ADAB AL-BASRAH

The lives of Nazik al-Malaika and Farouk Juwaida unfolded during a sensitive period, marked by the tyranny of rulers and the brutality of colonial powers in their countries, alongside similar struggles in other Arab nations. Both poets entered the arena of struggle armed with their pens, poetry, and emotions, protesting against tyranny and colonialism while warning their people of oppression and condemning the injustices around them.
This study employs a social and analytical approach to examine the political dimension in the poetry of Iraqi poet Nazik al-Malaika and Egyptian poet Farouk Juwaida. The research reveals that patriotism, nationalism, resistance to tyranny, opposition to colonialism, and calls for struggle are central political themes in their work. Their poetry seeks to raise awareness among Arab peoples, encouraging revolt against injustice and representing the aspirations of the oppressed. Beyond their own homelands, the poets also engaged with broader issues affecting the Arab world.

This study is neither purely psychological nor exclusively literary; rather, it integrates both disciplines. It adopts a literary perspective in its discussion of the Abbasid poet Abu Nuwas, while employing a psychological framework in examining Professor Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad’s analysis of his poetry.
Al-Aqqad stands as a prominent figure in Arabic literary criticism, having played a pivotal role in shaping its trajectory, enriching its content, and establishing its foundational principles. His interpretation of Abu Nuwas, however, is distinguished by its strongly psychological orientation—an approach that merits critical examination.
This dual-focus inquiry is significant for two main reasons: first, it reconsiders the past through a modern critical lens; second, it bridges literary analysis with psychological exploration. These features underscore the relevance of the research and highlight the enduring importance of interdisciplinary studies.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the task-based learning strategy in developing critical thinking skills among middle school students in the written expression subject. This educational stage often exhibits weak critical thinking abilities, particularly in analyzing and organizing ideas and objectively evaluating information, which adversely affects the quality of written expression.
The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 100 students from Al-Tahrir Preparatory School for Boys and Girls in Maysan Governorate. The study focused on five main areas: enhancing idea analysis, developing information evaluation and critical decision-making skills, constructing logical and coherent arguments, increasing student independence and participation, and assessing student and teacher satisfaction with the strategy.
Results indicated that the task-based learning strategy significantly improved students’ ability to evaluate and apply information critically, construct logical arguments to support their opinions, and increased their independence and engagement in class. Variations were observed in student satisfaction regarding the practical application of the strategy. The study recommends training teachers to implement the strategy effectively, particularly to support students needing additional assistance, and fostering a learning environment that encourages continuous interaction and critical thinking.

Grammatical obligation is a foundational principle of Arabic grammar, established early by scholars such as Al-Farahidi and Sibawayh. It gained particular prominence in the works of Al-Zamakhshari, who extensively employed it to articulate his grammatical and interpretative views in his renowned exegesis, Al-Kashshaf. This study examines Al-Zamakhshari’s application of grammatical obligation, comparing his positions with those of earlier grammarians to determine whether his rulings were original or derived from his predecessors.
The research aims to explore the concept of grammatical obligation as presented in Al-Kashshaf, highlighting its significance in understanding how binding grammatical rules are applied in Qur’anic interpretation. By analyzing selected linguistic contexts in which Al-Zamakhshari deemed certain forms or structures obligatory—particularly within Qur’anic discourse that requires precise linguistic and rhetorical usage—this study illuminates his methodological approach to grammar within exegetical practice

The 1930s marked a decisive stage in the evolution of political thought in Iraq, shaped by both domestic and international transformations that deeply influenced political discourse. Domestically, the consolidation of the Hashemite monarchy under British oversight fueled debates over the legitimacy of independence and the meaning of national sovereignty. This situation prompted political and intellectual elites to seek new frameworks for articulating Iraqi identity—balancing national aspirations and sovereignty with engagement in regional and international alliances. Within this context, contrasting intellectual movements emerged. The liberal movement advocated gradual reform and the establishment of modern institutions inspired by Western models. In contrast, the nationalist movement—shaped by contemporary Arab currents—emphasized Arab unity and resistance to foreign domination. Meanwhile, leftist and socialist ideas began to penetrate Iraqi political life, influenced by global developments and the spread of labor movements. The press, cultural clubs, and universities also played a pivotal role in disseminating political debates and creating platforms for the exchange of ideas. Despite the constraints imposed by colonial authority and political restrictions, the 1930s witnessed a vibrant and diverse intellectual climate. This decade thus constituted a critical starting point for the crystallization of political and ideological currents that would profoundly shape Iraq’s trajectory in the following decades.

This research examines the evolution of the American role in the Balkan crises during the 1990s, from the disintegration of Yugoslavia to the conclusion of the conflict in Kosovo. The study analyzes shifts in U.S. foreign policy—from initial caution and reliance on European allies under the George H. W. Bush administration to direct intervention during the Bill Clinton administration. It traces key stages including hesitation, diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, the eventual use of air power, and the negotiation and signing of peace agreements. Based on primary sources and official documents, the study concludes that the Balkan crises represented a pivotal moment in redefining U.S. intervention in the post–Cold War era, giving rise to the American doctrine of humanitarian intervention and shaping subsequent U.S. foreign policy strategies.

Abu Salamah Al-Khallal was considered one of the prominent figures of the Abbasid state and played a significant role in the success of the Abbasid revolution. Following the victory of the Abbasid movement, he was appointed as the Minister of the Family of Muhammad, becoming the first to hold this position in the Abbasid administration. However, his authority was limited, likely because the ministerial office was newly established within the Abbasid state. While the position had the potential for broad powers, ultimate authority and decision-making remained with the Caliph. This study examines the motives and causes behind Abu Salamah Al-Khallal’s assassination, considering both political and administrative factors within the early Abbasid state.

The Constituent Assembly was one of the earliest institutions established in the modern Iraqi state, formed in the aftermath of World War I. It was tasked with implementing strategic measures that shaped the status and governance of the new state. Among its most prominent responsibilities were ratifying the Iraqi-British Treaty of 1922—a task the British administration considered essential—and enacting the Fundamental Law, which is the focus of this study.
Evaluating the effectiveness of representatives in any legislative body requires specific criteria. In this research, effectiveness is assessed based on the total number of representatives from each district (Liwa), session attendance, absences, and participation in discussions, including instances of repeated contributions, all measured relative to the total number of assembly members.
The study is organized into an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion:
• Section One: The formation of the Constituent Assembly, its elections, and the conflicts between British authorities and Iraqi actors in convening the first assembly.
• Section Two: An evaluation of the effectiveness of Basra’s representatives in the Iraqi Constituent Assembly.

gulf with a new one. The Shatt al-Arab and its estuary are coastal water areas influenced by both freshwater and marine saltwater. Due to reductions in freshwater flow caused by agricultural and human activities, the water quality of the river deteriorates periodically. As the main lifeline of Basra, understanding the river’s ability to remove pollutants requires calculating its flushing time.
In this study, the tidal prism method was used to estimate discharge time from the Maqal area to the Faw area. This method is notable for not incorporating salinity values into its calculations. The results indicate variability in flushing time along different locations of the river, primarily influenced by tidal dynamics as well as the bathymetry and topography of the riverbed. The estimated flushing time for the Shatt al-Arab is 1.78 months.

The present study aims at investigating meaning loss in the English translation of Iraqi postcolonial literature, with a particular focus on Hassan Blasim’s The Corpse Exhibition and Other Stories of Iraq, translated by Jonathan Wright, in light of postcolonial theory. It attempts to explore the types of losses in the translated version and how can these losses affect the transmission of original meaning. It hypothesizes that the English translation of the source text indicates significant linguistic and cultural losses that hinder the acceptable representation of the Iraqi social identity. To validate such a hypothesis, a set of concepts are selected from the source texts and are compared to their equivalents in the target texts, then these are analyzed in terms of Al-Masri’s (2004) model of linguistic and cultural losses. Moreover, the study adopts a qualitative-quantitative approach, categorizing the types of losses and evaluating their frequency and impact. The findings show that there are two main kinds of losses: semantic and cultural where the former is more frequent than latter ones, yet both contribute to a distortion of the source message and a misrepresentation of the reality of Iraqi society depicted in the original stories. Moreover, the translator’s ideological and cultural background seem to influence his translation choices by contributing to an adaptation that aligns with the culture of Western societies. Accordingly, to minimize these losses, translators are recommended to preserve the full linguistic and cultural meaning of the source text by using contextual clarification and incorporating footnotes where necessary.

With the global development of science over the years, the need for adequate translation between culturally and structurally diverse languages, such as Arabic and English, has become a key issue in the world of science to achieve effective scientific communication. This paper employed a descriptive qualitative methodology to analyse ten samples selected from both the target and original versions of Sagan’s book The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (English and Arabic). Each one was evaluated to determine the impact of the strategy adopted, and to investigate its influence in retaining the original meaning, making reader comprehension easier, and to ensure that the target text is culturally appropriate. The results show that borrowing is the most frequently used strategy, especially in the translation of coined terms which do not have Arabic equivalents, whereas syntactic shifts are used to restructure complex sentences into more familiar Arabic expressions. The results suggest that the translator adopted a flexible and mixed approach that handles the scientific context sensitively, with a focus on clarity. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of using more than one translation technique to overcome linguistic barriers. It recommends more attention to combining strategies where needed to preserve both scientific accuracy and rhetorical decision making in translator training programs.

This study analyzes the distribution of the workforce in large-scale manufacturing industries in Basra Governorate by examining the number of workers in industrial establishments, their proportions, and disparities among different industrial sectors.
The findings indicate that Basra Governorate comprises twelve industrial sectors, including construction, food processing, mills, power plants, metallurgy, caravans, printing, petrochemicals, wood manufacturing, painting, and textiles. The metal industry recorded the highest employment, with 7,997 workers (28.49% of the total workforce), while the textile industry employed the fewest, with only 31 workers (0.11%).
In total, the governorate has 129 industrial establishments employing 26,056 workers. The construction sector accounted for the highest number of establishments (61 facilities, 47% of all industrial establishments) but employed 4,998 workers (17.81% of the total workforce).
This distribution reveals notable disparities in workforce concentration across industrial sectors, underscoring the need for further analysis of influencing factors and evaluation of workforce allocation to align with the governorate’s industrial development objectives

Nowadays, digital maps, through the capabilities of GIS software, facilitate the creation of analytical maps and pattern-based maps at fine spatial scales, such as cities and residential neighborhoods, as well as urban and rural areas at the governorate level. This approach has been applied to the southern governorates of Iraq—Basra, Maysan, and Dhi Qar—and within each governorate according to its fifty administrative units.
Both qualitative and quantitative areal shading methods were employed. The qualitative method was used to distinguish between urban and rural areas, while the quantitative method (choropleth mapping) was used to represent urban and rural population densities. The analysis relied on data from the Central Statistics Organization, based on 2017 estimates, and maps from the General Directorate of Survey, resulting in the preparation of digital maps depicting urban and rural density for each of the three governorates.

The rapid pace of urbanization in Basra has heightened the need to protect public parks and green spaces from the pressures of population growth and urban expansion. Preserving these spaces is essential not only for providing recreational facilities and enhancing the city’s aesthetic character but also for mitigating environmental pollution.This study underscores the importance of expanding and maintaining green spaces to promote recreation and ensure a healthier urban environment for Basra’s residents. It also presents a field-based analysis of the city’s green spaces, examining their distribution across sectors, accessibility and inaccessibility within these sectors, and the types of green spaces that exist. The paper concludes with key findings and practical recommendations.

The quality of education can only be achieved and sustained through the efforts of educational staff, who are responsible for transmitting knowledge, enhancing students’ capabilities, and creating an efficient learning environment that supports both teaching and learning. The educational setting itself undergoes significant changes that affect classroom interactions between teachers and students, providing a psychological, educational, and social framework for learners.
This study emphasizes the need to strengthen the creativity and innovation skills of teachers, especially in light of the challenges they face from the influence of technology and electronic games on younger generations—factors that often lead to distraction and declining academic performance, particularly at the primary level, which forms the foundation of the entire educational system.
The research examines the size, growth rate, and demographic characteristics of both teachers and students in the Abi Al-Khaseeb district. It also highlights differences across urban and rural environments, while addressing issues related to educational services, planning, and broader challenges facing the sector.

The term implication is an ancient logical-linguistic concept used by early philosophers. However, in Western scholarship, it has been applied more broadly to encompass both pragmatic and linguistic-logical issues. Consequently, to reflect this broader scope, the term has evolved into what is now commonly referred to as presupposition. Before discussing the linguistic definition in detail, it is important to highlight this modernization of the term. Researchers often define the concept using two terms: implication and presupposition. In this study, I use implication to align with the terminology familiar in the Arab context, and presupposition to reflect its modern usage. Notably, Adel Fakhoury references presupposition when discussing implication. Clarifying this distinction is necessary to prevent confusion stemming from the main title.

This study investigates the concept of electronic management of information resources among employees at the Central Library of Al-Mustansiriyah University. It further examines the requirements for implementing electronic management and its role in enhancing information services. The research employed the case study method, with the study population consisting of library employees (excluding unskilled staff). A purposive sample was selected, focusing on those with experience in providing information services. Data analysis relied on several statistical methods, including percentage indicators to measure study variables and a five-point Likert scale to assess participants’ attitudes.
The findings revealed that the library has adopted modern technologies that pave the way for electronic management, reflecting a commitment to improving workflow and saving time and effort. Electronic management also proved effective in overcoming obstacles such as time, location, and scheduling constraints. Furthermore, library staff demonstrated a strong willingness to transition toward electronic service environments, aiming to enhance their skills, increase efficiency and effectiveness, and strengthen administrative systems.
The study recommends further developing the library’s website services, expanding remote access to information, and enhancing communication with users. Suggested services include selective dissemination of information, current awareness, and online reservation of information resources.

This research examines the current state of the Forensic Medicine Library at the Ministry of Health, focusing on human resources, library usage, facilities and equipment, collections, budget, technical organization, and the information services provided to users. The study adopts a descriptive case-study approach, employing observation, interviews with the library manager, and multiple site visits to assess the library’s actual condition and its ability to meet users’ practical needs.
The study produced several key findings, including:
1. A shortage of specialized personnel in information and library sciences.
2. The library consists of a single section responsible for all library procedures.
3. The book collection is specialized exclusively in the medical field.
4. No independent budget is allocated for acquiring books.
Based on these findings, the research recommends:
1. Recruiting specialized staff in information and library sciences.
2. Allocating a dedicated budget to provide up-to-date information resources.
3. Establishing a standalone building with multiple sections to manage different library functions.
The study also provides a list of the sources cited, along with the full research content.

This study critically evaluates the translation quality of legal documents pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance, and agency contracts before the re-correction process performed by the sworn translator at Basrah Federal Appeal Court. It highlights the essential role of legal translators, especially sworn translators, in accurately rendering culturally and religiously sensitive terms embedded in personal status contracts. Given the potential legal consequences of mistranslations—such as disputes over rights and obligations—the study underscores the need for precision and comprehensive understanding of both source and target legal systems and languages. Employing Newmark’s translation model, which balances semantic fidelity and communicative clarity, the research applies a qualitative textual analysis to the translated contracts to identify common difficulties and errors encountered by translators. The study is systematically organized into five chapters: the introductory background and objectives; theoretical framework covering legal language and translation concepts; detailed methodology including sample collection; an in-depth practical analysis of contract translations highlighting challenges; and concluding with recommendations and suggestions for further research. This approach ensures a thorough assessment of translation quality in the context of Iraqi legal practice.