Dijlah Journal of Humanities

The research aimed to demonstrate the limits of the authority granted to arbitrators in the Majalla al-Ahkam al-Adliyya, through a comparative study with modern positive laws. It also sought to demonstrate the compatibility of this traditional system with the requirements of justice and legal stability in arbitration. The research followed a comparative analytical approach, relying on an analysis of the Sharia and legislative texts contained in the Majalla, comparing them with modern legislation in Arab countries, and examining relevant jurisprudential and judicial opinions.
The research concluded that the Majalla grants arbitrators broad powers derived from the agreement of the parties, particularly when they are authorized to rule in accordance with the principles of justice. However, these powers are not absolute, but are restricted by legal and ethical standards, such as observing public order, not violating mandatory rules, and adhering to the rights of defense and equality. The research also demonstrated the discrepancy between the Majalla's requirement of an even number of arbitrators and the requirement of an odd number of arbitrators in positive laws. At the end of the study, the researcher recommended updating the arbitration-related texts in the Majalla to align with modern legal standards. He emphasized the need to clearly define the arbitrator's powers when issuing an award in accordance with justice, and to promote the culture of arbitration as an effective alternative method characterized by fairness and flexibility, without compromising the fundamental guarantees of litigants.

The research reviews the role of operetta art in enriching local literature in the city of Basra. It contained the first effort, then the first chapter, which included: the research, its objectives, importance, limits, and terminology. Then the second chapter (theoretical framework). The first section included: a historical overview of operetta art. The second section: the role of operetta in crystallizing the local literature of the city of Basra. Then the third chapter (the analytical framework): (research methodology, research community, research creativity, research tools and requirements, analysis of research creativity, the fourth chapter. The research results and individuality, recommendations, and suggestions are varied. Please refer to the sources.

This research addresses the issue of the origin of language by reviewing the main theories presented in linguistic and philosophical thought, followed by an examination of the position of Imami jurists in the field of Usul al-Fiqh (principles of jurisprudence) regarding this matter. The general theories on the origin of language include: (1) the divine instruction theory, which holds that God Almighty taught Adam the complete language; (2) the convention and agreement theory, which posits that language is the product of a human consensus to assign words to meanings; (3) the imitation theory, which suggests that humans imitated natural sounds to express objects, drawing on behavioral observations of children and primitive societies; and (4) the innate instinct theory, which assumes that humans possess a natural predisposition for expression, though it does not explain how the word–meaning relationship originated, thus re-posing the problem in a new form.

As for Imami Usul scholars, they rejected the idea of an inherent relationship between word and meaning, affirming instead that the relationship is conventional, created by a legislator. They split into two approaches: the first views causality as real, while the second sees causality as established by the act of convention. From the latter, three theories emerged: (a) the theory of consideration, which regards convention as a mere mental acknowledgment of the association between word and meaning; (b) the theory of commitment, which views convention as a speaker’s pledge to use a certain word to convey a specific meaning; and (c) the theory of strong association, which argues that convention is realized through a firm mental correlation between word and meaning, either by repetition or through strong contextual clues, creating a natural cognitive perception of meaning for the listener. This last theory is considered the most prominent and psychologically and epistemologically coherent.

The research investigates the use of task-based language teaching to enhance the speaking competence of Arab international students. It focuses on the teaching methods and practices of an instructor at the language Centre of University Utara Malaysia, highlighting the benefits students experience in improving their speaking abilities. The study underscores the importance of speaking. This paper contributes to the current understanding of English teaching approaches by offering real recommendations for task-based language instruction in secondary EFL contexts to improve speaking ability.The findings, based on qualitative methods such as classroom observations and interviews, reveal that the task-based language teaching approach improves classroom efficiency, increases student engagement, and enhances speaking skills by enabling learners to engage in authentic communicative task.

The problem of protecting inventions resulting from biotechnology, particularly with regard to microorganisms, is a newly emerging legal issue. This is due to the special nature of the invention in this regard, as the organisms in question fall somewhere between what is considered a technical invention and a natural discovery. Modern legal systems have revealed the desire to establish legal protection through patents for microorganisms, provided that they arise through a technical intervention such as isolation or modification. In contrast, we find that some legislation (Such as the Iraqi Patent and Industrial Designs Law No. 65 of 1970, as amended) still suffers from legislative shortcomings in this regard, given the long period since its enactment. The drafters of the legislation at that time did not envision protecting this type of invention, which constitutes a legal challenge to the civil protection of inventions related to microorganisms. Given the conflicting demands of protecting inventors' rights in this field and ensuring access to natural resources, especially for developing countries, this study sheds light on the limits of civil protection for inventions in the field of microorganisms, while clarifying the specific legal conditions for patentability.

Commercial spaces are considered a fundamental element in the marketing process, as they are specifically designed to facilitate the shopper’s experience through the possibility of interaction with them. Such halls must comply with design principles and standards in order to achieve their function and effectiveness, by understanding the needs of shoppers and providing all necessary equipment as well as the technologies required to enhance this process. The design process, both conceptually and practically, seeks to identify modern technologies and the extent to which they can support and develop the marketing process. From the above, the research problem can be summarized in the following question: Do modern design techniques play a role in enhancing marketing within the interior spaces of furniture showrooms? The aim of this study is to reveal the role of modern display techniques in enhancing marketing and attracting shoppers in furniture showrooms, specifically in the commercial furniture exhibitions located in Iraq – Baghdad – Rusafa. The second chapter included the theoretical framework on marketing, the principles of designing commercial interior spaces, as well as modern display techniques and their relation to interior design. As for the research procedures, the descriptive method was adopted to analyze the study models, while the research community was defined through a purposive sampling method, with a sample representing 50% of the research community. The research tool used was an analysis form. The fourth chapter presented the research findings and their discussion. Among the most important results: the findings showed that achieving visual attraction in design—which plays a role in enhancing the effectiveness of marketing in commercial spaces—was relatively achieved through the method of product display in the first, second, and third models.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between residential conditions, urban planning, and population density in the neighborhoods of Basra City during the period between 1997 and 2024. The research relies on data regarding population numbers, inhabited land areas, and actual population densities across selected neighborhoods. The findings reveal significant variations in population density and urban expansion, reflecting the influence of urban planning, unbalanced population growth, and disparities in service distribution. The study highlights the importance of balanced urban planning in enhancing the residential environment amid the rapid population growth in the city.

The present study examines invitation acceptance strategies used by Iraqi Arab English foreign language learners. The instrument used to collect the data was an open-ended Discourse Completion Task, comprising three situations when a lower-status interlocutor accepts an invitation made by a higher-status interlocutor with close, familiar, and distant social distance. The data were coded according to Garca's (2008) and Fan Zhu's (2012) categorization of invitation acceptances strategies. The study showed that Iraqi Arab EFL Learners employed 26 types of strategies when accepting invitations, 11 additional types more than those in Fan Zhu's (2012) study. Supportive move was the most dominant strategy compared to head acts across the three levels of social distance. Also, Iraqi Arab EFL learners preferred directness rather than indirectness when accepting invitations indicating that they perceive it as a face-saving speech act. Gratitude was the most prominent strategy used across the three situations followed by direct acceptance. However, Iraqi Arab EFL learners varied their preference towards other types of strategies according to the social distance of the interlocutors. They employed solidarity as the third preferred strategy when interlocutors share close social distance. When social distance is familiar, well-wishing was the third favoured strategy, while compliment was the dominant when the social distance was distant. Some new strategies such as giving a reason for acceptance, promising to attend, contribution, praying, and honorifics employed by Iraqi Arab EFL learners were not included in Fan Zhu's (2012) classification. Pedagogically, based on the findings of this study, Iraqi EFL Educators could provide pragmatic instruction on how to successfully and appropriately perform invitation acceptance in English taking into consideration both its grammatical structure and the social and culture norms of the target language, and how people perceive this speech act in their native language, i.e., English. In turn, Iraqi Arab EFL learners can develop effective pragmatic competence.

This research aims to examine the use of imagination in children\'s programming by analyzing the content presented by MBC 3 as a model, given the channel\'s position as one of the most prominent platforms targeting children in the Arab world. The research seeks to identify the artistic and educational methods adopted by these programs to harness the element of imagination, stimulating creativity and developing children\'s cognitive and social skills. The research also examines the compatibility of these programs with their psychological and age-appropriate needs.
The study adopted an analytical approach to a number of selected programs, focusing on visual and audio narrative techniques and the role of fictional characters in conveying educational values. The results conclude that imagination is a pivotal tool in shaping children\'s awareness, while there is a pressing need for more programs that combine suspense with meaningful content.

This study aims to shed light on the constitutional laws that have witnessed many developments in their content since the emergence of this term until the present time in many fields, as the study focused on explaining the concept of constitutional law and its development, as it is the basis on which the political life of the state is built and from which its legal principles are derived, and the cornerstone in building the legal state.
The Iraqi state is responsible for protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals and not violating them. The study focused on clarifying the role of constitutional law in establishing the foundations of the Iraqi state by dividing the study into two main sections: The first section: Constitutional law and the state, which included two requirements: The first: The concept of constitutional law and its development, and the second: The state in constitutional law. The second section: Constitutional law and establishing the foundations of the Iraqi state, which included two requirements: The first requirement: The nature of the political system in Iraq, and the second: The role of constitutional law in establishing the foundations of the Iraqi state. The study concluded with important results, the most important of which were: The Iraqi state is responsible for protecting the rights and freedoms of the people and not violating them, by regulating their practice through the constitutional laws regulating the Iraqi state.

This research examines the impact of defects in will—such as mistake and deception—on the validity of the khulʿ (divorce initiated by the wife in exchange for compensation), and the resulting legal implications, particularly regarding the wife's right to revoke the compensation after the divorce has taken place. This issue is subject to jurisprudential debate and legislative variation. The study also explores the role of the judge in regulating such cases and the extent of judicial authority in approving or rejecting the khulʿ, in light of the Iraqi Personal Status Law, Islamic jurisprudential opinions, and selected comparative legislations. The research concludes that defects in will may invalidate the compensation without necessarily affecting the validity of the divorce itself, and that judges play a vital role in ensuring fairness between the parties, especially in the absence of mutual consent or in cases of deception. The study ends with a set of findings and recommendations aimed at improving the legislative and judicial handling of this form of divorce.

The medical sector is undergoing fundamental transformations due to technological advancements and the adoption of telemedicine techniques. This has generated complex legal issues concerning the physician’s liability in cases of medical error committed through electronic means. This research aims to examine the dimensions of electronic medical liability claims from two primary perspectives: first, the disciplinary liability imposed by the Medical Association as a professional regulatory body to ensure compliance with medical ethics; and second, the civil liability adjudicated before the courts to compensate the injured patient. The study also addresses the identification of the parties to the claim, the forms of compensation available—whether in kind or monetary—and the mechanisms for assessing damages in light of Iraqi law and comparative legal systems.
The significance of this study lies in highlighting the legislative shortcomings in Iraqi law regarding the regulation of electronic medical liability, while seeking to provide reform proposals inspired by comparative experiences. Such proposals aim to keep pace with technological developments and achieve a balance between protecting patients’ rights and safeguarding physicians’ ability to practice their profession within a clear legal framework

Iraqi EFL students have problems with writing skills, particularly in academic writing, which strongly influences their examination performance. This research was performed at the Department of English at the College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, to ascertain the writing deficiencies of third-year EFL students. This could potentially enhance their performance through a series of weekly writing exercises. This study tackles the challenges Iraqi EFL students encounter when writing various types of paragraphs. The research seeks to identify these challenges and propose appropriate solutions. The researchers believe that it is essential to improve students' writing skills, since it is a crucial instrument in their educational advancement. The research demonstrates the significance of this distinction. Nevertheless, the researchers conducted a group assessment using pre- and post-tests to evaluate the outcomes of students' findings by using SPSS program.

Administrative police authorities play an important role in safeguarding the right of protesters by ensuring that they are not subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention, discrimination, or unequal protection under the law; and by protecting individuals from unlawful interference in their private lives, family affairs, homes, or correspondence. These are universal legal guarantees designed to protect individuals and groups from government actions that infringe upon fundamental freedoms and human dignity.
The significance and objectives of this study are highlighted through an examination of the role of administrative policing in protecting protesters. The researcher aims to clarify the duties and functions of the police within the framework of domestic legislation, specifically in Iraqi and Egyptian law, supported by judicial rulings in each matter.
The central question of this research is: What is the right of protesters, and what role do administrative police authorities play in dealing with protesters under Iraqi, Egyptian, and Lebanese law? Despite the importance of this issue, there is a noticeable lack of specialized studies as well as insufficient legislative regulation on the subject. Given the crucial role of administrative policing in protecting protesters, it is necessary to analyze its different functions—whether related to public security, public health, public morals, or the exercise of freedoms that may negatively affect public order, particularly the right to protest. Achieving this balance between freedom of protest and maintaining public order can only be realized through legislative prudence. The study also emphasizes how the constitutions of Iraq, Egypt, and Lebanon affirm the right to protest.

The various ancient Iraqi rituals and practices of the Mesopotamian civilization were of great importance in the life of the ancient Iraqi individual. Burial practices and rituals were of particular importance, especially since ancient societies were dominated by religious character and belief in all aspects of life, such as war, magic, and marriage. Based on their belief that death is the inevitable outcome for all human beings, and their knowledge that the advantage of immortality is an advantage reserved only for the gods, excluding the rest of humans and animals, the ancient Iraqis deliberately performed funeral practices and rituals for the dead. It is noteworthy that these burial practices differed between the inhabitants of Mesopotamia and the dead of those who opposed it, as it was believed at that time that the soul was prevented from descending from the lower world to the underworld and the possibility of settling there if the owner of this body was prevented from performing funeral rituals or practices on it. Therefore, these rituals had a great impact on the history of the Mesopotamian civilization.

The phenomenon of administrative corruption is one of the dangerous phenomena facing countries, especially developing countries, where most of the state’s agencies have been paralyzed. This phenomenon is not a product of 2003, but rather has existed since the establishment of the Iraqi state, but it increased after 2003 for many reasons. The causes of corruption are many, and the phenomenon of administrative corruption is a complex phenomenon that can be summarized in political, economic, and social reasons. These reasons include the weakness of the rule of law, the inappropriate management of activities, and bribery And the exploitation of influence, inequality, weak oversight, weak institutional culture, and the collapse of moral values. And if it is the same from one period to another, then the most variables related to corruption may be three or four variables: the nature of the system. It is agreed that there is hardly a society that is completely free of corruption, as the levels of corruption vary from one society to another and within society Political and economic growth levels, the type of prevailing culture, and the extent of exposure to external influences. In addition to these four variables, the type of economic policies followed. It is likely that corruption will decrease in democratic systems whose political system has been stable for a long time, in developed countries, and in cultures that emphasize equality Individual responsibility for performing various tasks, appropriate span of supervision, lines of authority, responsibility and communication

This research explores the role of paradiplomacy as a strategic tool for affirming political identity, through a comparative study of two regions: Quebec in Canada and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq. Both regions seek to assert their political and cultural identities, albeit from different perspectives, and they do so on both regional and international stages. Each utilizes available diplomatic channels to bypass formal state authorities—whether through engagement with international organizations or foreign governments—in order to strengthen internal cohesion and pursue external aspirations for independence.
The research problem centers on the evolving role of sub-national entities in foreign policy-making, particularly within federal or quasi-federal systems. The study delves into the cultural and historical background of Quebec, examining how its unique identity has led it to develop a distinct form of paradiplomacy aimed at secession from Canada, supported in part by international actors.
Additionally, the research investigates whether a similar model of paradiplomacy can be developed in Iraq, assessing the Kurdistan Region’s ability to overcome legal and political barriers, and analyzing the key challenges it faces in establishing an effective diplomatic presence.

The banking sector has undergone a radical transformation due to rapid technological developments, manifested in the emergence of digital banks that provide integrated financial services without the need for traditional branches. This new reality has imposed legislative challenges on countries, necessitating a review of the legal structure regulating banking operations to ensure a balance between financial innovation and legal protection. This research focuses on examining the substantive provisions for digital banks in terms of establishment, oversight, and customer relations, within the framework of a comparative study of legislation in Iraq, Egypt, and Kuwait. The research seeks to determine the adequacy and effectiveness of current legal texts in regulating the operation of digital banks, revealing the similarities and differences between these legal systems, and their ability to keep pace with digital development. The research relied on a comparative analytical approach, by analyzing banking laws and instructions issued by the central banks in the three countries. It concluded that Iraqi legislation suffers from a clear regulatory vacuum regarding digital banks, while Egypt has taken gradual regulatory steps. Kuwaiti legislation, meanwhile, appears to be a more advanced model thanks to the issuance of a special and balanced regulatory framework. The study concluded with a set of findings, most notably: discrepancies in the definition of a digital bank, shortcomings in digital consumer protection, and disparities in oversight and licensing methods. It also presented recommendations, most notably: the need to issue legislation specific to digital banks, unify legal concepts, develop digital oversight mechanisms, and enhance Arab cooperation in this field.

This research examines off-plan property sales contracts, a recent phenomenon in the real estate market. This contract involves the sale of real estate units before or during construction. The real estate developer (seller) undertakes to build them according to specific specifications and deliver them on an agreed-upon date, while the buyer undertakes to pay the price, usually in installments that coincide with the construction phases. The importance of this contract lies in its exceptional nature: it is the sale of something that did not exist at the time of the contract. This raises legal questions about its legitimacy and legal implications, particularly in systems that lack specific regulations, such as Iraq. Hence, the legal dilemma arises regarding the adequacy of current general rules to protect the rights of the parties, especially the buyer, who may be exposed to the risks of delayed completion, breach of terms, or even fraud. The research examines the legal framework of the contract, the rights and obligations of each party, and compares several legal systems. The study concludes that this type of contract is permissible under both Sharia and law, but that it requires the establishment of specific legislative controls in Iraq to ensure a balance between the parties and reduce risks by requiring stricter guarantees and oversight of the real estate developer.

In this research, I address an important religious intellectual issue: the roots of the Judaic adaptation of the legend of Esther and Mordecai from Babylon and Elam. This topic is of utmost importance because of the interactions and mutual influences it reveals between divine and non-heavenly revealed religions. Hence, the importance of this research emerges, as it seeks to uncover the religious and intellectual roots of one of the distorted Jewish stories, to which an entire book named after it, "The Book of Esther," was dedicated. I chose this topic because of its importance in the field of comparative religious studies, and because research on it has not been addressed—to the best of my knowledge—with the required precision and breadth in Arabic studies. This makes this work a contribution to clearly and accurately revealing the nature of this story to Arab intellectuals, readers, and researchers. The goal of the research was to uncover the truth about the story of "Esther and Mordecai" and its roots. The method I adopted was analytical, through reading the texts and analyzing the statements to reveal the extent of the story's mythicity or realism. I also employed the critical approach to examine and scrutinize the opinions and ideas contained in the critique. In the end, I reached a number of important conclusions, the most prominent of which are the following: According to recent critical studies, the character of "Mordecai" mentioned in the story has confirmed the nonexistence of this character in historical reality. Consequently, they cast doubt on the character's historicity, as there is no reference outside the Bible to the existence of a real person named "Mordecai." Furthermore, the details contained in the story of Esther do not at all suggest any conspiracies, laws that were not repealed, or the rise of Jewish figures to power and kingship. From this, we conclude that the events of the story do not truly reflect any historical facts, but rather are a figment of symbolic literary imagination. Therefore, it belongs to the literary genre of diaspora-based narratives, rather than to the historical record used to support Jewish identity and nationalism.

This research examines the impact of status on criminal punishment in Iraq. Status represents one of the factors influencing the determination of the offender's liability, whether as a component of the crime or as an aggravating or mitigating circumstance. The problem with this research lies in the lack of a precise definition of status in Iraqi legislation, despite its importance in determining penalties. This may lead to discrepancies in judicial rulings. The research aims to clarify the concept of status and its impact on punishment according to Iraqi law, while analyzing the extent to which this impact is consistent with the principles of justice and equality before the law. The importance of this research lies in shedding light on a fundamental aspect of criminal law, which contributes to the development of legislation and achieves more consistent criminal justice. The research relied on the descriptive and analytical approach to studying legal texts. The research concluded that status plays a fundamental role in determining punishment, as the offender's personal and social characteristics affect the nature of the prescribed penalty. However, the absence of a clear legal definition of this status leads to implementation problems. The study also revealed disparities in comparative legislation in determining the impact of status, highlighting the need to review Iraqi laws to ensure their clarity and consistency with the principles of justice. Accordingly, the study recommends establishing a specific legal definition of capacity in penalties, amending relevant legislation to ensure clarity on the criteria for aggravating or mitigating penalties based on capacity, leveraging comparative legal experiences, and training judges to apply these provisions fairly and transparently.

Inheritance, in general, is what the heir deserves from a share in his inherited estate after extracting the rights related to it, which must be taken out before distributing the estate, paying his debts, and executing wills within the limits set by Sharia. And that the woman’s inheritance is in two stages, which is the first stage before Islam, and she was deprived of rights and marginalized, and her right to inheritance was non-existent or in the best conditions was diminished. The second stage, which is the woman’s inheritance in Islam at the time when this system and religious legislation excelled in distributing wealth in a fair distribution. This study aimed to clarify Teaching people this kind of forensic science. The system of inheritance in Islam is a very precise and clear system, because God Almighty Himself took care of it. Women had the largest share in these texts. The Holy Qur’an was keen to prefer it in a way and not to leave it to humans, and God Almighty made it clear in His Holy Book in very clear and precise texts. This science will not be studied in schools through the stages of education, in order to know women in particular and the world in general, knowing their shares in inheritance and referring to it when needed. Although the science of impositions is in fact one of the least legal sciences in disagreement. And because God took its division himself. And all his provisions are included in the inheritances that God revealed in his book. And the hadiths of the Prophet are for the clarification of the entirety of the Holy Qur’an. The study of the verses of inheritance in the Qur’an and the noble hadiths with which I meant the subject. The basis of the verse is the study of this science, and any study that is far from these two principles is considered a scattered study that lacks accuracy and objectivity.

This study aimed to assess the impact of television programs on promoting freedom of opinion and expression among the Iraqi population in Baghdad. It examined the relationship between television program viewership and individuals’ awareness of freedom of expression, analyzed its influence on behavior and attitudes, and explored the media’s role in fostering societal dialogue and mitigating censorship. The study sample consisted of 400 participants from diverse demographic backgrounds in Baghdad. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed to evaluate three main dimensions: public awareness of their right to express opinions, the influence of programs on behavior and attitudes, and the media’s role in enhancing societal discourse.
The findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (moderate to strong) between television program viewership and individuals’ awareness of freedom of expression, the impact of programs on behaviors and actions, and the media’s role in promoting societal dialogue. Additionally, statistically significant differences were observed according to participants’ education level and occupation, while gender and marital status did not show a significant effect. Age-related differences indicated a trend of increased viewership with age, though this was not statistically significant. The study confirmed that dialogical and educational media programs provide a safe environment for expressing diverse opinions, reinforce values of respect and tolerance, and contribute to bridging gaps among different social groups.
Based on these results, the study recommends the development of comprehensive media programs that account for demographic differences, with particular emphasis on engaging younger audiences and less frequent viewers, in order to enhance societal awareness of expression rights and encourage responsible, active, and balanced participation in social and political discussions.

This research addresses the procedures that should be followed upon the occurrence of a crime and their application within virtual courts in Iraq. It represents a procedural architecture for the system of procedural links that arise from the moment the crime is committed, beginning with the police force’s initiation of preliminary investigations and the powers it holds during such investigations, in accordance with a procedural path outlined by criminal procedural rules. This path continues through the preliminary investigation conducted by investigative courts, leading to judicial investigation when the procedural trajectory continues after referral, followed by the issuance of an appropriate judicial verdict against the accused, and finally, the appeal of the judgment when contested by the parties or the public prosecution. The research embodies a blend of the actual procedural course of criminal proceedings—by attaching documents, records, and images of the real procedures undertaken by criminal justice institutions—and the academic aspect, which involves constructing this procedural system for law students through virtual courts. It also integrates the legislative and scholarly aspect by adhering to legal texts in this practical construction and presenting jurists’ opinions to achieve a comprehensive synthesis of the proposed ideas.

The research examines the design characteristics of traditional Baghdad shanashil in terms of shape, materials, and construction details. It then examines the possibility of transforming them into standard models that can be manufactured in bulk using modern techniques such as bulk. It concludes that integrating the spirit of traditional shanashil with bulk production strategies allows for the preservation of design identity while meeting the requirements of rapid and efficient construction in contemporary cities. The research addresses shanashil design, its nomenclature, functional and aesthetic patterns, architectural styles, structural framework, bulk production requirements, production and manufacturing stages, and modern scientific and technological methods, ensuring precision and speed of implementation at a low cost. The research included two models of Baghdad shanashil (wooden and brick) within a sample community. A field research sample included shanashil models on Rashid Street in Baghdad. It was concluded that it is possible to implement models of traditional handcrafted shanashil in bulk by applying modern technology in design, manufacturing, and production, using alternative materials to traditional materials, which reduces time and cost, according to the needs of the beneficiary.

This section examines and analyzes the topic of protecting beneficiaries within the framework of electronic payment services, as one of the most prominent issues arising from the nature of modern transactions and the risks they entail—such as cybersecurity threats, data misuse, electronic fraud, and other legal and technical challenges. The section is divided into two main parts:
The first part reviews the types of risks that may affect beneficiaries as a result of using electronic payment methods, while the second part discusses the protection mechanisms established to address these risks, whether through legal safeguards or the technical and regulatory measures imposed by relevant legislation..

Self-expression is a fundamental human need, and drawing represents one of the most significant channels through which individuals articulate their inner emotions and thoughts. In psychology, colors, lines, and spatial arrangements in drawings are often interpreted as reflections of the self, revealing unconscious motives, anxieties, and personal experiences. This study aimed to examine the drawings of displaced students in Karbala in order to uncover the underlying self-representations embedded in their visual expressions.
The research employed a descriptive methodology on a sample of 40 fourth-grade secondary students during the 2015–2016 academic year. Two instruments were used: (1) Al-Mustafawi’s (2005) Self-Concept Scale, consisting of 48 items, and (2) a drawing analysis form specifically developed for this study, covering six domains, 19 main features, and 51 sub-features. Validity was ensured through expert review, while reliability was confirmed using external evaluators. Students were asked to produce free-theme drawings, and a total of 40 drawings were analyzed.
The findings revealed that displaced students exhibited a low level of self-concept, manifested in the small size of drawn figures, limited details, and expansive empty spaces. These features indicated psychological struggles, such as anxiety, tension, and lack of self-confidence, as well as weak interaction with their environment. The study concluded that such drawings provide meaningful insights into the psychosocial challenges faced by displaced youth.
Based on the results, the research recommended strengthening the role of civil society organizations and educational authorities in providing both psychological rehabilitation and material support to displaced students, thereby alleviating their suffering and fostering healthier self-development.

Child labor is a serious social phenomenon that negatively affects the child\\'s physical, psychological and scientific development and this represents a clear violation of their rights guaranteed by international conventions and domestic laws, and in this context the labor inspection committees play a pivotal role in monitoring and combating child labor cases by monitoring the application of the provisions of the labor law and verifying the commitment of employers to the instructions related to the age of employment,

This research deals with the translation of the personality of al-Muhaddith Jamal al-Din Ataullah Al-Hosseini Al-Shirazi, by following his full name, title, and scientific and social life, as well as focusing on the problems related to the multiplicity of personalities in the translation books, which were resolved through strong evidences that confirm the unity of the translated personality. Al-Taqiyyah within the framework of the religious and political situation at that time. Also, the collection of this study has various scientific works and compositions, as well as the treatment of differences in narrations in determining the year of death, and the most authentic sayings have been documented.

This research examines a series of discussions and hadith-related topics concerning the science of Dirayah, specifically: the discrepancy in hadith and its methods of resolution according to Sayyid Al-Sabzawari (may Allah have mercy on him) in his book \"Tafsir Mawahib al-Rahman fi Tafsir al-Quran.\"
The significance of this topic lies in highlighting Sayyid Al-Sabzawari\'s hadith research within his book \"Mawahib al-Rahman fi Tafsir al-Quran,\" and demonstrating the prominence of hadith studies in exegetical encyclopedias, particularly in their practical application. It also aims to unveil Sayyid Al-Sabzawari\'s approach to resolving conflicting narrations.
The research has arrived at several conclusions, among which is:
The profound impact of hadith research on \"Tafsir Mawahib al-Rahman fi Tafsir al-Quran.\"