Psychological Science

Abstract:
Societies are currently concerned with increasing interest in individuals and this is clear through educational and rehabilitation programs that aim to raise the level of intellectual capabilities, but the emergence of many problems among some individuals may hinder their implementation. The student is the main focus of attention of educational and teaching institutions for the purpose of enhamcing success of the educational process, especially in such conditions that our country and our society are currently going through. Thus the researchers decided to identify the problems of students in dormitories by carrying out a survey study.
The current research aims to identify:
1- The problems of students in dormitories at Iraqi universities.
2- The problems of students in dormitories at Iraqi universities according to the gender variable male and female.
3- The problems of students in dormitories at Iraqi universities according to science/ humanities specialization.
After building a questionnaire for this purpose, consisting of 22 items that were applied to a sample of (570) male and female students, the results showed that the most prominent problem for students is how far the food marriet, from which they buy their essential needs while living at the dorms for the total of the sample as well as males in scientific and humanitarian specialization for the female wdents, the main problem was the lack of the Internet connection. After the analysis of the results the researchers recommended the following:
1- Providing a suitable stores to sell the basic items that the students need .
2- Providing internet connection in the dormitories.

Abstract:
The current research aims to firstly determine the level of cognitive dissonance among English department students. Secondly it aims to see there were statistically significant differences in the level of cognitive dissonance among university students attributed to the gender variable Thirdly the study aims to identify if there statistically significant differences in the level of cognitive dissonance among university students attributed to academic levels of student were sat is year (first, second, third, fourth) By using appropriate statistical methods, it was found that the level of cognitive dissonance was low, are there were no significant differences between males and females in cognitive dissonance, but there were statistically significant differences according to the academic level in favor of males.

Abstract:
After 2003, Iraq experienced multiple waves of violence at various levels, including security, education, politics, social, and religious levels . This violence left behind several drivers and catalysts to incite violence, including cultural, intellectual, media, and economic factors, such as weak cultural independence, poverty, marginalization, unemployment, and the absence of a media discourse that rejects violence, even incites it.
The current research aims to identify the following:
• Extremism in general, according to the research sample.
• Statistically significant differences in extremism in general, according to gender.
• Statistically significant differences in extremism in general, according to occupation.
• Statistically significant differences in extremism and its dimensions, according to age, according for the technical research sample.
To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted the tendency towards extermism Scale (Muhammad et al., 2020), which in its final form consists of (37) items, distributed across its dimensions (political, social, and religious). The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the overall scale was 0.86,for the political scale was 0.86, the social scale was 0.89, and the religious scale was 0.85. The scale was thon applied to a research sample of (1,560) students and employees within the university community
The researchers reached the following:
• The tendency toward extremism among the research sample (students and employees) was not high, as the majority of the sample had an average level of extremism, while the percentage of those with a high tendency toward extremism was less than 16% across all dimensions.
• Males tended to adopt more extreme positions compared to females across all dimensions (political, social, religious, and general extremism).
• Regarding the general tendency toward extremism, students had a slightly higher tendency than employees, but the effect was very weak, indicating that occupation was not a strong factor in explaining differences in general extremism.
• In the other three dimensions (political, social, and religious), employees had higher levels of extremism than students, and the effect size was medium, especially in the social and political dimensions.
• Comparison of the age variable revealed statistical differences between the four age levels in favor of the age group (18-27). This applies to the general tendency toward extremism and the three dimensions (political, social, and religious).
The researchers came up with several recommendations and proposals

Abstract

The current research aims to identify the level of moral disenge ment secondary school students, as well as to reveal moral disenge ment secondary school students according to the gender variable (males - females) and according to the educational stage variable (intermediate - Secondary). "The moral disenge ment scale (Bandura, et al 1996) Was adopted and translated into Arabic (Al-Omari 2020). The scale consists of (32 items) distributed over eight dimensions, which are: dehumanization, attribution of blame, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, moral justification, euphemistic languge, distortion of consequences), After presenting the scale to the experts and then conducting the statistical analysis, the scale in its final form included (30) items. The scale was applied to the sample of (300) male and female students from secondary schools in Baghdad Governorate (Karkh and Rusafa) for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher reached the following results: The current research sample has moral disengement and there are statistically significant differences between the mean of the male and female sample in favor of males, as well as revealing statistical differences between the mean of the sample according to the stage (intermediate and secondery) in favor of the intermediate school student. The researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions to complete and develop the current research.

Abstract
This study presents a proposed therapeutic training program aimed at promoting and supporting mental health using artificial intelligence technologies. The program is designed for all demographic groups and incorporates AI tools such as machine learning, sentiment analysis, natural language processing (NLP), therapeutic chatbots, and intelligent recommendation systems to deliver precise and effective psychological interventions. It comprises 20 therapeutic training sessions that integrate AI techniques with traditional psychological approaches, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Several diagnostic tools were utilized to measure the program's effectiveness, including scales depression anxiety, and well-being, as well as language analysis tools to assess emotional states expressed during sessions. Deep learning models were also used to monitor psychological changes over the course of the program. Initial findings showed that the program significantly improved participants’ mental health by reducing levels of anxiety and depression and enhancing positive coping mechanisms. The use of AI enabled personalized session delivery, which contributed to increased treatment effectiveness.
Key recommendations include:
• Expanding the use of AI in the development of digital mental health programs.
• Training mental health professionals in the use of AI-based tools.
• Conducting broader experimental studies to validate the program across diverse settings and cultures.
• Developing AI systems that respect privacy and ethical considerations in handling psychological data.

Abstract
The study focused on the importance of artificial intelligence applications in the educational process and the challenges facing its users in education from the perspective of university lecturers, and the impact of variables :gender, specialization, and the number of work experience) on this. The research used the descriptive approach and the sample consisted of (220) male and female university instructors, from scenic and humanities. To achieve the research objectives, the two researchers built a scale of the advantages and challenges for artificial intelligence applications and applied it electronically. The total number of the items of the two scales amounted to (24), as the items of the advantages was (13) while the items of the challenges scale amounted to (11) .
The results showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the mean of the research sample individuals in measuring the advantages of artificial intelligence applications in education with regard to the gender variable, in favor of females, as the t-value was (10.327). As for the specialization variable, it was in favor of the science, as the t-value was (4.324). Chi-square was used for all items in the analysis, each one separately. The Chi-square value was significant for all items except items (2), which is (Artificial applications contribute to completing the educational process in the least possible time and effort), which did not obtain the approval of the sample members. As for the results of the challenges tool, the differences were statistically significant according to the gender variable and in favor of females, as the T-value reached (5.488).
As for specialization, the differences were statistically significant in favor of the scenic, as the t-value was (1.485). The chi-square value was significant for all except the last items, which is (difficulty in understanding and absorbing artificial intelligence applications for some students), which did not receive the approval of the sample members. The research came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The current research aims to study the level of digital stress among women and its relationship with some demographic variables and experience with technology. It also seeks to analyze the differences in digital stress levels according to the variables of age, occupation ,marital status ,educational attainment, economic level, and experience with technology. Furthermore ,this study aims to examine the relationship between the level of digital stress and demographic variables and experience with technology, and to measure the impact of each on the level of digital stress, and identify the most influential variable .The research sample consisted of (100) women from different age, occupational and social groups. The research tool consisted of a Digital Stress Scale with its dimensions (communication overload, social approval anxiety, fear of missing out, availability stress, digital multitasking) , including (22) items. The research results showed that the level of digital stress was moderate among the sample members, statistically significant differences according to marital status in favor of married women, differences in profession in favor of female students, and according to economic level in favor of groups with a below- average and average economic level. On the other hand , the results did not show statistically significant differences in the level of digital stress according to the variables of age, academic achievement, and experience with technology .The results also showed a statistically significant negative correlation between digital stress and age, experience with technology, occupation ,social status, and economic level, indicating a decrease in the level of digital stress with the increase in these variables. On the other hand , the results did not show a statistically significant correlation between digital stress and academic achievement, indicating that that the level of digital stress is not affected by academic achievement according to the data of the sample studied. The results of the multiple regression analysis also revealed that both marital status and occupation had a statistically significant effect on the level of digital stress, while age , academic achievement , economic level , and experience with technology did not have a statistically significant effect. These results indicate that some social and professional factors may play a greater role in determining the level of digital stress compared to personal and educational factors such as age ,experience with technology , and academic achievement .The research concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the psychological effects of social media networking on secondary school students, in addition to identifying its the social effects. To achieve the research objective, a tool was required to measure the psychological and social effects of social madia. The researcher developed a scale for the psychological and social effects of social networking based on the theory of Internet addiction by Kimberly Young (1998), which in its original form consisted of (28) items. After extracting its psychometric properties, the scale in its final form consisted of (26) items with five-point responses (always applies to me - often applies to me - sometimes applies to me - rarely applies to me - never applies to me), and the grades (1-2-3-4-5) are consitercd for correcting. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach. The current research community consisted of male and female secondary school students (Baghdad National Secondary School - Al-Fikr Secondary School for Girls) in the capital, Baghdad. The researcher selected the sample using a random method with proportional distribution, and it amounted to (400) male and female secondary school students. The researcher concluded that The research sample (male and female secondery school students) have a high level of psychological effects of social media networking (anxiety and depression - poor concentration and attention - sleep disorders and fatigue). The researcher also found that the research sample (male and female high school students) have a high level of social effects of social networking (social isolation and weak real-life relationships - cyberbullying - the impact of social networking on family and school relationships). Based on what the research results showed, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the correlation between lecturers' teaching style and students' academic engagement at Al-Mustansiriya University, an Iraqi university, as well as its correlation to student motivation. The study was conducted using electronic questionnaires distributed to (148) students. To investigate the study, a descriptive analytical approach was adopted to identify the correlation and influence between the main and sub-variables. To determine the a dimension of lecturers' teaching style and the level of student engagement in the academic process, statistics based on percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used. Regarding lecturers' teaching styles, the personal model was used as dimensions of academic teaching style, followed by the expert style, delegation style, formal authority, and facilitation, along with the variable of student motivation. The study concluded that faculty members should focus on providing positive and sustainable feedback, which enhances student motivation and encourages them to improve their academic performance.

Abstract
The aim of the current research to learn about the psychological prevention of the media personnel according to the gender variables (male females), and the work sector (private, government). The research sample was (310) media personnel covering all governorates of Iraq for the current year (2025 AD), and it was chosen in the manner of random intent, The sludy scale consisted of (18) item consisted of its final form fit the Iraqi environment after, am a was develop ped, psychological literature that dealt with psychological prevention, examining prevention slndies on. The results concluded that the media personnel have psychological prevention, and there were no statistically significant differences in psychological prevention according to the variables of gender and work, To complete the results of the research, the researcher recommends the Iraqi Journalists Syndicate to hold workshops and seminars for the media personnel to spread and enhance the culture of mental health as well as hold training courses in the art of managing stressful. sitmahons for media mem hers to enhances their ability to face these stressors. In addition, it is recommended to the study of psychological prevention and its relationship to mental health, psychological resiliemce of journalists and media professionals is proposed at the level of the provinces of Iraq.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify integration among educational counselors and to identify statistically significant differences in moral integration among educational counselors according to the gender variable (male/female). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher selected a sample of (120) male and female counselors in the Dhi Qar Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025). They were selected using a stratified random method. The Al-Maamouri Moral Integration Scale (2022) was adopted based on Narvaez's theory, and its psychometric properties were verified as well as its validity and reliability. After collecting and statistically processing the data using SPSS, the following results were reached: Educational counselors enjoy moral integration, and no statistically significant differences were found according to the gender variable (males - females). In light of these results, the researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the level of effective open-mind thinking among university students, and to identify statistically significant differences in effective open-mind thinking among university students according to gender (males - females), specialization (science - humanities), and to identify the level of academic self-efficacy among university students, and to identify the correlation between the level of effective open-mind thinking and the level of academic self-efficacy among university students, and to identify the statistically significant the differences in the correlation between effective open-mind thinking and academic self-efficacy among university students according to the gender (males - females) and specialization (science - humanities).To achieve these goals, an effective open-mind thinking scale and an academic self-efficacy scale were constructed. This research was applied to a sample of (400) male and female students from the University of Baghdad for morning studies, scientific and humanities specializations.The open-mindedness scale was constructed, consisted (41) paragraphs.The academic self-efficacy scale was also constructed, consisted (28) items.The researcher concluded that the level of thinking among university students was high but there were no statistically significant differences between males and females in effective open-mind thinking. In addition, there are no statistically significant differences between students in (science and humanities) pecializations as far as in effective open-mind thinking is concerned .