Psychological Science

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research / Psychological Research Center

Abstract: The creative person possesses traits, or abilities that appear to affect his behavior, and be creative if he has these traits or some of them to a large extent, and the current research aims to identify: (1) Measuring the creative personality of university students. (2) Identifying the significance of the statistical differences of the creative personality according to the gender variable (males and females) among university students. The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students, and the research results showed the following: University students enjoy the creative personality in foresight and personal taste in the university field. There are statistically significant differences in the creative personality between (males and females) among university students and in favor of males. The researcher came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The current research aims to know: The level of the cognitive style (holistic-analytical) among university students. The research sample consisted of (400) university students, Hassanein. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the cognitive style scale for (Shout, 2013) the author Hassanein Hassanein from (21) verbal attitudes, and after analyzing the data using the t-test for one sample, regression analysis and coefficients Pearson correlation The following results were reached: The research sample used the cognitive-analytical method.

Abstract:
The current research aims to know the scientific thinking skills of Secondary school students. To achieve the goal of the researchers built a scale for scientific thinking skills. Two types of honesty were extracted, they are apparent honesty and construction honesty which includes the relationship of the paragraph's degree to the total degree. Scale stability was calculated using the test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha method. The research sample consisted of (300) female students of the fourth literary students in the schools affiliated to the Baghdad Education Directorate – Karkhthird. The result of the research after applying the scientific thinking scale on the research sample, was that the average score of the female students was 112.99 with standard deviation was 12.83, while the hypothetical mean of the scale was 102.5, when using the t-test for one sample the calculated t-value of the difference between the mean scores of the students and hypothetical mean of the scale was 14.15 which is greater than the tabular value of 1.96. This difference is statistically significant at the level of 0.05 and in favor of the research sample It turns out that the research sample has an average level of scientific thinking skills. In light of the research results, the researchers recommended asset of recommendations and suggested asset of proposals.

Abstract:
The current research sought to identify the level of self-awareness and its relationship to professional competence among educational counselors in the General Directorate of Education in Kirkuk Governorate, and to identify the differences in self-awareness of professional competence according to the variable (academic achievement, years of service, and gender males - females), and the research sample consisted of (180) ) as a guide and counselor distributed to the schools covered by educational guidance on the staff of the General Directorate of Education in Kirkuk, and the researcher prepared a self-awareness scale consisting of (46) items and relied on the self-awareness scale prepared by, Al-Badiri (2014), Al-Qara Gholi (2011), and the professional competence scale Prepared by Abu Aqil 2019 (41) paragraphs, and Al-Maghari 2018 (45) paragraphs. The apparent and structural validity of the research tool was verified by presentation to experts, and its discriminatory power was calculated and stability was calculated by re-testing method, and the data were statistically treated using The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), in addition to using a number of other statistical methods, and the researchers reached the following results: - Educational counselors enjoy a high level of self-awareness and a high level of professional competence, and the presence of Statistically significant differences between males and females in self-awareness in favor of males, and in professional competence and in favor of females. There are no statistically significant differences between years of service and academic achievement.

Abstract:
This study aims to identify the cognitive consistency of the students of the University of Anbar, and the significance of the statistical differences in cognitive consistency according to the variables of gender (males, females), and specialization (scientific, humanitarian) among university students. The researchers adopted a descriptive correlative approach, and the sample consisted of (320) male and female students from the University of Anbar during the academic year 2020-2021. The sample was chosen in a stratified random manner, and the researchers built a scale (cognitive consistency), which consisted of four domains, with a total of (42) items, and the alternatives scale were five, the researchers verified the apparent validity of the scale, and the construction validity by distinguishing to find differences between groups and individuals, and the relationship of the item degree with the total degree, and the relationship of the item’s degree with the component to which it belongs, and the matrix of internal connections. The researchers also verified the stability of the scale by: (testing, re-testing). The stability coefficient was (0.85); as well as with the equation (Cronbach Alpha) and the stability coefficient reached between (0.82). The researchers used the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) including: (chi-square, t-test for one sample, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
The results revealed the following:
University students are characterized by a high level of cognitive consistency, there is no statistically significant difference according to the gender variable (males, females) in the cognitive consistency scale, there is no statistically significant difference according to the specialization variable (scientific, humanitarian) in cognitive consistency.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify a relationship between learning methods and decision-making among students of the College of Basic Education in Erbil Governorate. The use of the descriptive approach in order to suit it with the nature of the objectives of the current research, and the research community consisted of all students of the College of Basic Education at the University of Salah al-Din. A- Learning styles scale, where the (Mohammed, 2020) scale was relied on, consisting of (30) items. The scale: The apparent validity of the two scales was used by presenting the positions of the two scales to a group of experts and specialists in education and psychology, and the scales are valid and the conditions for apparent validity are met. 88) and decision-making (0.86), but the most important findings of the current research showed that there is a positive correlation between learning methods and decision-making. Based on the results of the research, the researchers reached a set of recommendations and proposals that serve the purposes of the current research.

Abstract:
In order to achieve the research objectives, the two researchers built a measure of family come apart based on the theory of (Pandora) and in its final form consisted of (24) items. The statistical means, including the T-test, the analysis of quadruple variance and the quadruple test, and the research reached the following results: The individuals of the research sample do not suffer from family come apart, there are no statistically significant differences in the family come apart of the research sample according to the gender variable (males, females)
And according to the father's work variable (employee - non-employee), and according to the interaction between the variables, gender, father’s work, mother’s work, and place of living, while there are statistically significant differences in the family come apart of the research sample according to the students ’livelihood variable (between parents living together or separately).

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify: The opinions of specialists in educational and psychological sciences regarding the extent of the effects of the developmental foundations to the teacher, the learner, and the educational content.
To achieve this goal, the researchers designed a developmental foundations survey that consist of (15) questions, each one with (3) alternatives, then standard characteristics for the survey were
drawn out, represented by apparent truth and the stability of re-testing, after that used the required statistical means (weighted mean — and relative weight) to achieve the following result: All educational and psychological specialists emphasized the prominent role of developmental foundations in preparing the learner, developing the teacher, and strengthening the construction of educational content. The researchers came out with a group of Conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

The current research aimed to identify the quality of education among university teachers, the differences with statistical significance for the quality of education among university teachers according to the variables of gender (males, females) and specialization (scientific, human). Choosing it by random method, the researcher built a scale consisting of (65) items in its final form. The researcher extracted the psychometric properties of discrimination and honesty of its logical, virtual and structural types, and it was extracted by re-testing and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the study, the following:
The teachers of the University of Baghdad enjoy a high level of quality education.
 There are no statistically significant differences for the quality of education according to the gender variable (males - females).
 There are statistically significant differences for the quality of education according to the specialization variable (scientific - human), and in favor of the scientific specialization. In light of the research results, several recommendations and proposals were formulated.

Abstract:
At this stage, the child must be trained in good behaviors that are accepted by society, and that the poor proper family performance of some children at the present time is a promise of preserving the privacy of parents and revealing everything that goes on within the family, whether in the kindergarten or while playing with children or in public places, calls for The importance of a study in this regard that helps train children on proper family performance and correct its course.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a sound family performance scale by relying on the theory of (family systems) as a theoretical framework in preparing the scale. It defines the alternatives to the scale (always reinforce, reinforce, not reinforce), and with degrees (2, 1, 0). The number of number of its paragraphs (27), which are positive paragraphs family and the number of its paragraphs (27), which are positive paragraphs.)
The researcher applied the scale to a random sample of (100) families, a boy and a girl, from Kindergartens affiliated to the districts of Karkh (first, second, third) and Rusafa (first, second, third).
The researcher used the statistical procedures Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test for one sample, t-test for two samples of equal size, and the alpha-Cronbach equation suitable for validity, reliability and analysis of the results.
The researcher reached the following results
The presentation of the results revealed that there are differences between the scores of children who were subjected to the counseling program and those who did not undergo the counseling program, as it appeared that:
1- The program has an impact on enhancing the proper family performance of a child, in addition to the exposure of children in the guidance program to educational guidance situations within the kindergarten and the family, which have contributed to some extent in enhancing their family performance, addressing their shortcomings or weaknesses, and improving their performance in the family. This is due to many reasons that children received when Direct them to the mentoring program.
2- Helping them with family cohesion and strengthening its communication, as well as introducing it to the meaning and concept of sound family flexibility

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the level of doublethink and also the level of cognitive curiosity among Mosul University students and to identify the relationship between doublethink and cognitive curiosity among Mosul University students of the colleges of the University of Mosul, two scientific colleges are (Sciences, Computer Science & Mathematics) and two human colleges (Education for human sciences and Arts), and a department from each college is also selected in a random way and from each of the four stages (30) male and female students on an equal basis. The researchers used the prepared doublethink scale by (Yas and Al-Tamimi, 2012) and the cognitive curiosity scale prepared by (Slater, 2009) after its translation and development in the Iraqi environment by (Nozi, 2015).
After extracting the face validity by presenting them to experts and arbitrators and their stability through the method of testing and re-testing, the two scales were applied to the basic research sample and the students’ answers were correct. The data were treated statistically using Pearson correlation coefficient, T-test for one sample, and T-test for the significance of the correlation coefficient, the researchers reached the following results:
1- Students have a good level of doublethink.
2- Students have a high level of knowledge curiosity.
3- There is a positive relationship between doublethink and cognitive curiosity.
In light of the results, the researchers identified a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, including.

Abstract:
An optimism bias is a bias that causes a person to believe that they are less likely than others to experience a negative event. Four factors contribute to making an individual has an optimistic bias: his desired end state, his cognitive mechanisms, and the information he has about himself in relation to others. Optimistic bias appears in a number of situations and from this point of view, the current research aims at identifying the optimism bias among university students.
For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher has prepared the optimism bias scale according to the (Weinstein) model, where the optimism bias scale is administered to (100) female students. The results of the research has concluded that the intermediate school students have optimism bias in general . The current research is nothing but a scientific attempt to develop a proposed counseling program to reduce optimism bias, which is a problem that is reflected in the educational performance of female students at the university.
The counseling services are among the priorities of the educational process, where the psychological and educational counseling provides counseling, advice and immunization for the student in the course of their academic life. It gudes situations that confuse them and how they perceive the situation correctly. Thus, respond to the situations that individuals tend to believe that they are more vulnerable than others to positive events with poise and courage. The researcher has recommended a number of recommendations in the light of the research results and a number of suggestions.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the extent to which the educational counselor possesses the counseling skills in dealing with crises in schools, as well as to identify the significance of the differences in the counseling skills of the educational counselor in dealing with crises in schools according to the variables of sex (males - females), years of service (less than Five years - more than five years), and the research was limited to educational counselors in primary and secondary schools affiliated to the Third Rusafa Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate and for the academic year (2021-2022). (2015), as the scale consists of (37) items, and its validity and reliability were verified, then the researcher applied the research tool to a sample of educational counselors who were chosen in a stratified random manner consisting of (200) counselors, and after applying the research tool she used statistical means (The equation of the t-test for one sample, the equation of the t-test for the two independent groups, the equation (Cronbach’s alpha), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, binary analysis of variance) and in light of the research objectives, it was reached The following results:
- The mean of the research sample is higher than the hypothetical average, and this result indicates that the members of the research sample have an increase in counseling skills .
- -There are no statistically significant differences in the counseling skills according to the gender variable (males, females) at the significance level (0.05), and there are no statistically significant differences in the counseling skills according to the variable years of service (less than five years, more than five years). at the significance level (0.05).

Determining the future profession is one of the most important things in an individual's life because he spends his life in it after completing his studies. The individual's position in the profession that his nature and readiness qualify him for leads to his feeling of happiness and increased productivity. The research problem is summarized in the question: (Do the students of the kindergarten department have a preference for the profession of a teacher in kindergarten). The research aimed to know:
1- Professional preference for kindergarten students.
2- Knowing the differences in Professional preference among the four academic levels.
The research community was limited to the students of the Kindergarten Department at the University of Baghdad / College of Education for Women and Al-Mustansiriya University / College of Basic Education and Iraqi University / College of Education for Women, for the current year 2021-2022. To achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers built a professional preference measure according to the scientific steps for building scientific standards, after constructing the 28 items of the Professional Preference measure and developing response alternatives that are (applies to me, applies to me often, applies to me sometimes, applies to me rarely, does not apply to me) with weights (1,2,3,4,5) and the measure has validity and stability are good. The measure has good validity and stability. The measure was applied to a sample of (300) female students from the Kindergarten Department, who were chosen by stratified random method, and the research reached the following results:
1- Kindergarten students have an average preference for the profession of kindergarten teacher.
2- The female students of the department in all the four stages have a close professional preference for the profession of kindergarten teacher.
Then the researchers presented a set of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of a program that relies on e-learning to develop writing skills for female students of the Arabic Language Department. In order to achieve this, the researchers prepared a proposed program to train students on writing skills. The researchers also built a test to measure the performance of writing skills, and the students of the first stage in the Arabic language department at the College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, were intentionally selected to be a sample for the research, as it amounted to (40) students who have weaknesses in writing skills, and they were divided into two groups experimental and control, after conducting the reward between them the program was applied to the experimental group, the researchers concluded that the proposed program that relies on E-learning was effective as it develops the writing skills of the female students, accordingly, using modern programs and employing them in education effectively contributes to training and developing learners' writing skills.

Abstract:
The current study aims to identify: the level of positive thinking among university students and the psychological construction of university students. As well as the correlation between positive thinking and psychological construction among university students, and the study sample consisted of (400) male and female students, from Tikrit University students. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a scale (positive thinking46) and a scale (psychological construction36). The researcher extracted the psychometric properties from honesty and discrimination, while the stability was extracted by re-testing and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Using the following statistical means (chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, Facronbach equation, and t-test for one sample and two independent samples), the results showed the following: The research sample has a high level of positive thinking, and the research sample has a high level of psychological construction, a positive direct correlation between the two variables

Abstract
The current research aims to know:
1- The adaptive behavior of primary school students.
2- Know the differences in the adaptive behavior of primary school students according to the variables (sex - orphan)
The research sample consisted of (400) primary school students. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built the (adaptive behavior) scale, which consisted of (33) declarative items, as the stability of the scale (adaptive behavior) extracted by the (retest) method reached (75.0). While the stability coefficient extracted by Cronbach's alpha method reached (81.0) and the results were analyzed using statistical means (Pearson's correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, z-test) and the results were as follows:
1- They have a high degree of adaptive behavior
2- There are differences in adaptive behavior according to the gender variable (male - female) in favor of males, and there are no differences according to the orphan variable (orphan - non-orphan).

Abstract:
The aim of the current research is to (the use of the three-parameter logistic model in grading the items of the mental ability test according to the response theory of the individual) for the preparatory stage. To achieve the goal, the researcher translated the test paragraphs and instructions from English into Arabic, and re-translated them from Arabic into English, taking into account the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the ideas in the test. The researcher gave importance to the modifications made to the translation when presented to translation experts. Then the test instructions and paragraphs were presented to an expert specialized in the Arabic language, and their observations were taken. They were also presented to the arbitrators in the educational and psychological sciences, to confirm the provision of appropriate characteristics for him and the alternatives in form and content, and to adopt their suggestions, and I found all the test paragraphs valid to measure what they were developed for measure it. In order to ensure the clarity of the instructions and paragraphs of the test and to determine the period of its performance, the test was applied to an exploratory sample of (60) male and female students without the statistical analysis sample. From (1000) male and female students (Baghdad Governorate) were chosen by a multistage random sampling method, and the researcher relied on a three-teacher model, which is one of the paragraph response theory models to analyze the test paragraphs, and to verify the assumptions of the model follow the following: Statistical analysis according to paragraph response theory The researcher relied on the three-way teacher model as one of the paragraph response theory models in analyzing the paragraphs of the mental ability test, as calculated by the Bilog-m3 program. To achieve the model’s assumptions, the researcher followed the following: (Factoral analysis by the method of basic components, the relationship of the paragraph with the total score), and that the matching of the paragraphs to the three-parameter model can be considered as evidence that the paragraphs measure a one-dimensional feature, and based on the value of the chi-square at the level of significance (0.05), acceptance of the difficulty of the paragraph (-2.5) to ( + 2.5), accepting the distinction of the paragraph (5,0) to (5,2), accepting the guess of the paragraph less than (0,25), and it was found that all the paragraphs within the acceptable limits did not delete any paragraph. The validity of the test and the reliability of the test were verified by means of the variance ratio indicators to estimate the stability of the test and the information function to estimate the stability of ability. In light of the results of the current research, the researcher reached some conclusions, recommendations and suggestions