Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The study was carried out at the storage unit and lathhouse of Hort.Dept./ College of Agric. / University of Baghdad during 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 seasons to investigate the effect of bulb weight and storage temperature on growth and flowering of wild Narcissus. Four bulbs weight (12, 17, 22 or 27 g.) stored in tow levels of temperature: room temperature (27-34˚c) and 25˚c then 17˚c one month before planting date, for 67 and 120 days for the first and second season respectively. Results could be summarized as follows:
Planting bulbs with 12 and 17g in weight reduced flowering percentage for both seasons (36.42, 43.75%) and (52.08, 70.82%) respectively. Whereas number of leaves was elevated at the first season (0.19 bulblets). While 22 and 27g of bulbs weight were superior in enhancing % flowering, number of florets and length of peduncle for both seasons
Storage of bulbs at room temperature increased no. of florets/infloureces and length of peduncle for both seasons (4.12, 3.90 florets/infloureces) and (16.08, 18.11 cm.) respectively and the diameter of the first floret and % of bulbs phosphorous content increased in the first season as well (4.11 cm., 0.41%) respectively. However, storing bulbs at 25˚c followed by 17˚c enhanced the emergence, flowering date beside the dry matter percentage for both seasons.
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This experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2007-2008 in one of the Agricultural fields of Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture / Basrah University. The objective of the experiment was to study the effect of two sowing dates and seeds soaking on the fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed content of nutrients. The experiment included (8) treatments combinations resulting from compatibility between the two dates of sowings (6/10 and 6/11/2007) and four seeds treatments (soaking the seeds in distilled water ;150 mg.L-1 of Indole Acetic Acid solution ; 150 mg.L-1 of Vitamin C solution and the control treatment (un soaked seeds). Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replications. R.L.S.D. Test was used at probability of 5% to compare means variations. Results can be summarized as follows:
Plants of first date gave significant increases in the percentage of sugars and seed content from Fe and Zn which were 15.66% , 3.76, 2.12 mg/l. Whereas the second date gave a significant increase in the percentage of protein which was 23.49% . Seed soaking in Vitamin C solution has led to a significant increases in the percentage of protein and seed content from Ca and Pb which were 24.14% , 7.63, 1.28 mg/l. Whereas the interaction of the two factors of study had no effect on the studied parameters accept protein percentage in seeds and its content of calcium.

Key word: FENUGREEK, sowing date , Seed treatments , seed nutrients

To study the effect of three levels of NPK added to the soil and spraying on potato plants tubers uptake of these nutrients. Field experiment in a private field at Al-Latifia was conducted in a loamy soil. Three levels of NPK were added to the soils which were: S1 (240-120-400), S2 (180-90-300) and S3 (120-90-200) kgNPK.h-1 respectively. Plants were sprayed with nutrient solution its concentration was (3000-1500-6000) mg NPK.L-1 two, four and six times and compared with water spraying. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used. NPK uptake by tubers was determined. The results showed that S1 treatment with six sprays gave the highest NPK uptake in tubers, S2 treatment with six sprays superior on S1treatment without spraying. It was increased 1.3 and 0.29 kgNP.h-1.A good quality of tubers was obtained. Also this treatment (S2) with six sprays reduced quantity of fertilizers added to the soil by 25%.
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An experiment was conducted in the lath house during the season 2007 to investigate the effect of three planting dates (1/3, 15/3, 1/4/2007) and four agricultural media (riverine mixture , peatmoss, riverine mixture + peatmoss , riverine mixture + animal manure ) and thier interaction on the vegetative growth and flowering yield of chrysanthemum var. Forester using.C.R.D design with three replicates.
Results showed that planting dates of, the agricultural medium and thier interaction had significant effects on the vegetative growth and flowering of plant. The highest average of plant height, leaves number, leaf area, flower branches number,flowers number /plant and flowers diameter were found at the intraction of planting the offsets in peatmoss with the first planting date which were 86.67cm, 162.44 leaf 87.05dcm2, 23.00 flower branches, 150.33 flower/plant and 9.70 cm respectively, while the riverine mixture alone with the third planting date gave the lowest average which were 58.78cm, 65.00 leaf 25.61dcm2, 4.11 flower branches, 23.22 flower/plant and 6.17 cm respectively .

An experiment was conducted in the lath house during the season 2008 to investigate the effect of 5 dates of planting (1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 15/3, 1/4/2008) and 3 concentrations of NAA and thier interaction on rooting cuttings , vegetative and flowering growth parameters of chrysanthemum var. Daisy using.C.R.D design with three replicates.
Results showed that the planting dates , NAA concentrations and thier interactions had significant effect on rooting of cuttings , vegetative and flowering growth of plant.The highest average of the percentage cuttings rooting and root number are achieved in the interaction of third date (1/3) X 400 mg NAA /lplant by 86.67% and 28.59 root, respectively. Also the interaction of first date (1/1) X 400 mg NAA /lplant gave the highest average of plant height, leaves number, leaf area, flowers number /plant and flower diameter which were 85.22cm, 121.67 leaf 61.50 dcm2, 76.00 flower /plant and 8.13 cm respectively, while the date 1/2 without auxin gave the lowest average which were 13.33% and 8.00 respectively .

This study was conducted at Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory / Horticulture Department / Agriculture College / Kufa University during 2007-2008 to evaluate in vitro three grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars (Shadah Sawdaa , Shadah Baidaa and Kamali) for their tolerance to NaCl according to effects of NaCl on their growth characters to select tolerant cultivar for growing in salt affected regions. Double-node microcuttings with two buds were excised from proliferating cultures and cultured in MS medium , supplemented with different NaCl concentrations (0, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) + 2 mg BA , 0.1 mg / L (NAA ) , 3% sucrose and 0.7% agar, for 4 weeks .
Experiments were set up as a factorial experiment in Complete Randomized Design and repeated twice . There were 25 explants as replicates for each treatment for each cultivar. Subsequent to the 4 week salinity treatments , shoot cultures were removed from their media and evaluated for their response to salinity . The parameters used to determine the effects of NaCl treatments on grape cultivars were ; survival percentage (viability of explants) , degrees of salt injuries and proliferation ratio (number of shoots / explant ).It was clear from the data that the proliferation ratio , shoot length and viability of explants in all cultivars decreased due to the increase in NaCl concentrations up to 75 mM in multiplication medium and a different trend between cultivars were observed , while Kamali cultures were died at 175mM level , their cultures could survive on the medium with 100 mM NaCl , Shadah Sawdaa and Shadah Baidaa cultures showed a good survival on the medium with 125 and 150 mM NaCl respectively , with the salt injuries generally less for Shadah Baidaa than the other cultivars . Based on the responses to NaCl the tolerance to the NaCl levels followed the order Shadah Baidaa > Shadah Sawdaa > Kamali for the cultivars studied .

A field experiment was conducted at Babylon governorate 2009 growth season to study the effect of two fertilizers of foliar application (Agroleaf high K+ ) and (laberal high P) on growth and yield of two varieties potato (Desiree and Provento). A factorial experiments within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was adopted. Each treatment included two levels of both fertilizer 6 – 12 gm/L and control treatment which include spray with tap water.
The results showed a significant increase in plant height, number of tuber per plant, starch percentage in tuber and total yield at the level of 6 ml/L Agroleaf compared with control treatment include spray with tap water. The results showed a significant increase for Desiree variety compared with provento variety in all treatments characteristic except dry matter percentage of tuber when sprayed with Agroleaf fertilizer. No significant effect was found due to the interaction between Agroleaf and varieties except starch percentage of tuber and total yield. A significant increase plant height, number leaves per plant, number tuber per plant, starch percentage of tuber and total yield was found from 6ml/laberal treatment. The results showed a significant increase with Desiree variety on provento variety in all treatments characteristic except starch percentage in tuber and dry matter percentage of tuber when sprayed with laberal fertilizer. Apart from plant height no significant effect was found due to the interaction between laberal fertilizer and varieties on all rest of studded parameters.

An experiment was conducted 2005/2006 to study the effect of pinching and plant spacing (0, 25 , 35 , 45cm ) on growth and total yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctoius) in the Technical Institute / Musaib . Randomize Complete Block Design with 4 riplications . Pinching was done before flowering and during bloom period. Results showed that pinching had a significant effect on vegetative and reproductive growth . Pinched plants with 35 cm apart gave highest values of plant height , shoot numbers , capsules numbers , plant number of seeds / capsule , number of seeds / plant , number of secondary shoots , dry matter of the vegetative part and total yield ( seeds ) which 141.50cm, 53.30 shoot, 66capsule, 43 seed/capsule, 2846.00seed/plant, 34cm, , 22.60secondary shoot, 98.19g and 106.04g/plant 7.40g ) respectively . Control treatment on the other hand , gave lowest values of the above mentioned traits ; 70.20cm, 10.70shoot, 25.10capsule, 24.17 seed/capsule, 621.10seed, 10.23cm. 10.12mm,3secondaryshoot,52.60g,25.10cm)respectively .

Experiment was conducted during the season 2006 to investigate the spraying of Hubest at (0,250, 500,750mg / l.) and plants number/hole on the growth and yield of Okra plants variety Hissainawya using R.C.B.D design with 3 replicates. Results showed that the spraying of Hubest and plants number/hole had a significant effect in growth and yield characteristics .The highest average of leaves , branches and fruits number /plant , totalyield/plant , early and total yield//donum realized at iteraction of (250 mg hubest /litre x 2 plants / hole) wich gave 87.23 leaf, 6.69 branch,149.26 fruit, 504.51g, 242.14 Kg/donum and 3.171 ton / donum respectively, while the least average were 37.34 leaf, 4.02 branch,83.64 fruit, 213.40g, 128.45 Kg/donum and 1.342 ton / donum respectively, at iteraction of (750 mg hubest /litre x 3 plants / hole).

This study was conducted in the lathhouse of the Techinques of plant production department / Technical college / Musaib during 2007-2008; to find out the impact of seed storage (without storage ، 30 days in the refregirator and 30 days on room temperature) as well as some chemical treatments (Sodium hydroxide at 0.4 ،0.6 and 0.8 N and gibberillic acid at 150 ، 300 and 450 mg/L) on seed germination , and the effect of seedling spray with Prosol 0، 2 and 4 g/L and garlic bulb crud 0، 5 and 10 cm3/L , as a factorial in CRD and RCBD with 3 riplication .
The results indicated that higher germination 74.88% resulted from unstord seed , reduced germination period to 24.17 day.
theses seeds as well as seeds stored in 30 days in the refregarator gave highest seed germination rate 2.45 and 2.60 day respectively,.Sodium hydroxide 0.8 N and gibberellic acid 450 mg/L gave higher germination percentages 78.98 and 80.43% respectively and retes 1.90 and 1.79 day respectively and reduced germination period 23.77 and 23.12 day respectively , as compared to the control treatment which resulted 57.70% ، 3.70 day and 34.02 days respectively . The interaction of high concentrations of gibberellic acid or Sodium hydroxide with nonstorage treatment resulted in increasing of germination percentage 88.27 and 86.55 and germination rate 1.16 and 1.47 day , reduced germination period 17.24 and 20.62 day as well .

The study included find genetic fingerprint of ten varieties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) The Genetic Distance by using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD based on Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR were applied. The study was carried out at International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)-Aleppo-Syria, in fall season 2009.
Phases of work included the isolation and purification of DNA plant parts and DNA polymorphisms were scored within amplified fragements(their numbers and molecular weights) by electrophoresis. The genetic analyses by using RAPD and Genetic Distance for eggplant varieties genetic variability found in it. Eggplant varieties gave the morphological and genetic variability.High Genetic Distance Eggplant varieties (33.33%) in RAPD markers was registered between the two varieties (Moussalli X Abu jethea)

This trail was carried out to find out the effect of bud treatment with Benzyl adenine (0 , 100 , 200 , and 300 mg/l) before insert it in the (T) cleave in autumn T-budding on calleryana root stock and the impact of foliar spry interval with Gromor solution at 2 mg/l (spray with distilled water, 15 days and 30 days interval) on leaf content of "Montakhab Elzafaranya " pear seedling of N,P,K ,Mg and Fe , during Sept. 2007 to Oct.2008 at the experimental field of the Mahawel station of Hort. and Forestry Babil Factorial in RCBD with 3 replication was the experimental design.
Results replay that Benzyl adenine at 300 mg / l and foliar spray at 15 days interval alon or in the interaction manner recorded the highest contents of the elements studied.

This study was carried out using core soil samples from Mussaib project (fallow, planted by legume and planted by wheat).Water stable aggregates (W.S.A) was testd .Organic matter and lime were tested in total soil(T.S) and in W.S.A materials .Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in W.S.A in the planted soil compared to the fallow soil and significant increase in % organic matter and % lime in W.S.A materials compared to the T.S.

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the soil and water sciences department College of Agricultural University of Baghdad during 2007. Two soil sample were prepared that content the grader sand essentially this graded sand has standard scale of has 10% ( clay + silt ) plas 90% grader sand and the second content 15% ( clay + silt ) plas 85% graded sand .
The objective of this study was to find the relationship between water content and bulk density through the applied Standard Procter Compaction Test . The results showed that the value of bulk density decreased for the first and the second samples when compacted at water content 2.1% and 2.5% respectively . The bulk density decreased from ( 1.97% ) Meg. m-3 to ( 1.50 ) Meg. m-3 , and from ( 2.04 ) Meg.m-3 to ( 1.58 ) Meg.m-3 for the 10% and 15% ( clay + silt ) respectively

This experiment was conducted at January and February 2010 in Technical Institute of Shatrah to realize the impacts of magnetic water on the salt leaching and soil reclamation , in addition to determine the magnetic level which has the largest effects . CRD design was used with three replications and four treatments ( 0 m.Tesla , 600 m Tesla , 1200 m. Tesla and 2400 m. Tesla ) . The results showed significant differences between the treatments . The treatment 2400 m. Tesla leached more salt from the soil column comparing with others. So there are regarded quantity of water can be saved with utilizing this new technique lets to be used for crop irrigation or to reclaim additional areas of salt affected soils , therefore the utilizing of this technique very useful and important with the deficiency condition of water that Iraq suffers of , especially in its southern regions .

The study included laboratory expirenments to evaluate the effects of Alkaloides crude extracts of leaves of Callistemon rugolosus on the first and last larval instars ,adults and weight of pupa of Tribolium castaneum (Herbest.) .Results showed that 20 mgm/ml affected in the first larval instar significantly as it killed 30% comparing with 8.5% of control treatment. All three extracts significantly affected weight of pupa as they decreased from 0.31 in control treatment to 0.08 in 20 mgm/ml extract ,the 15 and 20 mgm/ml extracts affected adults as they killed 11% and 12% respectively comparing with 0.2 in the control treatment.

This study determined the concentration of heavy metals (Zinc , Lead , Cadmium and Copper) in gills,muscles,liver,kidney and intestines of commen carp Cyprinus carpio in Euphrates river that collected from north of qufa city . the result appeared that the concentration of metals in tissues were higher than standard limits in WHO and FEPA except muscles that concentrations in it were nearly to another studies , the consumption another organs with muscle of fish were unfit and dangerous for human consumption , and the result revealed that the water river pollution with heavy metals mainly from industrial sources not have any dangerous on the consumption of fish in that rivers yet now but in future this may be real problem must be avoid it . The result appeared significant different between metals in defferent parts and in same part in level of probability 0.05

Livestock are essential elements in the agricultural sector , and an important element of achieving food security. The traditional animal production sector is an important and essential part of the animal production in many countries . The sheep are ranked task of animal production , this is due to the economic advantages available when breeding .
The success and development of projects for raising sheep and continue depends on a combination of factors , including the benefits of these projects and their ability to achieve profit
This study aims to examine the economics of breeding sheep in Babylon governorate , through a field study on a sample of sheep breeders. The results of the study showed that the cost of grazing was ranked first among the costs of breeding followed by the cost of fodder. The difference between total average costs and revenue breeding sheep is a good difference , and reflects the fact that is an economic sheep breeding in the governorate .

This research aimed to determine the level of cognitive of farmer controlling the AONIDIELLA ORIENTALI on citrus. The process of Building the level of cognitive Scale stages, these stages are: the first: Literatures&Folders Extension in field of citrus, containing of tow field ,eleven items .the second: A preliminary the level of cognitive. Scale was showed to a group of experts and specialized persons in agricultural extension field ,plant controal&horticulture, to express their opinions about fields and items of the of level of cognitive scale and its fitness. the. third: Used the tri of level of cognitive scale consists of good , medium and weak cognitive , and put degrees of the tri scale the level of cognitive according to: good 3 degrees , medium 2 degrees and weak cognitive 0 degrees..The research population is(800 farmer) in (32 villages).A quota sample was chosen using the method a percentage of (10%) the numbers are (51 farmer) & (25%) the numbers are(8 village).
A questionnaire used to collect dates from the sample. The statistical tools used are the percentages, arithmetic mean, correlation coefficient. This research ended to the level of cognitive of farmer controlling the AONIDIELLA ORIENTALI on citrus in the weak level. The research recommendations that aiming to support the level of cognitive of farmer controlling the AONIDIELLA ORIENTALI on citrus reflected a positive improving productivity and production of farming syste

In this study, 50 swabs were collected from patients suffering from oral thrush and mouth ulcers during the period from March /2009 to November /2009. Candida albicans formed the major causative agents of these lesions followed by Streptococcus mutance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,which do not studied in the research .
This study was conducted to investigate the sensitivity of these isolates toward two plants extracts (Syzygium aromaticum the common name is (Clove) , and Peganum harmala) and chemical material such as (Alum) as alone and in combination. Study also determined the MIC for each extract and alum. The study showed that Clove and Peganum harmala had high antimicrobial activity against all isolates even at low concentrations ; the MIC values are 0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml respectively where as the MIC value of Alum is (10 mg/ml). Also the study showed synergism effect between these two extracts so the isolates were more sensitive toward Peganum harmala extracts when used with Alum but Clove become less activity when used with Alum in the same plate.

In a poultry farm of Ibn – Elbitar secondary school at AL-Utashi / Karbalaa Governorate , this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of feed supplementation such as raw garlic (Allium sativum) powder , Saccharomyses cerevisea and Trigonella foeunum - graceum seeds, on kidneys parameters, therefore great attention has been devoted to studying the effect of these additives in nutrition of ( 60 ) male Ross broiler chickens with an age of one week old and each weights (170 gm), these birds randomly distributed into 6 groups ( 5 treatment groups administered with different levels of additives were added to standard diet , and untreated control group administered with standard diet only ) for 5 weeks.
Then birds were sacrificed, kidneys were kept for histological sectioning , diameters of :- renal corpuscles , glomerulus , Bowman's space, the two types of convoluted tubules were measure in addition to the height of some lining cells, by using the ocular micrometer after its calibration with stage micrometer.
Results revealed a significant decrease at (P≥0.05) in the parameters :- diameters of glomerulus with its capsule , glomerulus itself and the lumen of distal convoluted tubule when treated with 250 gm /100kg (standard diet) of Trigonella foenum in contrast to control group ,also the treatment with (100gm/100kg diet) of Saccharomyces cerevisea causes a significant decrease in the diameters of each glomeruli and distal tubules and its lumen . The same effect caused by the treatment with the two levels(300-600gm/100kg diet) of garlic on the diameters of glomeruli ,proximal convoluted tubule and its lumen, while there is an a significant increment presents in a diameter of proximal convoluted tubule and its lumen ,when treated with(100-.500/100kg)in sequence,and the same effect show it (300gm/100kg) of garlic on the diameter of proximal convoluted tubule and its lumen , and lumen of distal convoluted tubule only at (600gm/100kg) in contrast to control group. Hight of the lining epithelia of both type of renal tubules never be affected by all of these treatments .

Camellia sinesis is one of the most important plants were used in the life .The important of tea plant varies with its used , antioxidant ,antibacterial ,lowering of plasma cholesterol levels and activation of leucocytes.
Oraly and injection method were used for to detect the immunological activity in rabbit . Animals were given 5 ml of extract orally and 0.5 ml of extract mixed with 0.5 ml of oil adjuvant by injection .
The effect of tea extract varies in according to method at P≥ 0.05 .The effect was shown specific mucosal and systemic antibodies at higher titers ,32 ,16 in mucosal and 320,160 in systemic .Significant variable in orally methods than injection at P≥ 0.05 .Lymphocyte inhibitor factor (LIF) was stimulated in systemic and mucosal by tea extract ,there some variable between orally and injection method . Total protein was increased compared with control ,while mucosal protein was decreased compared with control ,so the comparative between two methods are variable at P≥ 0.05.