Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Abstract
The research examines Iraqi orchestral musical compositions through a nationalist approach, aiming to theorize and establish a literary foundation for musical works that exhibit both conscious and unconscious national characteristics. The study originates from the problematic issue of orchestral musical identity in Iraq, viewing the compositions of the Iraqi music composer as a form of nationalist direction, even if unintentionally. The justification for this research lies in the attempt to uncover the characteristics that define the nationalist school in orchestral music composition and the lack of focus on Iraqi composers' experiences from a nationalist school perspective. Therefore, the research holds theoretical importance that researchers and those interested in the field can benefit from. The objective of the study is to identify the features of the nationalist trend in Iraqi orchestral music compositions during the second half of the twentieth century.The research concludes that the nationalist school was not the result of systematic academic specialization, but rather emerged from artistic, social, and even political climates that required engaging with the "other" by employing Western compositional techniques. The methods of nationalist writing varied, including those based on folk melodies and others that borrowed local instruments and rhythmic models.Keywords: Nationalism, Musical Composition, Musical Text.

Abstract
This research is a study of the interpretive differences in Surat At-Talaq. It includes the discussion of the disagreement over the meaning of martyrdom, and the interpretation of the interpreters' opinions on its meaning and the preference between them. It also examines the interpreters' differences regarding the waiting period for divorce, maintenance, and adultery, and the preference between their opinions. The research also highlights the interpreters' disagreement over the meaning of housing and maintenance, and presents the interpreters' opinions on their meanings and the preference between their opinions.

Abstract:
This research examines the topic of "Fanqalāt" as they appear in Imam Al-Zamakhshari's exegesis of Surat Ash-Shams. It explores his interpretation of grammatical forms and hermeneutical approaches within the surah's verses, particularly concerning the placement of (Idhā) after a series of oaths, such as in Allah's saying: (By the sun and its brightness... And by the soul and Him who proportioned it, and inspired it [with discernment of] its wickedness and its righteousness). The study highlights the questions Al-Zamakhshari posed in this surah, which are three well-known inquiries, starting with his famous statement: "If you say: The matter concerning the accusative case of (Idhā) is perplexing." This is followed by his presentation of grammatical possibilities that raise an issue when combining the "waw" of an oath with successive adverbs, which represents an exegetical-grammatical "Fanqalah" with a rhetorical dimension. Another question addressed is: Why is "nafs" (soul) indefinite in Allah's saying: "And by the soul and Him who proportioned it," and what is the answer to the oath in the same verse? The research addresses Al-Zamakhshari's stances on these questions, on one hand, and presents the views of grammarians and exegetes, such as Al-Farra', Sibawayh, Al-Khalil, Al-Zajjaj, Al-Radi Al-Astarabadi, Ibn Hisham, and Abu Hayyan, on the other. It clarifies points of agreement and disagreement, and demonstrates how Al-Zamakhshari utilizes the "Fanqalah" to illustrate the profound intertwining between grammatical and rhetorical meanings, thereby reflecting the depth of his exegetical methodology and his meticulous attention to the Quranic structure. Understanding these "Fanqalāt" helps in grasping the deep exegetical structure within Al-Kashshaf

Research Summary
This study examines the hadiths on which Nafi' and Salim differed on the authority of Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them). Some scholars have compiled them into four hadiths. Salim narrated them on the authority of his father, Abdullah ibn Umar, on the authority of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Nafi' narrated them as suspended hadiths. The study concluded that these hadiths cannot be generalized as being marfu' or mawquf

Summary of my research :
Praise be to God, who has elevated the status of jurists and elevated the position of scholars, making their disagreement a mercy for the entire Ummah. Peace and blessings be upon our Master Muhammad, the unlettered Prophet, who taught the Ummah the principles of understanding and deduction in the sciences and how to give preference to some things over others. May blessings and peace be upon him as long as the earth and heavens remain. And then:My research entitled ( Imam Yahya bin Adam jurisprudential views on emancipation), in which I spoke in the first introductory chapter about the biography of Imam Yahya bin Adam, his scientific career, the sources of his deduction, and the political, economic and scientific situation of his time.In the second chapter, I spoke about his views on the sales and related matters.The understanding of religion is one of the greatest pursuits of humankind. How could it not be so, when it leads to the pleasure of the Most Gracious, and explains the guidance and law of the Arab Prophet Adnan? In this field, distinguished men have emerged, the masters of men, who have clarified the issues of the Shari'ah, derived its rulings, and translated God's will for us. Among them was Imam Yahya ibn Adam. Since his opinions, may God have mercy on him, are scattered throughout the books of jurisprudence, and his fame for the science of hadith is greater than his fame as a jurist, I wanted to gather the scattered opinions of his jurisprudential views on emancipation, and the title of my research became (The Jurisprudential Views of Imam Yahya ibn Adam on Emancipation). I ask the Almighty, the Generous And kindness is to help me clarify what I wanted and express what I intended

Abstract
This research aims to clarify the concept of ethics in Islam and the Baha'i Faith, clarify the sources of ethics in both religions, review shared and different ethical values, and present a critical doctrinal study that reveals the extent to which the Baha'i ethical vision agrees with, or conflicts with, the fundamentals of Islamic belief.To achieve these objectives, the research relied on a critical analytical approach and a comparative approach between Islam and the Baha'i Faith, drawing on digital content analysis and an evaluation of ethical concepts in Baha'i texts across official websites and digital media.The research reached a set of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is that ethics, in the Islamic perspective, is an inseparable part of faith, derived primarily from divine revelation, and aims to refine the soul and achieve the objectives of the Shari'a in justice, benevolence, and the well-being of the individual and society. Meanwhile, ethics, in the Baha'i perspective, are linked to the love of God and the willing and voluntary demonstration of obedience to Him, while affirming the principle of human unity and coexistence as the foundation of Baha'i moral philosophy.The research made several recommendations: Perhaps the most important of these is encouraging the publication of in-depth comparative studies that explain how ethics in Islam relate to the greater objectives and purposes of Islamic law, thus preserving the distinctiveness and comprehensiveness of Islamic discourse.

Research summary
Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may God’s blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family and companions, and grant him great peace.And after: This is a study entitled Imam al-Daraki, his translation and some of his jurisprudential choices, and I made it into two sections. The first is entitled: The Life of Imam al-Daraki and contains three demands, and the second is entitled: Selected Issues from the Jurisprudence of Imam al-Daraki and it contains three demands. We ask God for success and payment.

Abstract (English):
This study explores Al-Jahiz’s critical views in his renowned book Kitab al-Hayawan through the lens of cultural criticism. Although Al-Jahiz was not a traditional literary critic, his writings—particularly Kitab al-Hayawan—contain numerous scattered critical insights on Arabic poetry and poets. The study aims to collect, classify, and analyze these opinions under key critical themes such as the debate between form and meaning, literary plagiarism, the comparison of classical and modern poetry, and the myth of poets’ demons. It also highlights Al-Jahiz's rationalist background as a Mu‘tazilite thinker, which shaped his analytical and open-minded approach to literature. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the study concludes that Al-Jahiz can be seen as a pioneering figure in Arab cultural criticism who combined rhetorical depth with reasoned discourse, offering a balanced perspective beyond literary traditionalism.

Abstract
This study, entitled “Modern Technology and Its Role in Serving the Study of Prophetic Ḥadīth: An Analytical Study of Artificial Intelligence Techniques,” seeks to explore a new scientific horizon bridging the sciences of ḥadīth and intelligent computing. It aims to harness modern technical capabilities—especially AI techniques—for analyzing, classifying, and understanding the Prophetic Sunnah. The research proceeds from the hypothesis that AI is not a threat to our Islamic heritage but rather a qualitative tool that can elevate the methods of ḥadīth study—whether through natural language processing to comprehend texts, through analysis of isnād chains and narrator networks, or via computer vision for critical editing and indexing of manuscripts. The study is divided into two main sections: Theoretical and Technical Framework for leveraging AI in ḥadīth sciences. Practical Applications and Contemporary Challenges, highlighting the necessary balance between technological innovation and sharīʿah guidelines. It concludes that, when deployed within a sound religious framework, AI can contribute to renewing ḥadīth research methodologies, accelerating the processes of verification and critical editing (takhrīj and taḥqīq), and enhancing the reliability of religious knowledge in the digital age

Sheikh Al-Khorasani is considered one of the first to work in heritage, preserving, acquiring, and verifying it, to the point that his name became known for verifying some of the main sources. He is considered one of the first to be interested in heritage at that time, meaning decades ago, he was known for his interest in heritage. Sayyid Mahdi Al-Khorasani, may God protect and preserve him, was a student of Sayyid Al-Khoei, and he was also a student of the authority Sayyid Muhsin Al-Hakim.

Abstract
In this research, the researcher addresses: "Al-Ghazzal al-Mu'tazili and a Discussion of His Theological Views."
The purpose of the study was to highlight the personality of this scholar, the founder of a doctrine that spread after him. He was a scholar of the second century AH, as well as to explain and discuss his theological views.
The researcher followed the analytical-critical approach.He addressed the topic with an introduction, stating the importance of the research, its title, and the plan followed in the research. He then discussed the life of this scholar. He translated it for him, and mentioned some of his sheikhs, some of his students, his writings, his death, the sayings of scholars about him, and situations in his life that highlight something of his personality. Then the researcher discussed the reason for calling the Mu'tazila by this name, and the names of other Mu'tazila. Then the researcher mentioned the opinions of this scholar, and discussed them with a scientific discussion, with rational and transmitted evidence, until the researcher arrived at a statement of the scientific status of the author in his time, and that he is considered one of the most prominent heads of the Mu'tazila, and even one of the founders of this doctrine. There is a group called by his name, and his sayings that we mentioned were the basis from which this doctrine emerged later

Research Summary
This research is an analytical study of all the narrations of Saeed bin Abi Hind Al-Madani in the six books, with a statement of his name, title, sheikhs, students, scholars’ praise of him, the number of his narrations in the six books, his class, birth and death, then with a statement of his narrations and their graduation in the six books And studying their chains of transmission if they are not in the two Sahihs, to clarify their status in terms of criticism and approval, then passing judgment on the hadith, while clarifying the strange words and the general meaning of the hadith and the most important benefits that can be learned from it. The research consists of an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion that includes the most important results, with footnotes, and the most important sources and references.

Abstract:
This study explores the hidden defects (ʿilal) identified by al-Ḥāfiẓ al-Dāraqutnī in his seminal work al-ʿIlal, through an analytical examination of narrations wherein discrepancies are reported in the transmission from Imām Makḥūl al-Shāmī—one of the prominent Successors (tābiʿīn) known for his practice of tadlīs. The research focuses on uncovering the reasons behind al-Dāraqutnī’s criticism and his preference among the varying narrative versions. This is achieved by tracing the multiple transmission routes he cited, introducing their narrators, and analyzing his critical selections. Furthermore, the study presents the evaluations of both early and later ḥadīth critics regarding these narrations, assessing the extent of their agreement or disagreement with al-Dāraqutnī. It also seeks to investigate the methodological bases upon which he grounded his judgments, and to clarify the obscure and problematic aspects of these transmissions in light of the principles established by the early scholars of ʿIlal al-Ḥadīth

Summary:
This study aimed to explore the philosophy of Islamic renewal in the thought of Dr. Muhammad Emara, with a focus on the foundations and intellectual trends adopted within the framework of the Islamic system of government, and the main questions of the study revolved around: What is the philosophy of Islamic political renewal in the thought of Muhammad Emara? What are the intellectual foundations and trends it puts forward in the political aspect of the values of the Islamic system of government? He pointed to the need to enhance attention to the subject of renewal in Islamic thought, and to work to correct the misconceptions that have taken root in the minds of many thinkers of the modern era, in a way that contributes to facing the current challenges plaguing the Arab world

Abstract:
The Day of Judgment is the day on which all creation will be resurrected for reckoning and recompense. It is one of the most awe-inspiring and fearsome scenes of the Hereafter, due to the tremendous horrors and cosmic upheavals it entails—events so overwhelming that minds cannot fully comprehend them, nor can hearts easily endure them. The Holy Qur’an elaborates on these scenes with a style that shakes the soul, awakens the heedless, and paints a vivid picture of the earth-shattering events that will unfold on that day. These events begin with the blowing of the trumpet, followed by the splitting of the heavens and the transformation of the earth, and culminating in the presentation of deeds.
The depictions of the Day of Judgment in the Islamic texts serve as a powerful reminder and lesson, awakening faith and instilling both fear and hope in the hearts of believers. In this study, we shed light on the most significant of these scenes, as presented by Sheikh Ja'far al-Subhani

Abstract
This study investigates the morphological rule governing the present tense of mithāl verbs whose first radical is wāw when the perfect stem follows faʿala. Classical morphology maintains that the present stem takes an i-class vowel (kasra on the ʿayn) with deletion of the initial wāw for ease of articulation, as in waʿada → yaʿidu, wazana → yazinu, warada → yaridu. We restate the canonical rule—when wāw occurs between an open yāʾ and a following kasra, it is obligatorily deleted—and then address the well-known crux of wajada, whose regular present yajidu coexists with a rarely attested variant yujidu.The paper re-examines the primary poetic evidence and its disputed attribution (between Jarīr and Labīd), tracing how lexicographic sources vocalized the verse. We argue that ḍamm on the jīm in the locus classicus is a localized dialectal peculiarity and does not warrant analogical extension; the pedagogically robust generalization remains kasra with initial-wāw deletion. We also reassess the common claim that this variant reflects a Banū ʿĀmir feature inferred from a reading ascribed to Ibn ʿĀmir, noting that tribal attributions are methodologically fragile and that the evidence better supports a geographically confined isogloss.Surveying Sībawayh, Ibn Jinnī, Ibn ʿAṣfūr, Ibn Yaʿīsh and others on qiyās (analogy), shudhūdh (irregularity), and ḍaʿf (weakness), we distinguish between exceptional attested forms and productive rules for instruction. The study’s contribution is to refine the didactic statement of the rule, integrate it with dialectal and qirāʾāt contexts, and recalibrate the evidentiary weight of contested citations so as to reduce inconsistency in teaching and research practice

Research summary
Uprightness denotes adherence to religion and steadfastness upon it, and it is an expression of Islamic moderation. The concept of uprightness in the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger is linked to synonymous concepts, including justice, trustworthiness, and testimony. This concept is also linked to the concept of values linguistically. One of the early Muslims defined uprightness as adherence to the Sunnah of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace. From this starting point came the title of my research, “Hadiths of Uprightness in the Six Books - An Analytical Study.” It was divided into two sections and a conclusion. The first section: On the nature of the title, and it contains three demands: The first demand: The definition of rectitude linguistically and technically. The second demand: The reality of rectitude. The third demand: The reasons for rectitude and the means of steadfastness upon it. As for the second section, it is on: The hadiths of rectitude in the six books, and it contains six demands. The first demand: Rectitude is the comprehensive teachings of Islam. The second demand: Rectitude through supplication and remembrance. The third demand: The rectitude of the nation through religion. The fourth requirement: steadfastness and facilitation in religion. The fifth requirement: steadfastness in adhering to the commands of God and His Messenger, prayer, and ablution. There are two hadiths on this. The sixth requirement: steadfastness in guarding the tongue

Abstract
In light of the major transformations taking place in the contemporary world, the concept of good governance has become one of the fundamental pillars for ensuring political and social stability and achieving sustainable development. This thesis seeks to address this problem by exploring the commonalities between the principles of good governance, as defined by international standards, and the political philosophy and intellectual frameworks of governance in contemporary Islamic political thought

Abstract
Administrative corruption and abuse of power are societal and international phenomena that all societies and countries suffer from because of their serious damage to society and the economy and the collapse of the administrative system through the misuse of the position or job in order to achieve material gains or other benefits at the expense of the job. Administrative corruption, abuse of power and breach of trust are faces of one crime or concepts of one meaning, when the situation is a result of the misuse of authority, whether material or non-material, in order to harm the public interest by exploiting the job to achieve personal gains in illegal ways, and it involves a set of illegal acts or behaviors. Here, when a public official acts outside the legal contexts, exploiting his authority, powers or position to achieve private interests for himself or others, his behavior is a failure to fulfill the responsibility and failure to preserve what has been entrusted to him, so he becomes corrupt and a traitor to the trust, and corruption often includes multiple illegal acts such as bribery, embezzlement, favoritism, mediation, abuse of authority, obstruction of justice, or obstruction of the course of justice, and corruption often includes multiple illegal acts such as bribery, embezzlement, favoritism, mediation, or abuse of power. Because administrative corruption is a general concept that includes a set of illegal or ethical acts and behaviors committed by the employee, so these acts are considered a betrayal of trust for not fulfilling the duties of the job and the specific responsibilities entrusted to him. Because breach of trust is the abuse of trust and failure to fulfill the responsibility or failure to preserve the thing entrusted to him and his disposal of it without reference to the real owner with the intention of seizing it and disposing of it by the owner. Therefore, administrative corruption, breach of trust and abuse of authority are related to each other when

Abstract
Arabs have been interested in studying the meanings of the words in their language from an early stage, particularly within Quranic and linguistic studies in general. The West, on the other hand, doesn't care about our linguistic heritage, especially the ideas that research has shown to be true and valid. This includes modern semantic research, which has spent time and effort on our heritage, especially the theory of semantic fields. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning—the relationship between words and their meanings—and the conditions that must be met for a symbol to be able to carry a word. It focuses on linguistic symbols, as they are of particular importance to humans. A symbol is a sign that prompts the same response it invokes, in contrast to something else that might prompt it. Semantics works on establishing the foundations and theories that organize languages in general, as well as understanding their intricacies, their relationship to their speakers, the mentality of the people who speak them, their customs, and their stages of thought, among other factors. Semantics addresses the meaning of words from two perspectives: the first is the fixed descriptive aspect, which studies the meaning of speech in a language at a specific period of its usage in a particular place. The second is the historical and developmental aspect, which examines the changes in the meanings of words in a language from one era to another throughout the history of that language. The concept of semantic or lexical fields is considered an original idea in linguistic studies in general. Languages divide their vocabulary into layers, organizing items according to their neighboring relationships. The field is generally defined as a group of words that have an integrated relationship.

Abstract:
This research paper is about a Derived words , it's IncludesA group of Structures that carry special weights and specialised meanings that it's has been studied according to the every kind from one side of combination and frim other side related to overlap. And here it's a study that relates with issues of conjugation which it belong a Morphological derivation , and it the name of Subject , part participle , Active participle , intensiveness , name of time , name of place and instrument Name , which every format has limited meanings

Summary:
The poet Ibn al-Rumi is concerned with the existential concepts of man, particularly in relation to religion and the world. We find that he establishes fixed rules of interaction, describing man's position on religion and the necessity of adopting a firm and unified stance towards it. This is especially true given that God Almighty is responsible for the existence of man, and gratitude and praise to Him are a constant tool for affirming one's position with Him in all circumstances. This is because God Almighty has the merit of creating man, providing for his livelihood, and managing his affairs. Man lives because death is averted and postponed from him, and distress and sorrow do not last, because they are by His divine plan. Man's provision is predestined; is it not his right to object to it by the necessity of contentment? In this, the poet draws closer to Sufi thought and the nature of asceticism. For the poet, the world is an image with multiple dimensions, all of which are hated because they stand against him and are in constant war with him. The poet acknowledges the myth of the eternal conflict between man and time in this world, that human suffering begins from the time of birth until death, and that he engages in a struggle throughout the ages.

Abstract
This study aims to shed light on the religious and cultural tourism resources in the city of Samarra, considering them as significant assets that contribute to strengthening local identity and enhancing the sense of belonging among residents. The research adopted the descriptive analytical method to identify the most important religious and cultural sites and landmarks, and to explore their role in preserving the historical heritage of the city. The study presented a detailed overview of key religious sites, such as the Two Holy Shrines, the Malwiya Minaret, and the Abbasid Palaces, highlighting their historical value and their place in the collective memory.The research also addressed the relationship between tourism and cultural identity, demonstrating how these resources help create strong emotional bonds between the local community and its historical legacy. The findings showed that Samarra possesses remarkable tourism potentials; however, there are several challenges limiting their optimal utilization, most notably the weakness of tourism services and the lack of awareness and marketing programs. The study concluded by offering recommendations to support sustainable tourism and to enhance its role in strengthening local identity and preserving heritage

Abstract
The study is an attempt to shed light on the social affiliation and the demographic component of the governors’ class in the Islamic Arab State who were among the senior state staff and considered to belong to the special class in the Islamic society. It also tries to show the standards adopted to choose them to be in such accurate positions where their work was related to the authorities and they were the ones who were responsible to manage the various aspects of the administrative work they were responsible for.The study aims at giving an accurate picture of the types of the social affiliation this group joined. Some of them were chosen from certain tribes and families, the selection depended on members from the Khaliphate house to assume this position or they were individuals from other demographic groups. There was nothing to prevent choosing them as long as they enjoyed the basic criteria adopted in the selection.The study also focuses on the methodology used by the authorities when choosing the governors who managed the states and regions of the Arab Islamic State. The significance of the study lies in highlightening the need of the Islamic Nation for profound researches and studies based on the Islamic educational thought which is concerned with showing the importance of competence, experience, talent and skill in management and leadership, not concentration on social affiliation in the selection of governors, administrators, or military leaders. The importance lies also in clarifying the significance of the governor position. Management requires leadership skills. This means to put the right person in the proper position.To fulfill the aims of the study, we use the method of collecting and investigating the texts and determining the ones that are related to the subject of the research using analysis and elicitation to present the subject

Abstract:
The Arabian Gulf enjoys a unique strategic location, which made it a target for European ambitions. This region was an important route for global trade, and its ports were characterized by economic prosperity. Hormuz Island is one of the most prominent of these ports, whose importance was evident. This enabled it to play a clear political and economic role in the region, prompting colonial powers to seek control of this island, which is located in a sensitive geographical location. The period from 1506-1600 in the Arabian Gulf witnessed intense competition. The Portuguese presence in Hormuz played an influential role in igniting the conflict and competition over it for several reasons, most notably Hormuz's strategic location in the Arabian Gulf, as it was a powerful political and economic organization in the region at the time. The research is divided into an introduction and three chapters. In conclusion, the first section addressed the importance of the Arabian Gulf's location through political, commercial, and cultural aspects.The second section addressed the political and commercial powers in the Arabian Gulf, where the Kingdom of Hormuz constituted the largest political and economic organization known to the region at the time, including other political powers that included Bahrain, Qatif, Basra, and Oman.The third section shed light on the Portuguese invasion of the Arabian Gulf, economic and religious factors, and the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope.This research aims to trace the stages of development and prosperity of the Arabian Gulf region, represented by the political and economic powers that included Hormuz, Bahrain, Qatif, Basra, and Oman, as well as the motives behind European ambitions in the Arabian Gulf to control the trade route and its most important ports.

Abstract:
This study aims to estimate the level of drought in Salah Al-Din Governorate using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), based on monthly rainfall data from Tikrit Meteorological Station for the period 1990–2020. The SPI-12 was calculated to assess long-term drought and analyze the temporal variation of its intensity. The results indicated recurring drought episodes, especially in the years 2000, 2009, and 2020, which showed significantly negative SPI values. The study concludes that SPI is an effective tool for describing drought conditions and can be adopted in environmental monitoring systems and agricultural planning. It also discusses the natural factors influencing drought in the region and provides a set of recommendations to adapt to and mitigate the phenomenon

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the economic base of Al-Dujail city through a geographical lens and evaluates its regional transformation over the period 2009–2024. The analysis employs two key tools: the Location Quotient (LQ) to measure relative specialization, and Shift–Share Analysis to decompose sectoral growth into national share (NS), industrial mix (IM), and regional shift (RS).The findings reveal a significant loss of overall competitiveness, estimated at 5,507 workers compared with the governorate level, underscoring the city’s limited role in regional growth. Traditional productive sectors experienced sharp declines, particularly agriculture (–3,449), mining (–754), and manufacturing (–305), alongside the persistent weakness of essential services such as health (–161) and education (–48). Conversely, trade (+1,596) emerged as the most competitive sector, while housing and services (+96) and public administration (+60) showed modest improvements.The results highlight a structural imbalance in the local economy, marked by the narrow dominance of a few sectors and the contraction of most others, rendering Al-Dujail economically fragile in the face of external dynamics. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to diversify the economic base, strengthen both productive and service sectors, and foster investment in emerging activities to enhance the city’s regional competitiveness

Abstract:
The study of spatial modeling of maximum temperatures and their impact on the phenomenon of global warming, an applied study (Baghdad Governorate) for the period of time from (1991-2022), which the study was divided and analyzed into three time periods represented by (1991-2001) (2002-2012) (2013-2022), the highest annual average of temperatures for the mentioned periods was recorded in Hilla station and reached (31.1) (31.43) (32.4) m5 respectively. The highest monthly average was recorded in Baghdad station for all study periods and reached (44.31) (44.8) 45.4) respectively. When comparing the spatial modeling maps and the analysis of the isothermal lines of the study area (Baghdad), it was found that the lowest was recorded in the areas located north and east of Baghdad and close to the Khalis station, compared to the areas located in the center and south of Baghdad and close to the Hilla station, which gradually increased and reached (30.5, 25, 30) (30.75) and reached (31) and (31.25) according to the first and second periods, and the last period reached (31.8) in the north and (31.95) in the center and south and (32.1 The far south of Baghdad. The further we go north and east of Baghdad, the temperature decreases due to the influence of the Khalis station, as it is an agricultural area with wide green spaces, and the influence of cold pressure systems and high humidity. The surface is less hot because the urban and population pressure is less in it, unlike the central and far south areas of Baghdad, and the influence of the Hilla station is clear on it, as it is a desert area with little vegetation cover. And more urban, population and industrial pressure, and what was observed is that (2013-2022) recorded the highest rate in maximum temperatures and isotherms, and thus the emergence of the phenomenon of global warming in a permanent manner as a result of the close relationship between it and the rise in maximum temperature in Baghdad, as it works to feed and grow this phenomenon at a rapid pace. And doubly so, as temperatures rise, so does the demand for environmental resources and greenhouse gas emissions.

The current research aims to identify the effect of Selection and Counseling in reality on reducing The Behavior of Acting Irresponsibly Responsibility among university students. The research sample is determined by Al-Mustansiriya University students for the initial study for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher constructed a scale for The Behavior of Acting Irresponsibly Responsibility in light of Glasser's Selection and Counseling in reality theory. The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, and all (14) items of the scale were distinct, valid, and reliable. To achieve the goal of the current research, the researcher constructed a program based on Selection and Counseling in reality . The research results showed that the guidance program was successful. Based on the results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
This study aims to examine the impact of green marketing practices on customer satisfaction, focusing on major retail stores in Baghdad. It explores four core dimensions of green marketing—green product, green pricing, green advertising, and green distribution—and analyzes how each affects customer satisfaction. The results reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between all green marketing dimensions and customer satisfaction, highlighting the strategic value of environmentally sustainable practices. The study also identifies key areas for improvement, such as product variety and customer engagement, and offers practical recommendations to enhance the implementation of green marketing in the Iraqi retail sector.

Abstract
The aim of the research was to identify the impact of teaching mathematics through positive learning on the achievement of second-grade middle school students and developing their enjoyment of learning. The experimental approach was adopted to implement the experiment on a sample of (62) students, distributed equally between two groups: the control group studied the subject through positive learning, and the control group studied the subject using the traditional method. The two groups were equal in some variables. The researcher's tools were an achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice items with four alternatives. A scale was prepared to measure the enjoyment of learning consisting of (36) items with three alternatives for the degree of agreement. Validity, reliability, and other psychometric properties were tested for the two research tools. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group in both the achievement test in mathematics and the scale of enjoyment of learning towards it. The researcher made some recommendations, including: instructing decision-makers to train mathematics teachers to employ positive learning in teaching through training courses conducted by the training department. Instructing authors of mathematics books to present mathematics topics in a way that demonstrates their beauty and relevance to students' daily lives

Research Abstract:
The current research aims to identify:
1. The level of impulse control in kindergarten children
2. The level of the ability to defer gratification, as well as the correlation between impulse control and deferral of gratification. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a scale of impulse control and the ability to defer gratification. The number of items in the final version of the impulse control scale was (12) items, while the items in the deferral of gratification scale were (15) items. Its psychometric properties were verified, and the two scales were applied to a sample of (200) male and female kindergarten children. The scale was administered to kindergarten teachers in the Baghdad Education Directorate, Rusafa II, who were selected using a simple random sampling method for the academic year (2024-2025 n light of the objectives of the current research, the following conclusions were reached:
1-The research results indicate that kindergarten children have a good level of impulse control.
2-Kindergarten children have a good level of ability to postpone gratification.
3-There is no statistically significant correlation between the level of impulse control and the ability to postpone gratification.In light of the results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals

Abstract
This study addresses the issue of "Liability for Artificial Intelligence Damages in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iraqi Law", amidst the rapid technological advancements in AI applications. The research analyzes the concept and causes of liability in Islamic jurisprudence, highlighting the role of legal capacity in determining responsibility. It also examines the jurisprudential adaptation of AI and its effects on Sharia rulings, along with the stance of the Iraqi legislator on liability for AI errors by analyzing relevant provisions of the Iraqi Civil Code in the context of civil liability. The study concludes that Islamic jurisprudence offers flexible frameworks to hold human controllers accountable for AI’s errors, while Iraqi legislation relies on general principles of civil liability, emphasizing the need for specialized laws to address technological developments. This research helps bridge legislative and jurisprudential gaps, providing an integrated perspective on AI liability in the modern era.

Abstract:
The Legitimacy of the US War on Iraq..The United States, Britain, and some Western countries launched a completely unjustified war on Iraq, without legal basis, in blatant defiance of international legitimacy and the international community. They fabricated unacceptable lies and marketed them to public opinion as reasons for occupying Iraq. Their falsity was quickly exposed and refuted by reality. Despite the US administration's efforts to obtain an international resolution authorizing it to wage war on Iraq through the Security Council, all its efforts failed. To achieve its goals, for which it spread lies, its president stood in the Azores Islands alongside the British and Spanish prime ministers to declare, in clear and explicit defiance of the Security Council and the international community, that we will occupy Iraq and change its political system. Whether you agree with the Security Council or not, we are not talking about your trivial agreement. This is to throw the principles of the United Nations and the provisions of its charter to the wind. After occupying Iraq in defiance of the Security Council, it returned and used it once again to legitimize the occupation of Iraq as a fait accompli. This research will examine the legitimacy and reality of the American action and its resulting consequences.

Abstract:
This study aims to clarify the right of partition in jointly owned land by defining this right, explaining its legal nature, and outlining the resulting legal implications. The second chapter of the study addresses the legal effects of the right of partition, including the legal separation (ifraz) associated with this right, the declaratory function of partition in claiming it, and the determination of types of disturbance and methods of entitlement. The study also focuses on the conditions required of co-owners in undivided ownership, as well as the conditions related to the property subject to partition and its impact on the right of joint ownership. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of regulating partition in a manner that ensures the protection of co-owners' rights and achieves fairness in the distribution of jointly owned property

Abstract
Permanent parliamentary committees are among the most prominent parliamentary mechanisms that contribute to strengthening the human rights system in Iraq. This is achieved through their legislative role of approving legislation related to the protection of public rights and freedoms, and through their oversight role over the performance of the executive branch, monitoring its implementation of laws, and limiting their violations. This ensures respect for human rights principles and the preservation of fundamental freedoms. The legal organization of these committees constitutes the frame of reference that defines the nature of their mandates and working mechanisms, significantly impacting their effectiveness, especially in light of the political challenges facing the Iraqi parliamentary environment. In this context, evaluating their performance is an important approach to measuring the extent of Iraq's international commitments to human rights protection. This is an indicator of the extent of commitment to implementing the provisions of the 2005 Constitution of the Republic of Iraq regarding these rights, as well as implementing the provisions of the Iraqi Council of Representatives' internal regulations, particularly those related to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms

Abstract
Poverty is one of the complex social and economic phenomena that negatively affect human dignity and the right to a decent life, and it represents one of the most prominent challenges facing countries in their quest for social justice and sustainable development. From this point of view, there was the need for a clear and effective legal regulation to address poverty and need, not limited to providing financial assistance, but extending to the economic and social empowerment of individuals, achieving equal opportunities, and ensuring fair access to basic resources and services.This regulation is based on a set of constitutional principles and national laws, which provide for the responsibility of the state to protect vulnerable and vulnerable groups, and to provide the necessities of a decent life for every citizen. It also requires harmony with international human rights conventions, which emphasize the right to housing, health, education and decent work as fundamental guarantees of human dignity. This legal framework is strengthened by social protection programmes, such as social security systems, unemployment support, free health care, free education and vocational training, as well as the economic empowerment of women and youth.However, the effectiveness of legal regulation depends on the extent of the State's commitment to its implementation, the availability of effective control mechanisms, and the participation of civil society in the design and implementation of public policies to combat poverty. The existence of laws without actual implementation also makes poverty more entrenched and undermines citizens' confidence in institutions. Therefore, addressing poverty must be comprehensive and integrated, taking into account the economic, social, legal and cultural dimensions.Ensuring a decent living and human dignity is not only achieved through legal texts, but also through activating these texts on the ground, and providing an incubating economic and social environment that enables man to be active in society, capable of achieving himself and exercising his rights fully. Therefore, legal reform becomes an imperative, accompanied by fair economic policies, to ensure the achievement of equality, dignity and social justice for all.The study concluded that the legal organization to combat poverty is necessary to guarantee fundamental rights and human dignity, and that legislation alone is insufficient if it is not done with political will and effective implementation mechanisms. Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that requires a comprehensive and integrated legal approach. International conventions also constitute a basic reference for the formulation of national policies to combat poverty, and that social justice is not achieved without legal protection for marginalized and poor groups.The study concluded by submitting some proposals that included the development of a comprehensive national anti-poverty law that defines rights, responsibilities and implementation mechanisms, activating parliamentary and popular oversight to ensure the application of social protection policies, integrating the concept of “living well” into all economic and social policies, establishing a national database of the poor to facilitate their targeting with appropriate support, promoting education and vocational training as a means of economic empowerment and getting out of poverty, improving government support programs to be more just and effective in reaching the beneficiaries, strengthening partnerships with non-governmental and international organizations to implement sustainable projects to combat poverty.

Abstract
The disciplinary system represents the fundamental pillar upon which administrative activity in the state is based, and upon which it is relied upon to control it. It aims to ensure the smooth and steady functioning of public facilities and to combat all forms of job misconduct. This is achieved through a variety of means. It initially seeks to achieve general deterrence and prevention to prevent any actions that could negatively impact the practice of this activity and obstruct its achievement of its objectives. It then addresses any actions committed by public employees during their engagement in service and the performance of their duties that constitute, positively or negatively, a breach of the requirements of public office. It subjects them to disciplinary procedures, with the aim of verifying the existence of any such actions against any of them, and subsequently imposing an appropriate disciplinary penalty. At the same time, it establishes guarantees that ensure fair accountability without injustice or transgression, as the guardian of the laws and duties of public office. However, this also requires correcting and addressing any form of breach of the requirements of that office.

Abstract
The international community is facing mounting challenges in protecting digital privacy in light of the accelerated development of artificial intelligence technologies, which increasingly rely on the collection and analysis of huge amounts of personal data; while artificial intelligence is seen as a revolutionary tool to enhance efficiency and achieve development, it raises complex legal and ethical questions related to the limits of legality, and ways to protect the privacy of individuals in the transnational digital environment; therefore, we are seeking to develop ways to protect digital privacy, focusing on its adequacy to meet the challenges resulting from the use of artificial intelligence; and proposes alternative legislative approaches that balance technical innovation and preserving Digital rights

Abstract
The restrictions imposed by the constitutional legislator on Parliament when legislating ordinary laws are considered a constitutional ceiling that cannot be breached, as the constitutional document is distinguished by being a supreme document to whose provisions and contents all laws are subject, and this document imposes on all authorities To work in accordance with its principles and rules and to move within the scope it has drawn, the limits it has established and the restrictions it has indicated, for the purpose of ensuring that there is no deviation or arbitrariness in the use of powers, and to achieve the higher goals of society in a way that preserves rights and establishes legitimacy in the work of those powers On the one hand, these restrictions oblige the legislator not to violate them, and on the other hand, they oblige the Federal Supreme Court to rule the invalidity of any law that “contradicts the constants of the provisions of Islam,” as stipulated in Article (2/A) of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005Also, what was stipulated in the same article in its paragraph (b) regarding the impermissibility of “enacting a law that conflicts with the principles of democracy” and paragraph (c) which indicated that a law that conflicts with the “basic rights and freedoms” contained in this constitution may not be enacted, and if the constants of the rulings of Islam as stipulated in the Qur’an or the Sunnah of the Prophet are established However, the “principles of democracy” and “fundamental rights and freedoms” are matters that by their nature evolve and may deviate in their evolution from their initial origins and may diminish with the passage of time according to the requirements and necessities of the age. Therefore, the legislator is obligated not to violate those restrictions, deviate from them or arbitrarily exceed them, which must be respected and interpreted correctly to protect their content.

Abstract
The science of law is inherently connected to all aspects of life, as it constitutes a fundamental instrument for regulating the behavior of individuals and society. Since individuals, in the course of their daily lives, engage in various acts and transactions, they are exposed to the risk of illness, including infection by widely spreading viruses of different kinds. Contracting such viral diseases may, at times, render a person incapable of performing certain acts or transactions, which in turn may lead to a breach of contractual obligations imposed upon them, thereby causing harm to the other contracting party,Furthermore, the spread of viruses in a given place may result in the imposition of restrictions preventing people from leaving their homes, gathering, or traveling, as well as subjecting them to severe limitations on their freedoms in order to curb the transmission of infection. This was exemplified during the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic in 2020–2021, when many contractual obligations were disrupted as contracting parties were unable to fulfill their commitments due to force majeure or unforeseen circumstances that hindered performance

The Repercussions of the Indian-Pakistani Conflict Regionally and Internationally and Its Future Prospects
Munther Shehab Ahmed
Political Science / International Relations and Diplomacy
Faculty of Law - Islamic University of Lebanon
munther.al.wazan.94@gmail.com
Dr. Amin Labbos
Political Science / International Relations and Diplomacy
Faculty of Law and Political Science - Lebanese University
Lebbosg@hotmail.com
Abstract: The nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan poses serious risks to regional security in the South Asian region. Because the nuclear race between them could turn into an actual, destructive military confrontation between the two sides, especially with the presence of a hardline government in India, and the truth is that the possibilities of this confrontation seem strongly present through the severe military escalation between them, especially in the context of their deployment of advanced ballistic missiles in the border areas between the two countries. It was also reported that the armed forces between the two countries had installed nuclear warheads in those missiles that were deployed.
The truth is that a military confrontation could break out under the influence of a number of considerations, most notably Pakistan's strong fears of the possibility of India undertaking military action targeting nuclear facilities, and despite the strong promises that Pakistan received from the United States of America that this possibility was not possible for many considerations, most notably; The bombing of Pakistani nuclear facilities threatens to spread nuclear contamination throughout South Asia and neighboring regions, but the Pakistani government is still very concerned about this possibility. At the same time, it is possible that the Indian government, under the control of the most extremist Hindu wing of the government, will launch a war against Pakistan in order to inflict a military defeat on it.

Abstract
Health issues and social welfare have received the attention of the Lebanese Parliament members in terms of financial allocations and legal legislation, eliminating many diseases and epidemics that have spread among people, making room for those with limited income to receive treatment in government hospitals, and addressing the problem of The high prices of medicines, the shortage of medical staff, including doctors and nurses, the shortage of medical equipment and devices, the construction of government hospitals, the provision of free treatment for chronic diseases, and the shortage of financial allocations despite the many demands made by members of Parliament, in order to improve the health and social situation and reach To advance them in Lebanese society to reach, to some extent, the principle of social solidarity and achieve justice among members of society. We will see the interventions of the members of Parliament in this regard and the extent of the effectiveness of their proposal and its implementation or lack thereof on the ground

Search abstract:
The research seeks to identify the frameworks of journalistic treatment of the Al-Aqsa Flood on the BBC Arabic website. This research is considered a descriptive study. The researcher used the analytical survey method to achieve the research objectives within the specified period from 10/7/2024 to 11/7/2024. The researcher used the content analysis tool as a research tool to analyze the BBC Arabic website. The research reached a set of results, the most prominent of which are: The research results revealed that civilian casualties resulting from Israeli bombing occupied a prominent position in the press coverage of the “Al-Aqsa Flood” issue on the BBC Arabic web .This reflects a focus on the suffering of civilians and the impact of violence on their lives, giving a voice to those affected and raising awareness of the dimensions of the situation. Calls to lift the siege on Gaza are part of humanitarian efforts to alleviate the suffering of Palestinians in the Strip. These appeals reflect the deep concern felt by the international community regarding the humanitarian situation in Gaza, especially in light of the recurring crises plaguing the region

Abstract (English)
This research aims to analyze the perspectives of design students at the College of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad, regarding the impact of using organic fabrics in local designs, focusing on balancing cost considerations and added value. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 120 students. The findings revealed a moderate level of knowledge about the characteristics of organic fabrics, while their actual use in design projects was limited due to high costs and limited local availability. Results also indicated a positive perception of the added value of organic fabrics, particularly in environmental, health, and marketing aspects, despite economic challenges. The study concluded that there is a positive correlation between students’ environmental awareness and their willingness to bear part of the additional costs, highlighting the importance of integrating sustainability concepts into design curricula and supporting institutional initiatives to provide affordable organic fabrics

Abstract
This research aims to investigate the effect of the reciprocal teaching strategy using PowerPoint on improving the academic achievement of fourth scientific students in computer science in the center of Anbar Governorate. The study sample consisted of (60) male and female students from the fourth class, including (30) male students and (30) female students, who learned using the reciprocal teaching strategy. The researcher deliberately selected Yemen Secondary School for Boys and Al-Mughira Bin Shuba Preparatory School for Girls to ensure adequate specialization in computer science for the fourth-grade class and the readiness of the school administration and computer teachers. The quasi-experimental approach was followed, and a tool was prepared, which was an achievement test, to measure basic and intermediate skills in the pre-and post-tests, and to verify the validity and reliability of the test. After applying the tool, statistically significant differences appeared at the significance level of 0.05. Reciprocal teaching relied on presenting lessons through interactively designed presentations using PowerPoint to enhance understanding and participation. An achievement test was conducted after the end of the experimental period, and the results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of combining reciprocal teaching and presentations in raising the level of academic achievement in computer science. The results also revealed small but statistically significant differences in favor of males compared to females in achievement levels, indicating a slight effect of gender on learning outcomes under this strategy. The study recommends the use of interactive teaching strategies, supported by modern technology, and consideration of individual differences among students to ensure the best educational outcomes

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the effect of contemporary educational technologies on the acquisition of reading concepts among fifth-grade literary students in the subject of reading and texts and the development of their deep thinking.To achieve this, the researcher chose an experimental design from the partial control designs (two experimental groups and a control group with a pre- and post-test). The researcher chose 2% of the schools of Salah al-Din Governorate, as the number of schools (the research sample) that were randomly selected was (3) schools, and one school was chosen in each sector of the governorate center. The researcher prepared a measurement tool to test the acquisition of reading concepts and the development of the level of reading skill and their deep thinking among fifth-grade literary students, consisting of (25) paragraphs in the form of multiple choice characterized by validity and reliability. After using the t-test for one sample and two independent samples and the one-way analysis of variance in processing the data statistically, this study resulted within its limits in the following two results:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) in the level of reading skill among students of the three schools in the post-test.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between students of the three schools according to their pre- and post-test of deep thinking.

Abstract :
This research aims to identify the effect of an educational program specifically designed to develop first aid skills in kindergarten children, stemming from the importance of equipping children in their early developmental stages with knowledge and skills that help them act appropriately in emergency situations.A quasi-experimental approach was used, where the program was applied to a group of kindergarten children within a pre-prepared educational environment, while the control group did not receive any such training. The program included a set of simplified educational activities and tools suitable for the cognitive and psychological developmental characteristics of children at this stage, such as illustrated stories, role-playing, games, and educational kits.The results of the statistical analysis showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the children in the experimental group before and after the application, in favor of the post-measurement, indicating the program's effectiveness in developing the targeted skills. The results also showed the experimental group's superiority over the control group in overall performance after the program's implementation.Based on these findings, the research recommends the necessity of integrating first aid skills into kindergarten curricula and training educational staff to activate these programs within classrooms

Abstract
:The aim of this research was to identify the effect of an instructional design based on the Cognitive Apprenticeship Model on achievement, practical intelligence, and cognitive flexibility among secondary school students in mathematics.To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated three null hypotheses and adopted the experimental method. The research sample consisted of 62 students from Dhul-Fiqar Secondary School for Boys, who were randomly selected and divided into two groups: an experimental group (32 students) and a control group (30 students). The equivalence of the two groups was ensured in several key variables.The researcher developed the research tools, which included: an academic achievement test, a practical intelligence test, and adopted the Cognitive Flexibility Scale developed by Dennis & Vander Wal (2010). The psychometric properties of the instruments, including validity and reliability, were verified.After conducting the experiment and applying the instruments to the sample, data were collected and statistically analyzed using appropriate methods. The results revealed the following:
1. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the achievement test in favor of the experimental group.
2. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the practical intelligence test in favor of the experimental group.
3. There was a statistically significant difference in cognitive flexibility scores in favor of the experimental group.

Summary
Ownership is considered one of the most important topics that are being discussed at the present time, as it constitutes the backbone of economic reform and the state’s relationship with the global economy, and it is still a source of most social, economic and political problems, and the talk about it does not stop, because ownership is an authority that the owner exercises over the thing, and the function of Laws prevail in protecting the property of individuals in society. However, we cannot ignore the danger of launching an economic system based on private property and individual initiative, which led to the concentration of capital in the hands of a small group that was able to control the basic areas of economic life and direct it to serve them, and the result of this was the division of society. Industrialization is reduced to a minority that owns the means of production and enjoys absolute freedomThe majority owns only a little of the fruits of its labor, and thus its true freedom from confronting the owning minority is lacking. Therefore, the reaction was to attack the individual ownership system and call for another type of collective ownership. The nationalization system was the echo expressing that feeling that was rooted in the conscience of the group that there is money. The means of production cannot remain in the hands of individuals, but must return to the nation to achieve the common good of the group
Islamic law has preserved human private and public ownership, and in the midst of the global transformation of many countries to economic systems and ideas that we find compatible with the free Western economic system based on private ownership and individual initiative, especially developing countries that have adopted socialist thought, they need a comprehensive review to reconsider the role Which was exercised by public ownership after it recorded a lot of faltering economic performance and was unable to meet the requirements of contemporary

Abstract:
This study examines expressions of poetic loss and alienation in T.S. Eliot's 'The Waste Land' (Eliot, 1922/2002) and Sylvia Plath's 'Daddy' (Plath, 1965), considering how these concerns correspond to broader cultural and psychological responses to trauma. Through close reading and reading against the grain, with the assistance of critical perspectives, this study demonstrates how Eliot's modernist break-up and Plath's confessional excess are both distinct and parallel ways of expressing profound voice fracture. Whereas Eliot writes about the experience of collective cultural alienation through a mythic grid and allusive distancing, Plath's poem deals with individual, personal loss through the direct experience of the emotions involved and the gendered power relations they evoke. This juxtaposition illustrates the transformation of responses to loss or alienation in the context of modernist and postmodernist currents, informing our understanding of the relationship between personal trauma and art

Abstract
Listening anxiety is a significant psychological factor that affects English as a Foreign Language learners' ability to engage in conversations. It makes someone feel tense, afraid, uncomfortable and worry to affect students’ performance through speaking. The present study aims to find out the causes of listening anxiety and its influence on EFL university students’ conversation proficiency, and to find out the differences among the four levels of listening anxiety (Classroom Listening Anxiety, Fear of Misunderstanding, Test/Exam Listening Anxiety and Confidence in Listening). In order to achieve these aims, a listening anxiety questionnaire has been constructed to assess the level and sources of anxiety that students experience during English listening activities, especially in classroom, test, and conversation situations. The sample of the present study includes first-year students enrolled in the Department of English at the College of Education for Humanities during the academic year 2024–2025 who represents 55% of its original population. Results indicate that high levels of listening anxiety hinder comprehension, reduce participation in conversations, and negatively influence overall communication skills. Specifically, the study identified four key dimensions of listening anxiety: Classroom Listening Anxiety, which reflects learners’ discomfort and nervousness when listening in academic settings; Fear of Misunderstanding, which highlights anxiety stemming from the possibility of misinterpreting spoken messages; Test/Exam Listening Anxiety, referring to increased stress experienced during listening components of assessments; and Confidence in Listening (reverse items), indicating how lower self-confidence is linked to higher anxiety levels. The study recommends educators to create a supportive learning environment that reduces anxiety and enhances conversational competence across these domains

Abstract
Disagreement is an inevitable component of public discourse, particularly media interviews those that involve contentious or confrontational topics. In such high-stakes environments, how interlocutors express dissent, justify arguments, or respond to provocation becomes crucial not only for argumentative content but also for the social tone of interaction. In this context, language in general and linguistic etiquette (the strategic use of politeness, mitigation, and rhetorical balance) emerge to play a vital role in negotiating power, maintaining civility and protecting face (Brown & Levinson, 1987; Locher & Watts, 2005). Drawing upon the pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation (van Eemeren & Grootendorst, 2004), the goal of this paper is to explore how disagreement is navigated with diplomacy through linguistic etiquette, to what extent the celebrities adhere to or deviate from linguistic etiquette during the four stages of argumentation, and how they strategically maneuver to preserve face while engaging in argumentative discourse. With this in mind, addressing the controversial discussions’ problems require careful consideration of how certain etiquettes shapes our conversational. This respect is often conveyed through particular linguistic etiquette, which not only enhances sophistication but also promotes courtesy among individuals. The results underscore that although linguistic etiquette is overlooked or breached in certain contexts, leading to moments of confrontation and communication breakdown, but not all controversial situations result in a loss of etiquette because some interlocutors try to manage face, defend positions, and preserve politeness norms under communicative pressure, also, the results show that there are motivations and reasons behind the deviations of certain etiquette, such as to express disagreement, dominate the conversation, shift topics, demonstrate understanding and seek clarification.Key words: linguistic etiquette, politeness, face, Pragma-Dialectical, strategic maneuvering Introduction Interviews and talk shows have long provided public figures with platforms to connect with audiences. In such high-stakes interactions, linguistic etiquette plays a vital role in shaping public perception and ensuring respectful communication. Watts (2005) defines linguistic etiquette as the appropriate use of polite language, titles, honorifics, and polite phrases which reflects culturally recognized norms of appropriate speech behavior and social consideration. Similarly, Jdetawy and Hamzah (2020) describe it as a collection of strategies, speech formulas, and behavioral norms that operates to mitigate face-threatening acts (FTAs), especially in adversarial settings. Maretha et al. (2021:88) emphasize that speech patterns and conversational norms are shaped by social expectations, while Shalihah (2019) and Puspita and Putri (2019) stress the influence of education, gender, and cultural background. Nodoushan (2019:117) argues that politeness is acquired through socialization, whereas Beascakesny (2020) sees etiquette as culturally ingrained from childhood, encompassing not just language but gestures, body language, and listening behavior. Ulinuha and Parnawati (2019:1) further elaborate that linguistic etiquette includes honorifics, address terms, and expressions of inferiority, all reflecting socio-cultural dynamics. The current study explores how celebrities manage public image and interpersonal conflict by applying etiquette strategies, particularly under pressure or during controversial exchanges. Erdocia (2025) underscores how pragmatic strategies and language variation impact credibility and conflict resolution, especially in media settings. This study applies van Eemeren and Grootendorst’s (2004) Pragma-Dialectical Theory, which outlines four key stages in resolving disagreements: confrontation, opening, argumentation, and conclusion which refers to the balancing act between rhetorical effectiveness and dialectical reasonableness. While these stages form an ideal model, real-life interviews often reflect deviation due to emotional intensity or strategic manipulation. Moreover, Stroysam (2020) highlights linguistic etiquette as a multilayered skill, requiring contextual sensitivity, empathy, and cultural awareness. Twerefou (2010:211) and Stroysam- Karpinsk (2020) examine how lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and intonational elements shape effective communication. Akindel (2007) links etiquette to the management of public image and conflict resolution, especially for celebrities. Importantly, van Eemeren et al. (2007) distinguish between resolving a disagreement and resolving the underlying conflict emphasizing the importance of procedural fairness over mere authority. Thus, failure to uphold linguistic etiquette in media interviews may not only disrupt communication but also lead to reputational harm. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify the following:

Abstract:
Using Jeffries' (2010) critical stylistic technique, this study examines how Oscar Wilde criticizes aestheticism and moral degradation in The Picture of Dorian Gray using prioritizing tactics. Wilde employs "lexical, structural, thematic, semantic, and syntactic" prioritization to emphasize critical topics like as identity, corruption, and beauty. Lexical prioritization emphasizes the novel's attention on moral quandaries by continually employing phrases such as youth, temptation, and soul.The paradoxes of aestheticism are represented in structural priorities, which establish an ordered set in which physical attractiveness takes precedence above moral purity. The thematic prioritization reinforces the novel's wider philosophical themes, ensuring a consistent focus on the dangers of influence and ego. Syntactic priority heightens psychological tension through juxtaposition, repetition, and rhetorical structure, but semantic prioritizing adds symbolic depth, particularly in is opposed between adolescents and decadence. According to critics such as Ellmann (1988), Ledger and Luckhurst (2000), and Gagnier (1997), Wilde's language choices serve as a subversive criticism of society standards rather than simply being aesthetically beautiful. Finally, Wilde's use of prioritizing tactics reveals the fine line between morality and art, appearance and truth, and pushes readers to confront the dangers of an excessive emphasis on attractiveness

Abstract
The current study handles Mary Shelley's Frankenstein(1818), as an archetype by analyzing its impact on the characterization of Charles Neumann, a primary protagonist in Max Barry’s Machine Man(2011). The primary focus is centered on accentuating the parallels between Neumann and Frankenstein, from which this archetype originates. Max Barry’s Machine Man serves as a modern adaptation of the Frankenstein myth, emphasizing the dangers of unchecked ambition, isolation and the search for identity in an increasingly mechanized world. Through Neumann's journey, Barry invites readers to reflect on what it means to be human in an age where technology can redefine existence itself. The objective of this study is to furnish substantiation for the comparison of Neumann to Shelley’s Frankenstein, as Neumann transforms into a hybrid of man and machine, the boundaries between creator and creation blur, mirroring the struggles of Shelley’s creature. The novel critiques society's obsession with technological advancement and the potential alienation that can arise from it.
This paper employs adaptation approach to contextualize the Frankenstein myth within cultural and historical traditions. The focus is on understanding the complex relationships between the various texts, disparate traditions, and dynamic media in which Frankenstein has been adapted. From this standpoint, the interpretations of any given adaptation, including Shelley's novel, are not solely attributed to a singular text, a specific myth, or a collection of cultural concerns. Rather, they are also influenced by various connections to other adaptations.

ABSTRACT
Since ancient times, language has served as a crucial instrument for conveying ideology. Social actors, ideologies, and leaders utilize discourse (language) to implant their ideologies, beliefs, and viewpoints in the public's mind in ways that advantage their interests. As a result, ideologies and their implications, including power, hegemony, dominance, and resistance, are expressed through discourse to be accepted by the public as common knowledge. They are implicit and hidden which make them difficult to be understood easily. The understanding of Biden’s speech on Gaza’s crises with its hidden ideologies forms the problem of this study. The gap is clearly manifested because the crisis is a recent one and there are no studies that tackle the same topic.With the advent of the Media, looking for what implied in discourse has increased because what is found beyond the doscourse plays a crucial role in shaping and reshaping public perception on various issues. Consequently, analyzing discourse serves as an effective method to uncover underlying ideologies present in Biden’s speech on Israel- Gaza War. This research examines how Biden’s speech portray the attitude of the world from Israel- Gaza War , specifically whether this portrayal is favorable or unfavorable. The main aims of this study is to reveals the aspects of presupposition. These two aspects are studied carefully to show the attitudes of USA towards Gaza Crisis. These aims are supported by related reseach qustions and hypothsises. The speech, in the question, was selected from internet because it was said by the president of USA and they are avialable on reliable sourcesThe current research utilizes an eclectic framework from van Dijk (1991) and Fairclough (1989), employing a distinct linguistic tool to analyze one speech. This tool is a semantic presupposition. The findings indicate that the portrayal of the attitude of Gaza is predominantly positive, suggesting that most European countries in addition to U.S.A. share an identical ideology

Abstract
The occurrence of adjacency pairs (Henceforth, Aps) in conversation arises from the structured nature of dialogue, where one speaker's utterance requires a response of a specific kind. These pairs can be classified into various types, such as question-answer, request-response, or accusation-defense. In political interviews, adjacency pairs play a crucial role in shaping discourse, influencing public perception, and managing face-threatening acts. This study analyzes adjacency pairs in Kamala Harris's interview who is Vice President. The interviewer is NBC News' Hallie Jackson, focusing on the preferred and dispreferred responses within the political discourse. A significant aspect of this analysis involves Leech's politeness maxims, particularly the modesty maxim, which governs sell-presentation and face management in discourse. The study examines how Harris navigates adjacency pairs, particularly in response to politically sensitive questions, and whether her responses align with or violate Leech's maxims. The study hypothesizes that question-answer pairs dominate the interaction, followed by accusation-defense sequences. In addition to that there is a violation to all of Leech’s maxims but with high rate to the modesty maxim. Furthermore, it is anticipated that preferred responses-those aligning with the interviewer's expected discourse norms appear more frequently than dispreferred ones. The findings verified the second hypothesis but it did not verify the first hypothesis, and this contributes to understanding how political figures strategically employ adjacency pairs and politeness strategies in media interactions

Abstract
This research focuses on needs analysis as a crucial step in designing an effective EFL curriculum. Although Iraqi university students begin learning English early, they still face difficulties in grammar, language use, and comprehension. Many learners feel a gap between their expectations and the current state of EFL instruction in Iraq.To address this, the study developed a structured Needs Analysis questionnaire based on Hutchinson and Waters’ (1987) Target Needs Framework to identify learners’ needs, wants, and lacks. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, surveying 83 fourth-year undergraduate EFL students at Al-Anbar University during the 2024–2025 academic year. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS to provide descriptive statistics on learner perceptions.The findings reveal mismatches between the curriculum and learners’ styles, particularly in receptive skills, teaching methods, content, and assessment practices. This highlights the urgent need to revise the curriculum to be more learner-centered, skills-balanced, and contextually relevant, supported by diversified and performance-based assessment methods

ABSTRACT
Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906), a celebrated African American poet, was named as the poet laureate of the Negro race. He belonged to the first generation of Negros born into freedom. He deeply understood his people and cared about their problems. Hence, through his literary gift, he was able to decode their spirit and life in his poetry. Dunbar’s love for children made him write many poems in light of them. This paper argues that Little Brown Baby resists the dehumanizing legacies of the minstrel and plantation traditions by celebrating the dignity and emotional richness of the Black family. Situated in the post-Reconstruction era, when African American identity was under social and literary distortion, Dunbar’s work offers a radical counter-narrative by celebrating the warmth, intimacy, and cultural richness of Black childhood and domestic life. The purpose of this study is to explore how Dunbar’s selected poems from Little Brown Baby use poetic form and cultural expression to affirm Black childhood and family love, while actively resisting racial stereotypes. Drawing on Critical Race Theory, the analysis emphasizes how the poem functions as a counter-story that reclaims Black identity and challenges dominant narratives that historically devalued African American domestic life and childhood experiences

ABSTRACT
Crime is a dangerous global problem that affects people's lives because they have been victims of it, either directly or indirectly. It is a type of social damage that frequently has a negative impact on society, and the harm can be personal, emotional, or mental. Crime has been a confusing problem since human civilization's beginnings. The English term "crime" derives from the Latin word "krimos," which means "to accuse." The term "crime" is related to social order and should be criticized and condemned. Throughout human history, crime has become a very dangerous problem. It is a complex concept that changes depending on the social order. Criminal behavior is also referred to as uncivilized, immoral, or sinful. It is a social evil that influences modern society (Kamble, 2013, p.23).

Abstract
Language change is considered as a universal phenomenon, and forms the base of historical linguistics. Semantic change refers to the changes of word meaning that replace the original meaning, and most of these changes are created according to the user's need. This study investigates the semantic change in Iraqi Arabic. It focuses on the semantic change (death meaning) in Iraqi Arabic. Ethnographic technique which is based on collection of spontaneous speech and words in neutral setting is adopted in the present study, and the authentic data was collected in Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq. This paper finds out that simple words meaning type is most type of meaning change in this region. Full change of meaning is found more than the partial one. Also, it refers that psychological factors besides socio-cultural factors affect semantic change in Iraqi Arabic dialects. The study concludes that there is no death of meaning in Arabic language but there are obsolete words may appear again.

Abstract:
An influential figure in contemporary Indigenous writing and the emerging field of Indigenous eco-poetry is Linda Hogan, a Chickasaw poet, author, essayist, and environmentalist. Her writing deftly weaves together the themes of land, identity, history, and healing, offering us a comprehensive examination of the relationship between the wellbeing of the Indigenous self and the health of the Earth. Hogan's poetry is a superb illustration of Indigenous eco-poetry, in which the "voice of the land" is a component of the path to decolonial healing and self-love. By closely examining a few poems and applying critical frameworks from Indigenous studies, ecocriticism, and decolonial theory, this study demonstrates how Hogan expresses a relational ontology through language, images, and Chickasaw cosmologies. In this ontology, listening to and speaking for the land becomes a potent means of reclaiming one's culture, asserting one's own identity, and resisting the forces of historical trauma and environmental destruction. In addition to demonstrating how ecological loss and colonial violence occur, Hogan's work actively forges paths toward recovery. She views self-love, for instance, as an act that is essentially ecological and political and results from one's relationship with the non-human world

Abstract:
The study of (nominal weights) and their function in Amos Oz's novel "Another Place" reveals that it transcends mere linguistic analysis. It serves as a fundamental key to deciphering the text's deep structure, uncovering its artistic, psychological, and philosophical dimensions. The research has demonstrated that Oz does not use nominal forms randomly; rather, he skillfully employs them as a precise stylistic tool that contributes to: Enriching Meaning: Nominal forms carry hidden meanings and symbolic connotations that deepen our understanding of the characters, places, and abstract ideas within the novel.Embodying Psychological Aspects: They aid in painting an accurate and complex picture of the characters' psychological states, their inner struggles, and their transformation processes throughout the narrative.Strengthening the Artistic Dimension: Nominal forms become an integral part of the novel's aesthetic fabric, highlighting the author's linguistic prowess and elevating its artistic value Emphasizing Central Themes: They reinforce the expression of essential themes in the novel, such as identity, memory, and belonging, offering new insights into them.Based on all that has been stated, it can be concluded that the analysis of nominal forms offers a unique critical perspective that enriches the reading experience of "Another Place," and contributes to appreciating the central role of language as a dynamic artistic element that does not merely describe, but rather shapes the novel's reality and imbues it with layers of meaning and interpretation. This research underscores the importance of examining precise linguistic details for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of great literary works

Abstract
Romanticism and ecocriticism always seek to formulate the principles for the relationship between individuals and nature. They make use of literary works to express this interconnection in the midst of scientific progress. These works foreground the centrality of the environment and human subjectivity. In the heart of Romantic and Ecocritical works is William Wordsworth's literary texts, in which he navigates the spirit, emotion, and experiences of the interconnected themes between a man and the environment. This paper aims to explore Wordsworth's poem 'The Solitary Reaper, highlighting how Wordsworth's Romantic paradigm works in the ages of not only industrialization but also of digitization. Thus, the paper tries to place Wordsworth's ideas in the ecocritical contexts of the twenty-first century. To do so, Wordsworth's paradigm is utilized to analyze the poem ' The Solitary Reaper.' The analysis focuses on the feelings, recollection, and interaction of emotions, contemplation, and creativity. These mental processes of the paradigm participate in increasing the individual's consciousness and eco-consciousness about nature and the environment in the age of digital information. In this way, the paper shows the relation between Wordsworth and ecocritical elements. It also concentrates on the memory and consciousness through ecocritical and Romantic lens.