaching movement, and we saw that the best methods and approaches are those that came in the Holy Quran, so I took it as the title of the research, and I followed the descriptive approach in the research and analysis, and I concluded that in order to be a successful preacher of the message; It is necessary to draw up precise plans and programs for preaching that adopt various artistic methods and approaches that can influence the various segments of society, whether these methods and approaches are spoken, heard, or written, including pen, poetry, dialogue, storytelling, and proverbs. All of these methods have been guided to us by the Holy Quran, and we can use them in the preaching process.

The research aimed to identify the level of academic commitment among university students, and according to its dimensions, and to identify the significance of differences according to the gender variable (males-females), according to the specialization variable (scientific-humanities), and according to the variable of the four academic stages. The research sample consisted of (180) male and female students from the University of Baghdad, with (104) males and (76) females, and (90) from the scientific specialization, (90) from the humanities specialization, and (62)(49)(40)(29) from the first, second, third and fourth stages respectively, and they were selected randomly. The results of the study showed that the research sample has a high degree of feeling of academic commitment, and a high degree in all its dimensions. There were statistically significant differences in academic commitment according to the gender variable in favor of males. However, no statistically significant differences were found according to the scientific specialization variable. Finally its found statistically significant differences according to the academic stage, favoring to the first year.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace).
Criticism in the Abbasid era was diverse in its references and different from other eras, in terms of the breadth, diversity and accuracy of its ideas, and some of them were renewed at times. And taking other dimensions more connected to reality and expressing it, based on the duality of society and culture, critics began to express different references that constitute the image of the literary movement in the third.

The science of the principles of jurisprudence provided important notes for the linguistic study. The linguistic study, according to them, had several aspects and levels, the most prominent of which was the aspect of the word in its relation to the meaning, which is called the meaning of words. Their interest in this aspect was dictated by several considerations, the most prominent of which was that the word is the smallest lexical unit in expressing the meaning, conveying the meaning, and conveying the desired. It is a necessary means to obtain the intended meaning from the circulation of the discourse.

The study aims to show the eloquence and beauty of the moving image in the portrayal of the horses in the book ‘Al-Maghribyah Epic Poetry’, which is a collection distributed within the theme of epics. The moving image is based on sense as a means of instilling vitality and activity in the creative text, in addition to the effectiveness of movement in the visual formation in terms of acceleration and deceleration. Hence, the image that lacks movement does not attract the attention of the recipient or arouse his admiration because it is a mixture of colors and sounds that make the recipient feel a kind of difference in rhythm and artistic formation when reading the poetic text. To achieve this objective, the study adopted the descriptive analytical method based on examining the texts in which the image of the horse appeared, analyzing it, and revealing its connotations and artistic value. It was divided into an introduction, a preface and three sections. The first section dealt with the moving image in the horse scene, the second addressed the ‘colorful moving image, and the third focused on the ‘auditory moving image. The study ended with a conclusion that included the most important results arrived at.

Cases of domestic violence are growing in our society, which will have an impact on society and threaten its family cohesion and solidarity. This research includes the types of domestic violence practiced within the family through violence against women and by women, and violence against the wife, husband, parents and children. It was found that the highest cases of domestic violence against the wife amounted to (394) cases recorded in the third quarter of the year out of the total cases in 2023, while violence against the husband was (76) cases of violence in the fourth quarter of the year. As for the least cases of violence, they were directed against (parents) by daughters. The study concluded that the balance is in favor of physical violence practiced against the family, which is the most prevalent type in the city of Nasiriyah, as (926) cases of violence were recorded out of the total number of (2017) cases of violence recorded during 2023.

The word (Al-Zajr) in the Arabic language is one of the opposites, and its origin is (Artjaz), so the Ta was changed to Dal, due to its close articulation. Al-Zajr comes to compensate for sins according to jurists.
And (Zajr) was mentioned in the Qur’an with several meanings, including: deterrence, denial, warning, rebuke, reprimand, prevention, expulsion, and shouted, and the shout includes oppression, deterrence, humiliation, and blowing.
Al-Zajr is coupled with the threat when repeated, so it is an exaggeration in the warning, and an emphasis on the threat and the warning.
And the rajz is for the clouds by the angels.
And the verses came in the form of an interrogation, and it is intended to deter, threaten, and denial.
The word "mahma" [Al-A'raf: 132] came in one verse, and it is composed of (mah) a verb and (ma) the conditional.
Among the words of deterrence in the Qur'an is ﭽﭢﭼ and it may come with the meaning of "really".
Whenever the Rajaz occurs in the hadith, it is intended to mean prohibition.

The education sector has witnessed substantial changes in recent years due to rapid technological advancements and the increasing demand for adaptive learning models. Blended learning, a modern approach that integrates traditional face-to-face teaching with digital tools and online resources, has emerged as a promising model for enhancing student engagement and academic performance. This research aims to provide a comprehensive comparison between blended learning and traditional learning in secondary schools in Dhi Qar Governorate, which encompasses more than 962 schools. The study focuses on analyzing differences in academic outcomes, student engagement, and the overall efficiency of both educational models.

Data were collected through a combination of surveys administered to teachers and students, in-depth interviews with school administrators, and a thorough analysis of students' academic performance. The findings reveal that blended learning significantly improves academic outcomes, with students achieving an average of 15% higher grades compared to their peers in traditional learning environments. Additionally, the study highlights that blended learning fosters greater student interaction with the material and increases motivation due to its flexible and interactive nature.

Despite these advantages, the research identifies several challenges that hinder the effective implementation of blended learning in Dhi Qar schools. These challenges include insufficient technological infrastructure, limited access to high-speed internet in rural areas, and the lack of specialized training programs for teachers to integrate this model effectively. Furthermore, administrative obstacles and inconsistent integration of digital tools into the curriculum were found to be critical barriers.

This study also examines the role of school administration in ensuring the success of blended learning and emphasizes the importance of collaboration between the public and private sectors to improve infrastructure and provide the necessary technological resources. The research concludes with practical recommendations, including the development of robust technological infrastructure in schools, the implementation of continuous teacher training programs, and the enhancement of internet access in remote areas. By addressing these challenges, this study aims to contribute valuable insights toward improving the quality of education in Dhi Qar, in particular, and Iraq, in general, through the adoption of innovative educational models that combine traditional and digital learning methodologies.

Every Hijri year, we stand with the crowds of that large visit that follows the steps to Karbala on the twentieth of the month of Safar, which coincides with the anniversary of the forty days of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) on the tenth of Muharram of the year 61 AH 680 AD, which is one of the greatest religious visits from the historical impact of the things that Muslim Arabs are accustomed to in their social and religious life, and the subject of condolences is proportionate to their lives at that time and in this society. In which they live, and that reducing the pain of calamity is the purpose of condolences when the people of the injured and urged them to be patient and calculating and that good speech also has a role in alleviating them and that the reminder of the appropriate stories and pride in what they lost, and Islam came to confirm its virtue, which was agreed upon by the heavenly religions, social traditions and human norms, and here comes the link between the subject of analysis of the condolence article of the German orientalist historian Strottmann and the historical impact of the day of Ashura because after every consolation and death there are rituals, customs and traditions of the Arab Islamic It appears after the death of people, but our conversation and the focus of our research today is about the master of martyrs, Hussein bin Ali( peace be upon them) and my choice of.

The study area (Mosul city station) is affected by the characteristics and factors of the climate of Iraq, which control weather conditions. The climate has many factors, namely (the astronomical and geographical location, the factor of height above sea level, and the factor of proximity and distance from bodies of water), and these controls have gained The regional climate of the study area (Mosul City Station) has characteristics that reflect the characteristics of the climate of northern Iraq. According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of Mosul City Station is a dry semi-desert climate that falls within the (BSh) category. Despite this comprehensive characteristic, the general climate of the study area (Mosul City Station Its weather conditions vary and change with the seasons, and this in turn follows the distribution of air masses and pressure systems on the Earth’s surface.

This research aims to demonstrate \"The effectiveness of the contemplation strategy in acquiring the religious concepts included in the Holy Quran and developing cognitive thinking among third-year middle school students.\" In order to achieve the research objective, the researcher developed two null hypotheses. The researcher adopted the quasi-experimental approach for two equivalent research groups with a pre-test and a post-test. The study sample consisted of (73) students. They were divided into two groups. Group (A), which numbered (37) students, was the experimental group, which was taught using the contemplation strategy. As for Group (B), which numbered (36) students. The control group was taught in the usual way. Equivalence was carried out in variables that included (chronological age, grade in the Holy Quran and Islamic education for the previous year, pre- and post-test, and parents’ academic achievement). A test consisting of (30) paragraphs was prepared. The statistics showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group by a statistically significant difference, indicating the effectiveness of the contemplation strategy in acquiring the religious concepts included in the Holy Qur’an.

The Lebanese issue constitutes an ideal case for studying the impact of the influence and interventions of regional and international powers in internal crises, as it receives the attention of many of those international and regional powers, most notably the United States of America, France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran and Israel. These powers seek to influence the Lebanese situation In conflicting directions, whether through direct actual intervention or through indirect intervention by supporting one of the parties to the Lebanese conflict and backing its positions, which made Lebanon an arena for regional and international conflicts and disputes between these forces, which this study focuses on in particular due to the centrality and importance of their impact on the development of the Lebanes This study aims to analyze the roles and methods of regional and international powers on the Lebanese issue during the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000, by clarifying the role of regional and international parties influencing the crisis, their motives, tools and methods in influencing the Lebanese situation, and analyzing the nature of the mutual interactions between internal, regional and international powers in light of developments in the situation on the Lebanese scene.e issue

Iraqi-Chinese relations have witnessed remarkable developments over the past two decades, and the relations between the two countries are a model for emerging strategic relations in the Middle East region, as these relations developed after the change of the political regime in Iraq in 2003. This development is due to several geopolitical, economic and diplomatic factors. Historically, relations between Iraq and China date back to the mid-twentieth century when China supported Iraq's independence in 1958 and joined efforts to support economic development in the country. The relations between Iraq and China are an example of the growing strategic partnership between a country rich in natural resources like Iraq and a giant economic power like China. The latter is the largest importer of Iraqi oil, as oil exports constitute the majority of trade exchange between the two countries. On the diplomatic level, there is also an enhancement of diplomatic dialogue through mutual visits between the two countries and the pivotal role that Iraq can play in the Belt and Road Initiative due to its distinguished geographical location in the Middle East, which strengthens its relations with China and gives Iraq an excellent opportunity to develop its economy.

The study examines eight of Dr. Ali Al-Wardi's works, highlighting one of the most significant cultural sources he utilized in analyzing and interpreting social phenomena. The research also sheds light on Al-Wardi's relationship with poetry on one hand, and on the other, the connection between narratives (events and incidents) and both the poet and the social researcher, indicating their shared reference framework.
This shared framework justifies textual interrelations and quotations. The study presents clear indicators of events and incidents addressed by both the poet and the social researcher, with the latter reinforcing his perspective through poetic citations. At times, Al-Wardi opposed certain poems or verses when they conflicted with social norms.

The origin and purpose of science is the study of the Qur’anic text. These are studies that seek to understand and interpret the Book of God, starting from a heavenly message with communicative capabilities that achieve its effects on souls in ancient and modern times, and from those messages (the response verses) in Surat Al-Anbiya.
I chose the phrase (So We responded to him) in Surat Al-Anbiya as a field for my article. Because it is related to the answer from God Almighty, and the nature of the article required that it fall into three axes: nouns, verbs, and letters, relying on the semantic and grammatical aspects of the response verses.

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict remains the most important axis in the geopolitical transformations witnessed by the Middle East, despite the ongoing attempts to marginalize the Palestinian cause, and to bypass agreements and promises to establish a Palestinian state on the land of Palestine, in harmony with the waves of escalating Zionist extremism in violating the sanctities of Muslims in Jerusalem. The Al-Aqsa Flood operation came as a reaction that exceeded imagination and shocked the minds, to put the most extremist Israeli government led by Benjamin Netanyahu in front of an appropriate historical moment to achieve set goals and drawn strategies. It was the required time and place that some in the West likened to the Israeli September 11, and that the response should not be anything but what it was. The study seeks to explore the dimensions of the Israeli war on Gaza/2023 and its hidden goals by analyzing the data obtained after more than a year since its start, to reach results that confirm what the study assumed about the Israeli government’s exploitation of emerging crises to achieve long-term strategies and create a geopolitical reality that serves its purposes, especially since what happened in Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa by Hamas in terms of strength and steadfastness, and then what followed in terms of a violent Israeli reaction in which it violated the simplest provisions of international humanitarian law, which embodied the will of the two parties to the conflict to achieve their goals by force, regardless of the results and how to resolve them.

The words of verbal emphasis may deviate from their original meanings for rhetorical meanings and purposes, which are derived from the context of the text and the contextual evidence, the atmosphere of the text and its psychology. If the words of verbal emphasis are used in meanings other than their original ones, they give the speech vitality, and increase persuasion and influence, because this use excites the listener and attracts his attention.
From the context, we can reach the rhetorical purposes. Because the context is what gives the meanings, as it gives the structural form of the phrase, so that there is a definite interaction between them, and whenever we are able to accurately monitor the contexts, we can understand many of the structural relationships and rhetorical purposes between the parts of speech.

The current research aims to find out the degree of inclusion of visual thinking skills in the science book for the sixth grade of primary school. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach represented by the method of content analysis, in order to suit this approach to the nature and objectives of the study, and to represent the research community in the science book for the sixth grade of primary school for the academic year 2021- 2022 Fourth Edition, the research sample included all the images included in the science book in its various forms, which amounted to (266) images, where a list of visual thinking skills that should be available in the science book for the sixth grade of primary school was prepared, and then this list was converted after arbitration into (content analysis card), and the tool was set scientifically, and the researcher used in this research the frequencies and percentages of the statistical treatment. The research concluded that the degree of availability of visual thinking skills in the sixth-grade science book was uneven and that the degree of visual thinking skills included in this book for all the main skills as a whole was low, with (1205) repetitions for all the main skills and a percentage of (168.54). ). The results of the research also showed deficiencies in most of the visual thinking skills, as the visual discrimination skill was available to a high degree and got the highest iterations in the sub-skills by (723) iterations and with a percentage of (90,602%). The other four skills came in the low range, so the shape analysis skill Visual I got (164 iterations, with a percentage of 20,552%), then the skill of linking relations in the visual form (159 iterations, with a percentage of 19,925%), then the skill of understanding and interpreting ambiguity from the visual form by (89 repetitions, with a percentage of 26,315%), as well as the skill of inferring meanings from The visual form was the least available skill (70 iterations, with a percentage of 11,152%). In light of the results, this research presented a number of relevant recommendations and proposals.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, the Bestower of Blessings, and thanks to God Almighty, the Possessor of Generosity and Kindness, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of prophets and messengers, the most honorable prophet, the trustworthy seal, Muhammad bin Abdullah, may God bless him and his pure and good family and the good imams, and the eternal curse upon all their enemies until the Day of Judgment.
The Peace of Westphalia is considered the first diplomatic agreement in modern times that brought together the warring countries at one negotiating table. Despite the political, military, economic and even religious differences, it established a new system in Europe based on the sovereignty of states. The decisions of this peace became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire, as it led to the end of the Thirty Years' War and the end of the main obstacles to world peace in Germany and stopped the ambitions of France, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and others. Despite the problems that began during the first discussions since 1643 in the cities of Munster and Ostabrück, affiliated with the city of Westphalia, they were forced to conduct serious negotiations that ended in 1648. The Church was forced to back down and abandon its decisions to return its properties during the war and give religious freedom to Christians to choose the Protestant or Catholic sect. The papacy no longer had the great status that it had always maintained throughout the Middle Ages. The Peace Treaty was able to lay the foundations on which international law and international relations were based for more than a century and a half. This modest research originated from an introduction, four axes and a conclusion:
The first axis, the concept of Westphalia in language and terminology.
The second axis, the conditions in Europe before the Westphalia Conference and the factors that prompted countries to conclude peace in 1648.
The third axis, the conclusion of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia and the most important principles it stipulated.
The fourth axis, the results of the Peace of Westphalia and its impact on international relations until the end of World War II in 1945.

The art of debate flourished in the Abbasid era, just like most of the poetic arts that became famous in the Abbasid era. The Abbasid era was flourishing with many poetic and prose arts and purposes, including literary debates, which became famous to some extent due to the political circumstances that the era was going through at that time. Literary debates gained fame. It was widespread and admired by many people of all classes and natures. Debates and verbal debates between poets, philosophers, and thinkers raged. Writers in describing scientific and sectarian issues and debates have several motives for saying them, and for multiplying them. These motives are literary motives, material motives, political motives, and many others.

Charity is among the most obvious religious and moral teachings of all religions, and among those religions, Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrian endowments in Iran have been moving since the eighteenth century towards establishing and expanding charitable institutions, to improve their economic, cultural and social conditions, and to adopt extensive measures to improve the cultural and social development of their society, so they established and expanded the endowments that they employed in various fields.
Their orientations to organize their endowments and expand their endowment institutions came as a result of the developments taking place in the environment, and the expansion of the contacts of the Zoroastrians of Iran with the Zoroastrian Persians in India, since the Persians decided to improve the conditions of the Zoroastrian sect during the Qajar era, charitable works increased and endowments grew significantly, and endowments were allocated to improve the economic, cultural and social conditions of Iranian Zoroastrians, and endowment organizations and institutions at that stage were responsible for monitoring Zoroastrian endowments. After the consolidation of relations between Iranian capitalists and influential people on the one hand, and foreign businessmen and factory owners on the other hand during the fifties, Iranian capitalists tried to imitate them in establishing charitable institutions and carrying out works that serve the public interest with their new character in addition to accepting social responsibilities.

This research is concerned with studying the method and way of the historian and geographer Al-Yaqubi in his book ((People’s correspondence for their time and what prevails over them in every era)). His book is a small historical message on the diversity of customs and cultural and social manifestations of the political elites of the Islamic eras ((Al-Rashidi - Umayyad - Abbasid)).
The message also presents a summary application in the sociology of knowledge, making the caliph at the top of the pyramid in the tradition, then the elites and the ruling political class from his courtiers from the ministers and his governors, His clerks and the workers of his offices and cities are in the second layer, followed by scholars, merchants, wealthy tribesmen and dignitaries in the third layer, then the common people. His message also deals with the extent of the Caliph’s influence on the social, cultural and scientific level of these classes of society during the three political eras.

There is no doubt that the sacred Qur’anic discourse represents an absolute miraculous space that challenges mankind and jinn to keep up with it and produce something like it. This divine discourse does not end its wonders and its oddities do not perish. It does not know stagnation, dryness, regression and setback. It is alive, spreading the fragrance of a spirit in every time and place.
Based on that, the research set out to clarify the duality of miracle and achievement in this miraculous discourse, as it is miraculous in terms of its unique language of presence and the special methods and performances that distinguish it from others.
This research came in an introduction, a preface and two chapters, the preface was held under the title (The Rhetoric of the Qur’anic Discourse - An Introductory Approach). The first chapter was entitled (The Miraculousness of the Qur’anic Discourse). The second chapter was attended under the title (The Achievement of the Qur’anic Discourse).
Then we concluded the research with a set of results that will be at the end of the research

This research revolves around the interpretative significance of the verbs "dhara" (ذَرّ) and "yadharu" (يَذَرُ), and the combinations of these verbs as found in the Quran. It also examines the interpretative impact of this significance. The study aims to analyze the contexts in which these verbs appear and extract the Quranic purposes achieved through these specific lexical choices. This highlights an important aspect of the rhetorical miracle of the Quran, due to the profound effects and meanings that influence interpretation. The Quran’s use of diverse styles and carefully selected words endows each term with a beauty not found in other expressions.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the press was considered one of the most important means of communication between various activities, whether political, economic, social, or artistic, and between the masses in any country in the world at that time. Therefore, studying the position of the French Protectorate Administration on the national press in Morocco from 1912 to 1937 gives us a complete idea about the nature of the emergence of that press, the role of the French Protectorate Administration in it, the position of Moroccans towards it, how Moroccans were able to obtain an Arabic press and then to establish and create their own national press, and when and how the French Protectorate Administration established the official newspapers through which it was able to communicate with Moroccans as a ruling authority in the country, and the position of Moroccans towards that press that the French created and established in their country. The Moroccan national press was fundamentally linked to the establishment of the first Moroccan political organization in 1927, which took upon itself the task of establishing and founding the press, to be a primary and basic tool in its hand to communicate with the masses, and to work to make the press a mirror reflecting the nature of the conditions, developments and political events in Morocco under the presence of the French occupier, as that press was able to play an important and fundamental role in revealing the facts of things inside Morocco, and revealing that inside and outside Morocco, after iron fences were imposed on occupied Morocco to prevent it from communicating with the outside as a kind of policy of suppression and concealment, and imposing a fait accompli. The Moroccan national government was also able to establish a press in the heart of the occupier, in its language, with the support and assistance of some of the sons of that occupier who believed in human rights and the rights of freedom of expression. We were able to present and study all those developments in the history of the Moroccan national press in this study.

This research aims to study the impact of cooperative learning on improving the level of understanding and comprehension among university students, by comparing the performance of a group of students who used cooperative learning strategies with another group that relied on traditional learning methods. The research relied on the experimental approach, as students were divided into two groups: experimental and control, and the level of understanding and comprehension was measured before and after applying the experiment using achievement tests, questionnaires, and interviews.
The results showed that students who learned in a cooperative environment achieved a significant improvement in their academic results compared to the control group, and cooperative learning contributed to enhancing communication skills, critical thinking, and teamwork. These results confirmed the findings of previous studies on the effectiveness of this educational method.
The research recommends the necessity of integrating cooperative learning into university curricula, training faculty members to apply it effectively, in addition to developing educational strategies based on group interaction and modern technology. It is also suggested to conduct future studies on the impact of cooperative learning on creative thinking and sustainable learning.

Examines the impact of the Iranian variable on neighboring countries through an analytical study focusing on Iran's regional policies and its mechanisms for enhancing its influence in the region. The study discusses the role of Iranian ideology and foreign policies in shaping the political and security landscape of neighboring countries, as well as reviewing the challenges faced by these countries as a result of this influence.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Zimmerman model in the achievement of fifth-grade primary school students in science and their scientific sense. In light of the research objective, the researcher formulated the null hypothesis which states: “There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who They will study the science subject according to the Zimmerman model and between the average scores of the control group students who will study the same subject according to the usual method in the achievement test prepared for the purposes of this research, as the researcher adopted the experimental method and chose the experimental design (with partial control) for two equal groups, and the researcher randomly chose (Al-Jahiz Primary School For boys) divided into three sections (A, B, C). Section (A) was chosen randomly to represent the experimental group and the number of its students (34). In the same way, section (B) was chosen to represent the control group and the number of its students was (36), and Section C (35) students. The research sample was There were (105) students in them, and the researcher statistically rewarded the members of the two groups in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, first semester grades, Daniels intelligence test, and scientific sense measure), and the researcher defined the study material as the last three units of the science book for the fifth grade, Then the researcher formulated behavioral objectives, the number of which reached (90) behavioral objectives representing the first three cognitive levels of Bloom’s classification in the cognitive field. As for the research tool, the researcher proceeded to build the achievement test, which consisted of (40) test items. Objective, multiple-choice type with four alternatives according to the test map (table of specifications). The validity, discrimination coefficient, difficulty, effectiveness of the alternatives, and reliability were verified, as the reliability coefficient using the Kuder-Richardson method reached 20 (0.82); The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to extract data, and the results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied the Zimmerman model outperformed the students of the control group according to the usual method.

Self-privacy and the act of writing constitute a reflection on the language of narrative discourse establishing the woman’s relationship with her text and pride in her image. What helps in extensive reading and highlighting the specificity of writing and its atmosphere the fact that the text constitutes a microcosm in which points of view become clear. The act of utterance here imposes a memorial depth because it determines the connection between the writer’s self and its textual production, which comes in accordance with the supposed imaginative privacy, stylistics and language of the text.
The writing self, through narrative discourse, seeks to establish the stereotypical image of women, which has been mentally imprinted on the collective mind. The lack of women’s involvement in scientific and practical life has its reasons, which have led to a weakness in the cognitive and creative system in its general form despite all these details and the resulting intellectual and psychological oppression in the societal system, feminism was a real beginning and birth. To highlight the identity of women, the specificity of writing and its written character and this is what made the texts emerge from an advanced cognitive awareness that takes into account various relationships and discusses what is related to women’s issues and their private being.

This research examines "Rhetorical Paradox in the Poetry of Adeeb Kamal El-Din" as a rhetorical technique that contributes to deepening meanings and provoking interpretation in poetic texts.
The research focuses on how Adeeb Kamal El-Din employs paradox in his poems to highlight the contrasts between reality and imagination, hope and despair, and beauty and destruction, creating a semantic interaction with the reader.
The research is divided into two main sections: the first presents the linguistic and technical meaning of paradox, analyzing its forms in Arabic poetry.
The second reviews the types and characteristics of rhetorical paradox in Adeeb Kamal El-Din's poetry, highlighting its role in deepening meanings and achieving rhetorical impact. Evidence from poems such as "Baghdad in the Clothes of Blood," "A Boy," and "An Attempt at Music" is analyzed, demonstrating how paradox contributes to enriching the psychological and aesthetic dimensions of texts. The study concluded that irony in Adeeb Kamal El-Din's poetry is an effective rhetorical tool in expressing psychological and intellectual tensions in society. It also contributes to the embodiment of complex meanings that reflect painful realities and lost hope.
Irony demonstrates the poet's ability to employ contradictions to highlight the truth of reality and its conflicts, enhancing the texts' ability to influence and persuade.

The science of the principles of jurisprudence provided important notes for the linguistic study. The linguistic study, according to them, had several aspects and levels, the most prominent of which was the aspect of the word in its relation to the meaning, which is called the meaning of words. Their interest in this aspect was dictated by several considerations, the most prominent of which was that the word is the smallest lexical unit in expressing the meaning, conveying the meaning, and conveying the desired. It is a necessary means to obtain the intended meaning from the circulation of the discourse.

This research aims to explore the effect of the five-question strategy on the academic performance of fourth-grade middle school students in sociology, The researcher adopted a partial control experimental design using an achievement test as the main measurement tool, The sample was divided into two equal groups, each group including 30 students. The experimental group, Section (B), was taught sociology using the five-question strategy, while the control group, Section (A), was taught using traditional methods. To ensure the equivalence of the two groups, demographic variables such as chronological age and intelligence level were controlled among the students. The research tool was carefully developed, as an achievement test was prepared that covers the academic content and takes into account the specified behavioral objectives, while ensuring the validity and reliability of the test to ensure the accuracy of the measurement, After implementing the experiment, the data were analyzed using the T-test for independent samples, which showed a significant superiority for the experimental group that received education using the five-question strategy compared to the control group. These results reflect the positive impact of this strategy in enhancing academic achievement, as it has proven effective in improving students’ abilities to think critically, analyze, and solve problems. This research highlights the importance of adopting innovative educational strategies in curricula, as the five-question strategy has shown its effectiveness in supporting The educational process and achieving distinguished academic results.

The study aimed to determine the degree of employing cooperative teaching by history teachers for the third intermediate grade in Baghdad schools, and to determine the effects of this employment on students' critical thinking skills, and to identify the basic difficulties that hinder teaching history using the cooperative method, through the descriptive approach by applying a questionnaire of (36) statements distributed over five areas on a sample of (100) history teachers for the third intermediate grade who were randomly selected. The study concluded that teachers estimate their level of employing the cooperative teaching method at a moderate level, and that the pressure of the curriculum and the crowding of classrooms constitute the first obstacle to applying this method.