Psychological Science

Abstract:
The purpose of the current study is to identify the level of Boredom proneness among Baghdad University students, and to reveal the differences in the level of boredom according to the gender variable (males - females), specialization (scientific - human), and the university stage (first - second - third - fourth). A random sample was selected consisting of (134) students(64 male, 70 female). and the sample included (89 the scientific specialization, 45 from the humanitarian specialization), and the university stage (19 first, 42 second, 41 third, and 32 fourth). The 12-item Boredom proneness scale prepared by Vodanovich, Wallace, & kass (2005) was adopted, translated and used.
The results concluded that Baghdad University students are characterized by a high level of boredom proneness, and that there are significant differences in the internal stimulation dimension of boredom, due to the gender variable, and in favor of females. And that there are no statistically significant differences in the level of internal and external stimulation and boredom proneness in general, attributable to the variable of specialization, and there are statistically significant differences according to the variable of the university stage and in favor of the third and fourth stage.

Abstract
The study aimed to recognize the incivility of the workplace? Are there statistically significant differences in incivility in the workplace according to the variables of gender, age, length of service and education level?
The sample consisted of (148) employees, (75) females and (73) males. The employees responded to the Uncivil Behavior Scale in the Workplace (UWBQ) developed by (Martin and Hine 2005). One of the most prominent results of the study was the existence of a statistically significant difference between the hypothetical mean and the arithmetic mean and in favor of the hypothetical mean, which indicates that employees do deal in an civil manner in the work environment, and there are statistically significant differences between ages in uncivil behaviors in the workplace, and for favor of ages 31-40. And there are statistically significant differences in the length of service in the uncivil behaviors in the workplace and for favor of those with service for more than 10 years, and there are statistically significant differences in the level of education in the uncivil behaviors in the workplace and for favor of those with secondary education and less.

Abstract:
The research seeks to identify Social interest and its relation to the vitality of conscience and identify if there is a correlation between situational regret and the vitality of conscience.
The current research targets:
1. Knowing about the vitality of conscience among students of Baghdad University / College of Education for Human Sciences - Ibn Rushd.
2. Knowing about the social interest of students of Baghdad University / College of Education for Human Sciences - Ibn Rushd.
3. Identify the correlation between the vitality of conscience and social interest among students of Baghdad University / College of Education for Human Sciences - Ibn Rushd.
To achieve the objectives of this research, the following measures were taken:
First: The researcher adopted the Vitality Conscience Scale (NEO-PI-R), revised from the Five Factors Model (FFM), consisting in its initial form of (40) items.
Second: The researcher adopted the (Al-Sultani 2005) measure of social interest, consisting of (40) items.
Third: Extract the reliability of each of the two measures by using Fakronbach's coefficient.
1- The vitality of conscience scale (0,84).
2- Scale of social interest (0,80).
The results of the research showed:
A higher feeling of conscientious vitality among university students, and the results showed a higher social interest among the research sample.
With regard to revealing the nature of the relationship between the vitality of conscience and social interest, the results showed that there was no correlation between them, as it was very weak..

Abstract:
Preventive thinking and its relationship to some variables among university students
The objectives of the Current search are as follows: -
1- explores preventive thinking among university students and evaluates its statistical significance.
2- Recognize the differences in the level of preventive thinking among university students according to the gender variable and evaluates its statistical significance.
3- Recognize the differences in the level of preventive thinking among university students according to the variable of the (humanitarian and scientific academic specialization) and evaluate its statistical significance.
The research sample included (841) male and female students from different undergraduate programs at Tikrit University, whether their majors are humanitarian or scientific. The research participants were recruited randomly. The researcher adopted a recent scales introduced by (Al-Akidi 2020) for preventive thinking which consist of (40) items each of which has three choices. One of these choices represents the correct answer and is giving a weight of 2 while the remaining choices are false and each is given one. The psychometric properties (Excellence, honesty, reliability) of the scales where extracted by the researchers. Afterward the researcher presented the scale to a group of specialized experts in educational psychology, measurement and evaluation, to extract the relevant psychometric properties. The reliability of the preventive thinking scale was (0,546).
The researcher reached the following results:
1- The students maintain a low level in preventive thinking.
2- No differences observed in term of preventive thinking among males and females.
3- Certain differences detected in term of preventive thinking between students. The differences are in favor of humanitarian specialization students.
Based on the results of the research, the researcher recommended the following:-
1- Raise awareness of the importance of preventive thinking across all academic programs.
2- Encourage educational institutions and research center to conduct similar research studies covering preventive thinking.
3- Give due care to the education of children and students in particular on means of prevention and protection against risk of the surrounding environment.
4- . Establish research centers as well as human resources centers that address the negative thinking through introduction of preventive thinking.

The study aims to measure the chaotic behavior of the students of the University of Baghdad (the research sample) and to identify the differences in the chaotic behavior according to the variables of gender, specialization and social status among the students of the University of Baghdad. The descriptive approach was adopted.
(the research sample) and the research sample consisted of ( 150) male and female students, who were chosen by the random stratification method from human colleges and scientific colleges equally, the questionnaire was adopted as a tool for collecting data and the scale was from (30) paragraphs. The research reached the following results:
1- that university students have chaotic behavior, meaning that they have negative psychological characteristics. Which affects the progress of the educational and educational process and helps it to perform its goals.
2- that chaotic behavior affects the behavior of students at the University of Baghdad (the research sample) and according to the research variable, the type (males - female) and the differences in favor of males in the chaotic behavior can be explained by this result to the nature disorder The internal, social and political conditions surrounding the student, which left bad effects on the impression of the student, which made him feel psychological frustration affected by the media, means of communication and his programs of communication networks This made him respond to these frustrations by violating university regulations and laws.
3- There are statistical significant differences in chaotic behavior according to the variable of the academic specialization (scientific Humanitarian) The differences in favor of human specialization may be due to the different type of activities and activities required in each specialization, as the activities in the humanitarian specialization make students carry out more social activities, communication and cooperation between each other, balancing students of scientific specialization because of the nature of scientific study, it is more complex and needs more focus and time He studied more, so they are more committed to university laws and regulations, and the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
Political education takes place in families, communal activities, schools or universities. Through educational methods, particular educational activities and curricula, political education aims at engraving individual’s knowledge, values, attitudes and behaviours into individuals to ensure the availability of the spirit of citizenship in a way that achieves the community’s political and social stability. Political education is mostly important for enhancing national development in terms of sense of belonging and responsibility. It is also important for enabling the opportunity for all society to shape a better future. It is noted that the absence of awareness and appropriate education leads to serious problems, such as the tendency towards violence and extremism of all kinds, including intellectual extremism that directs the thinking of young people to serious and disastrous consequences. Intellectual extremism is one of the most controversial issues among intellectuals, educationalists, culturists, clergy, and politicians. It is known that intellectual extremism has its impact on religious, political, social, economic and developmental damages. The research aims at identifying the relationship between political education and intellectual extremism, as well as showing their scores. The study sample was chosen in accordance with stratified random method based on which 200 male and female students from Iraqi universities were selected. The researchers prepared two statistical measurements for political education and the tendency towards intellectual extremism. It was discovered, as part of the results, that there is a correlation between political education and intellectual extremism. It was also shown that the two have exhibited high scores in terms of the sample of university students.

Abstract

The current research aims to identify the smart thinking among the middle (first and third) students, and the significance of the difference in the subtle thinking according to the type (male and female) variable and the academic achievement of the father, as the research sample included (630) male and female students from the first and third grade students chosen A stratified random method from the directorates (Rusafa and Karkh), and the researcher has built a scale to measure smart thinking in the form of verbal situations, and after statistical treatment and data analysis, the researcher reached results stating that the average sample (first and third grade) have a subtle thinking, and that there is a difference D In subtle thinking according to the type variable (ZHCO And females) in favor of females, there is no difference in the Smart Thinking by the collection of the Father, And that there is a difference in subtle thinking according to the achievement of the mother and in favor of (primary and secondary) at the expense of (he does not read and write and bachelor), and in light of the results the researcher reached a number of recommendations and proposals, including: Providing the appropriate educational environment, especially with regard to intermediate education, to apply theoretical knowledge In practice, this allows students to demonstrate more their fruitful inclinations, abilities, and mental skills.

Abstract:
The current research aimed to identify health-specific self-efficacy in individuals with chronic diseases, and to identify the significance of differences in the relationship between health-defined self-efficacy according to the gender variable (male-female).
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher used the validity-defined self-efficacy scale, which included (35) items in its final form, and the psychometric properties were extracted from the validity and reliability of the scale.
The scale was applied to a sample of chronic disease patients amounting to (689) patients with chronic diseases by the electronic application of the research community in the City of Medicine Hospital for its branches, (Baghdad Teaching Hospital, the Specialized Center for Surgery (Ghazi Hariri Hospital), the Private Nursing Home Hospital, and the Iraqi Center for Cardiology) After processing the data, relying on the most appropriate statistical means through the statistical bag (SPSS), the results of the current research indicated that the research sample has the efficacy of the self-defined health and this result is explained in light of the theory adopted by the theory of the health process approach.
In light of the results that I report, a number of recommendations and proposals were made that expand the research directorates for later research.

Abstract:
The present study aims to identify: Knowledge sharing of university teachers. For achieving the researcher's objectives, the researcher has constructed the scale of knowledge sharing. The researcher verified the study tools' psychometric characteristics by administering the tools on a sample of (500) teachers selected by stratified random methods from three universities (Baghdad, Al-Mustansiriya, and Al-Tiqnah Al-Wusta). After applying the tools of study and gathering data, the researcher has reached the following result: The university professors (the study sample) have knowledge sharing. according to the variables (university, gender, scientific rank (are not statistically significant except for differences that are (years of service) statistical function

Abstract:
The aim of the research is to identify the theory of mind among autistic children and to compare them with normal children aged 5-10 years. The research was applied to a sample consisting of (30) autonomous children registered in the Family Rehabilitation Center / Caritas Iraq and (30) ordinary children registered in Maryam Al-Batoul Kindergarten and School in Baghdad 2019/2020. The theory of mind test was applied (Muris, 1990 After translating it into Arabic and extracting its psychometric properties, the results showed the existence of significant differences in the theory of mind between autistic and normal children according to age stages in favor of ordinary children. They were interpreted and discussed in light of a theoretical framework and previous studies, and some recommendations and proposals were mentioned.

Abstract:
The research seeks to know the will power of the children of kindergartens, and to achieve the objective of the research, the two researchers constructed a test of will power, since its (16) paragraphs were formulated, and its validity by presenting it to a group of experts, and it proved its validity after making some modifications, as well as calculating the discriminatory power, and it was found that all the paragraphs are distinguished and statistically significant, in addition to finding the relationship of the paragraph with the total score, and the stability of the balance was confirmed by a re-test method, as the stability factor reached (0.80), then the test was applied to a sample of (200) children, and the investigation was carried out to the following results:
1. Children in kindergartens have weak will power.
2. .There is no difference between boys in will power according to the difference between men and women.
3. There is no difference between children in will power according to the number of the child in the family.
Then, the two researchers presented a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

Abstract
The current research aims to explore the factorial structure of the positive qualities of an effective teacher in the secondary school at the fifth class. It tries to test the reliability and validity indications for the subject of (430) male and female student.
After data analysis, the results showed that the positive qualities of an effective teacher scale level have a satisfactory psychometric indication. The factorial analysis has extracted (6) factors which explained (69%) of the total variance.

Abstract
The present research aims to identify the social confrontation of the kindergarten teachers of the civil and governmental schools (comparative study) For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research, the following formulas were formulated:
- Are there statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) among the kindergarten teachers in the social responsibility scale?
The current research was limited to kindergarten teachers (governmental and non-governmental) in the Directorate General of Education Baghdad Rusafa / Second.
The main research sample consisted of (100) teachers, (50) teachers from government kindergartens and (50) female kindergarten teachers. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a social confrontation measure consisting of (40) Ali often, apply to me sometimes, do not apply to). After making the appropriate adjustments in the light of the observations of the experts and arbitrators, and verify the sincerity and stability, and the strength of excellence, and the relationship of the paragraph in the overall degree. The researcher reached the following results:
1. The results indicate that kindergarten teachers are generally socially confrontationlly.
2. The teachers of state kindergartens are superior to the social confrontation of female kindergarten teachers.

Abstract:
The aim of the study was to recognize the perceptions of employees about gossip in the workplace? Do employees' perceptions of gossip differ according to gender, educational level, and social status? The sample consisted of (156) employees, (97) females and (59) males. The employees responded to the (Sharpteen1988) scale, and it consisted of (27) items, (10) items that measured the moral dimension in gossip and (6) measured the friendship dimension in gossip (4) items that measure the hostile dimension of gossip, and (7) ) items that measure the dimension of seeking information in gossip. One of the most prominent results of the study was that employees look at gossip in the workplace from a moral point of view, and avoid gossip as it is a moral issue. Significant differences appeared in employees’ perceptions about gossip according to the gender variable, in the dimensions of information and morals and for favor of females, except for the dimensions of hostility and friendship, And there were no significant differences in the employees’ perceptions about gossip according to the educational level variable and in all dimensions, and there were statistically significant differences in the employees’ perceptions about gossip according to the social status variable and in all dimensions except for the friendship dimension

Abstract:
the aim of the present research is to identify the personality patterns prevailing according to the "Enneagram system" among university students, the type of Mind Wandering prevalent among university students and the nature and direction of the relationship between the personality types of Enneagram and Mind Wandering, and to identify the extent of the contribution of the "personality patterns of Enneagram" In the wandering kind. To achieve these goals, the relational descriptive approach was adopted. A random sample of (500) male and female students from University of Anbar was selected for the academic year (2020-2021). The researcher also prepared a scale of “personality styles according to the Enneagram system,” whose items amounted to (89) ones distributed into (9) pattern. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified. The researcher also prepared a Mind Wandering scale from two dimensions (a Mind Wandering inside the task and a Mind Wandering outside the task) consisting of (18 items) for each dimension. The psychometric properties (honesty) were verified by finding the correlation between the degree of the item and the to degree of the scale, and finding the correlation between the degree of the item and the field to which it belongs. The reliability of the scale was also verified by the formula (Cronbach's Alph(
A group of statistical methods were used by the researcher . The results reached to the following:
1. The research sample (students of University) in general have the nine patterns, and that the prevailing patterns are (the accomplished, followed by the reformer, then the challenger.
2. .The existence of statistically significant differences between the two specializations in the pattern of achievement in favor of the scientific specialties. The existence of statistically significant differences between the two specializations in the personality type reformer and in favor of the human specialties. The absence of statistically significant differences between the two specializations in the type of challenge.
3. The members of the sample (students of University of Anbar) have a Mind Wandering inside the task at a high level and outside the task at a weak level.
4. There is a positive (direct) statistically significant relationship between the prevailing patterns (accomplished, reformer, challenged). After Mind Wandering (within the task), there is a negative (inverse) relationship statistically significant between the prevailing patterns (accomplished, reformer, and challenging) and after Mind Wandering ( Out of mission(.
5. The prevailing patterns among the sample (students of University of Anbar) contributed to predicting the degrees of Mind Wandering in its two dimensions (inside and outside the mission(.
In light of these results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
The current research aimed to uncover the reality of the use of educational techniques by teachers of children with autism disorder and used the descriptive analytical approach. It was applied to (25) teachers from among the teachers of autistic children in the Al-Tawfiq Center for Training and Rehabilitation of People with Special Needs in Tikrit for the academic year (2019- 2020), and the questionnaire was used as a research tool and included (23) paragraphs The results showed that the most common techniques used in teaching children with autism by teachers are photographs and video, and in light of the results, the researchers recommended the necessity of providing special rooms in autism centers for the use of educational technologies and the provision of educational techniques that teachers need by setting a budget for these technologies, and the need for a specialist. With educational technologies, alongside teachers, to constantly maintain devices and increase teachers' desire to use them.