Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The perfect solution for many problems regarding assertion semantics, because face detection to presumption of the vocabulary, which is suggestive of the nomination process in individual moral compactness, and if the indication is the Centre of linguistic studies, the context is hardly a hub of the indication, and the meaning of the word when the theory is used in the language, or the method used, or function. Contextual theory were accompanied by the English-language world Firth, who stressed that the meaning of a Word is its use in the language, and stated that the meaning is revealed only through the word in various contexts, have adopted the Firth on Malinowski who developed his theory of the case, and the meanings of almantokat, and her words, and her constituent to the various functions in the course of using, This approach pulled Firth on language processing of whole language as a description of the meaning, thus d Firth apply equation "on a post in context."

The derivatives is different connotations which vary from derivative to another, as well as an indication architectures derived same differ building actor name is different from building of the similar adjective in the formula and significance, as well as the similar adjective, differ from exaggerating the buildings and their implications performed by each building where the formulas.
The research has focused on the statement denote each derivative in Surah of Taha has opted Quran expression in positions to mention the actor's name on exaggeration formats and little similar adjective, the actor name as well as the similar adjective, to exaggerate formats, and the preference based on building of similar adjective, and altruism based on the construction of another in exaggeration formats.
The research also dealt and fond that announce word of (Sahir) to (Sahhar) from exaggeration form, to actor name formula, as well as the preference of the term (white) in similar adjective, of (wighten) in the name of the effect of what went into the context of that meaning to be done, as well as the preference of building (flan) on (trigger) in similar adjective, from the building (effective), to build (potent) in exaggeration formats, reaching a broad search that each derived his constructive and significant different from the other, according to invoke the context in which it appears from the meaning and context is the role, in the performance of the meaning of each word.

This research seeks to prove that the language and the tongue and pronunciation is synonyms , it allows me to show what the text of the forerunners in this area , as this research seeks to the origin of the emergence of language and theories that said the applicants and limited issue here between what said by Ibn Faris and said Ibn Jinni, also showed that the origin of the three- speak as stipulated by the applicants , not bilaterally or unilaterally also said that at the origin of the emergence of narrators speak.

Precedence and delay is one of the key issues in the sentence structure, the grammarians have been studied this topic in their books, but they have not dedicated a separate section for it, except IbnJnni who has spoken about this topic in a separate section called (Shajaat Al-Arabiya) and Abdulkahir Al-Jurjaani who specified a whole chapter in his book called (Dalaail Al-Eajaz) to this topic. The grammarians and rhetorical have given a great attention to the meaning and and the methods of conveying it, each according to his methodology, the grammarians depend the grammatical rules away from the meaning, while the rhetorical taken an important focus on the precedence and delay. The precedence and delay actively contributing to the enrichment and development of language elements, stylistic phenomenon that has a deep impact on the knowledge of the properties of speech. All kinds the presumption has an essencial role to achieve this phenomenon although it’s the best evidence to the presumption. Looking to the precedence and delay we find that it’s a grammatical phenomenon in its origin and in linguistic phenomenon in subdirectories.

A book ( strange system in the language) an important link in the category of rings Magamat meanings, especially the odd ones, in the fifth century AH , which is composed of Yemeni , Isa bin Ibrahim quarterly Alouhazi Humairi ( 480 AH ) . Has been hired as the seeded Vera of evidence to prove its article , we found evidence of the Holy Quran and the Hadith and impact , poetry, proverbs and sayings , trying to provide a small encyclopedia , represents the entrance to the heritage of the Arabic language . This is a search window to shed light on what evidence was used by the different Fabtdoth witness poetic , divided him on the ages poets , addressing some of the examples , and then I ran to the Koran , talk Sharif impact, and concluded Find proverbs and sayings.

This research aims at studying some distinguished semantic phenomena discovered by the researcher in the traditions of promise & Threat in Saheeh Al_Bukhari. The study proved that the prophet(p.b.u.h) was very careful in using relevant words and structures in order to convey the very precise meaning that he intended to express.

The openness in the text of the ignorant poet, comes within the framework of a departure from all that is familiar from the constants of the predominant tribe; to be this embodied to thos imaging capillary, which makes the pattern implied that constitutes a valid ground does not intersect with the identity of poetic discourse that holds cultural criticism the pride of place, and in this light, the poet marginal openness in doing do by systemic, which is more painful and challenging to conquer the tribe and disobedience towards her duringn.
Echelon implicit who are looking for the poet marginal , has provided an opportunity to experience the noodles according emotional motivations requirements and hidden unconscious him; because the nature of life in the pre-Islamic era require such expressive styles, as it moves from position to another position, or from the idea to the face of another idea in the silent text contexts, and this is what the researcher calls to be studied in the light of cultural criticism, to put this systemic lighting ideas espoused by the poet marginal in the text.

The analogy is an important tool in the construction of the graphic is quite effective and was the first poetic image techniques commonly used by poets, especially veterans , have a clear afternoon in hair Abi Talib ; it belongs to the generation of ancient poets , although contemporary briefly era of early Islam , lies the importance of the art of metaphor that reveals the artistic Alabdeddaa in poetic texts and where the beauty as well as the impact of the metaphor to raise the mind of the recipient , and came in most types in his hair , although varied each type ratio compared ; and it goes back to what passes by Shahir from the experience and attitudes , and for this reason , largely seem in the presence of Tools metaphor in texts as much as uneven impact has resulted in drawing the analogy imagery .

The science of jurisprudence approach and standard invoke it, and consistency and stability in which to ensure the safety of diligence of the passions and changes in events, a way to understand the internal logic and internal relations legislative text in the Quran and Sunnah, and is written of old assets out to suit contemporary innovation and applications, with full awareness of how innovation and understandable How we renewal: Commitment Dwabth and find out what will be the renewal, the concept: I mean, knowing the goal and the purpose for which for which the development of science assets, so that applications be of value and interest; therefore, must be that the concept of renewal of purpose associated with, and the purpose of this science is the development of rule of legitimate text, and the goal of renewal is protection of religion and the revival of this science is one of the most important science of religion and linking contemporary reality; the fact and reality need to activate this flag for frequent updates of facts and incidents suffered by human reality - both felonies transactions - Vaanaj Fiqh to activate the basis of the base, and to prove the legality of the fundamentalist renewal of modern Alrcol : [God sends to this nation at the top of every one hundred years of renewed its debt], Fiktadha be within the law elements and controls underlying renewal, and is based on the work of the innovators, and these controls are Kalshrot that should be on the renewed commitment to them, to be the work of regenerative right and acceptable, and these controls are related to the scientific nature of jurisprudence0

Doctrine is the first that is demanded from the believer and upon which religion is built. It is the base of the work and every other work is based on it. The goodness of validity of the work depends on the doctrine.
What is to be cleared in this researcher is the doctrine on which Jews settled in their faith in Angels after distortion and forfeiting. Otherwise, the origin of Judaism is right like the Islamic doctrine. The Holy Quran has spoken a great deal about the vices of Jews and their ugly deeds. They described God in unpleasant descriptions that do not suit His lofty status. Among the many bad deeds they performed their animosity to Gabriel (pbuh); no one is immune against the lie of the Jews. The pure Angels were also inflicted with their lies. Undoubtedly, they are a materialistic nation that does not believe in the purely spiritual matters. That led them to deny the metaphysical things.

The study of the cities and the regions of Al-Andlus in general and Catalonia in its main cities like Tartosha, Tarragona , Larda, Gerona and its capital Barcelona, has a historical significance as far as he military, political and civilizational aspects are concerned from the perspective of the Andlusian studies. The efforts of the researchers have been devoted to reveal all the secrets and facts of the history of Al-Andlus including the Northern Christian kingdoms.
The civilization aspect represents the shiny face of Catalonia and with it their favor and innovation was manifested. Therefore, the desire and tendency for continuing the study of the provinces which affirm the emirs of Al-Andlus had done towards Catalonia through the variety and the importance of each class of the society and revealing the image of Islam in its best meaning represented in toleration of freedom to practice religion of the non-Muslim. Many examples of the religious tolerance appeared inside the Catalonian community. It reflects the contribution of the Al-Andlus people in the prosperity of civilization derived from Islam represented in writing the Holy Quran and the sunna tradition.

The relations Kuwaiti Najd in the Arabian Peninsula, the effects are clear on the map of the political changes that were taking place in the Gulf region after the First World War to the growing competition for the British with the rest of the colonial powers to try to exert control over Emirates Alkhlijh and the importance of it to make the winner is the owner of influence in the region, as well as the increasing role of the purity of those relationships or tense in the stability of the region and the introduction of the British to the race track between the princes drawn to divert efforts and more money is indispensable to arrange or adjust those relationships, it was necessary to stand British, along with all the attempts that would stave off the threat from the most important protectorates in the Arabian Gulf, namely Kuwait.
Was in the forefront of those dangers are invasions Brotherhood, the Saudis and the growing strength of Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud, known as Ibn Saud, especially after the expansion of the scope of the emirate, which was confined to Riyadh and its surroundings, to include cities and many villages stretched to reach eastward to the borders of Kuwait, has realized that Kuwait Sheikh Salem Al-Sabah (1917-1919) since early took prepares to take precautions against the emerging military power to its neighbors, a military force Brotherhood of Ibn Saud, and specifically after Kuwait became the focus of attention by virtue of geographic proximity Brotherhood with find.
As a corollary to the escalation of military competition of trade at the same time for the convergence of commercial ports Kuwaiti ports with Najdiyah overlooking from the province of Hasa Saudi Arabian Gulf, which raise the intensity of the tension between the two sides, was invasions Brotherhood Kuwait reason for the worsening of relations, prompting Britain to intervene to prevent without the aggravation of the situation, including inflict harm their interests, and obligations with Kuwait Sheikh to protect the association treaty with his country's flag held in 1899.
Arrange on the above frequency relations between the ups and Islands ranged between raids sporadic Brotherhood to Kuwait with taking recent measures to deter harsh with the help of Britain, which took the collaboration of Ibn Saud is hidden away from their obligations with the elders of Kuwait, a matter which resulted in a treaty between the two sides after the intensification dispute to the great battles undone parties a lot of spirits and spoils the most important battle of acid and the Battle of Al-Jahra, has been under took a lot of Kuwaiti territory and attached lands of Najd Vetosat properties Ibn Saud thanks invasions Brotherhood, the military wing of Ibn Saud was their greatest impact in the expansion of land belonging to the princes of the House of Saud and Then, configure the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Talking about Gnosticism, its origin, where it comes from and what are the reasons that led to its appearance. All of these level issues which haven't resolved yet in the academic research, there is some ambiguity with its origin source that there is an earlier Gnosticism came before the Christian one, has clear characteristics and mature religion organization, there's something like consensus that Gnosticism has a strong relationship in the intellectual interaction between Hellenistic culture and the eastern thoughts and beliefs, as a result Gnosticism was the fruit of this interaction. There is a trend says that there is a Jewish Gnosticism arose within the environment of the Christian Gnosticism before it is being independent in its intellect and arranging, they rely on many discovered texts in (Naj Hmmady) which back to Biblical sources.

The samurai educational and teaching system in Japan was founded in Nara period which was a simple methods for writing depended in simple symbols represented and depended in legions and mythological stories that arrival from generation to other, but in the last sixth centaury and beginning the seventh century the Chinese culture move on by the monks who carried the boded religion and five convoshuosia principles (education, justice, good treatment, kindness, completed character) and the system of Alkana which moved from Chine to Japan established the new Japanese writing which development in the boded temples in old capital of Nara (710-794)A.D and Samurai teachers who called sensei get this mission in their shoulders and the new schools opened which called (Tara koya) and (Gangago).

he study followed administration customary military in Iraq since the announcement in July 14, 1959 until February 8, 1963, and the study focused on the reasons announcement Administration customary military in Iraq after the revolution, and the data that was where the announcement of a management customary military, and administration authorities customary military, systems and formations councils customary military, which was formed since the announcement of management customary military in the July 14, 1958 until February 8, 1963, and emerged from the study findings the following, that the announcement administration customary military in Iraq after the revolution was necessary in the first months of the Revolution, to ward off the dangers surrounding the revolution; but that is no reason call to survival after the demise of those risks, or to sustain throughout the era of the revolution, that the administration of customary military in Iraq announced after the revolution by the leaders of the revolution, the military without reference to the opinion of the people or their representatives legally, especially as the authority of the country's legislature of the National Assembly has been canceled after the revolution to be counted from the institutions of the monarchy, as the leaders of the revolution did not seek to find a replacement for, the administration announced customary military in Iraq after the revolution led to the infinite powers of the executive and legislative branches, however, the Council of Ministers, as well as making the judiciary a tool of governance controlled by the ruling military general who is the continued turn to the prime minister.

The immigration of Arab efficiencies which led the Arab countries to incur gross losses due to their efficiencies immigration for the importance of scientific efficiencies in the power of Arab countries and their national security, as well as their contribution in achieving the economic and social development and the loss caused by their immigration to the Arab countries scientifically and technologically, especially the efficiencies immigration is considered one of the dangerous problems suffered by the Arab countries in general, because the efficiencies immigration has contributed in the processes of scientific and technological development and progress of industrial States, and then the expansion of imbalance state in power potentialities and the increase of variance between the Arab countries expelling the efficiencies and the industrial States polarizing them, which means independency continuity of the Arab countries to the Developed countries in many domains, making them circle in their political, security and economic orbit.
The West worked at sustaining the circumstances that make the immigration currents of Arab efficiencies continue towards it due to its urgent need for them; therefore all data refers to the continuity of Arab efficiencies immigration in the next years due to the continuity of the impetus factors existence more effectively than ever, with the nonexistence of an effective Arab strategy limits or stops the immigration of efficiencies or works at restoring the immigrant Arab efficiencies.

Studying the climatic water balancing is considered as one of the recent and important studies because it has a relation with the climatic factors that influence the amount of transpiration /evaporation ,to show the relation between the amount of falling and evaporation and transp-iration to know the amount of aquarium amount and the lack in the stations(Salah Al-Dain, Sulimania ,Erbil ,Kirkuk ,Mosul ,and Khan keen,
The differences in the values of climatic water balancing between stations because of the differences in the various heights more than the level of the sea by using equations as(Thornthoit,NajeepKHarofa, the amount of evaporation in the ponds of evaporation which is counted in these stations)
The researcher tends to find the time and place relation between these climatic factors and the average of evaporation and transpiration that will be increased in summer and lessen in winter by using statistical equations .
The researcher has reached to calculate the amount of water needed for the lands ,and to decide the ability to use it for economic and agrarian reform and to supply the lands with water if needed in expansion .

The intention of this research is to detect the climate change indicators occurring in the drought areas of Wasit governorate, Iraq. The ultimate goal of the research is to reveal the effect of climate change in the recurrence of drought and humidity in that particular area. In order to present that thoroughly, ten climate stations have been selected. These climate stations are distributed in the target study area and the other six are ancillary to it to survey the drought phenomenon indicators. Additionally, the research focused on the period between 1941 and 2013 to represent the general climate change tendency with some specific times specified to draw the comparisons.
The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used as one of the indicators of the drought phenomenon. This indicator is popular worldwide to measure the climate change and its effect on the drought phenomenon. Furthermore, cartographic advanced programming technology has been adopted to reveal the salient indicators that the years between 1941 and 2013 showed high recurrence of drought in the target studied climate stations and the secondary ones except Alnassiriya and Amara’s stations. These aforementioned stations indicated that there is a drop down in the years of drought . As for the two periods, they show that there was an alternation of humidity and drought with preponderate humidity periods as shown in the locational maps included in the study.
Finally, the last period of study included some indicators to the alternation of drought. For example, the SPI indicator shows that drought has been moderate with prevalence of its recurrence in the last decade of the target period of study. However, according to the SPI indicator, there have been extreme drought periods that have set a record since the beginning of climate change observation.

تعدُّ دراسة الضفاف النهرية من الدراسات الجيومورفولوجية المهمة لما لها من علاقة مباشرة بالاستعمالات البشرية المختلفة ولارتباطها المباشر بالعمليات الجيوموروفولوجية النهرية. وأي تغيير تحدثه العمليات الجيومورفولوجية سيؤثر بنحوٍ سريع في الانشطة البشرية، وربما شكل ذلك خطراً على الحياة، ولاشك أنَّ اكثر الحالات خطراً هي الفيضان، وانهيار الضفاف المفاجئ الناتج عن الزيادة المائية المفاجئة والاستثنائية، ومن هنا جاءت ضرورة دراسة ضفاف نهر دجلة في مدينة بغداد، فالتغيرات الحاصلة على الضفاف لا يمكن تجاوزها أو غض الطرف عنها؛ لأنَّها أصبحت واقع حال، والاستعمالات البشرية قد تخطت حدود الأمان منها؛ لأنَّ النهر قد استحدث ضفافاً جديدة، وترك ضفافه القديمة منسحبا عنها لعشرات الأمتار، وقد استخدمت في البحث طريقة المسح العقلي الميدانيّ للمقاطع العرضية؛ ليتسنى لنا رسم صورة واضحة تجمع الضفة القديمة مع الضفة المستحدثة مع مستوى منسوب الماء لتقييم الإمكانية المتاحة للاستخدام لهذه الضفاف، ومدى خطورة ارتفاع المناسيب المائية عليها وماهي الحدود الامنة لهذه الضفاف.

The paper tried to determine the ideal method of irrigation in both governorates(Diwaniya and Karbala), and the pure rate of water for wheat has accounted according to the water system of localized irrigation , and corn according to the water system of drip irrigation. The arithmetical mean records (560,562)Mm. throughout the pure rated of water by localized irrigation of wheat . The localized irrigation is the ideal type which has a highly capacity and overproduction, while the second type drip irrigation has recorded(1309,128.)Mm. for corn.

This study aims to show a detailed picture of the vibrational and climatic changes and trends in Palestine and especially for elemental temperature and rain, and for that section of this research into four main themes deals with the first theme oscillation of climate temperature and rain in Palestine, the second theme heterogeneity climate in Palestine, the third theme trends of climate change in Palestine and the fourth theme climate scenarios.
As for climate change in Palestine, this study showed that there is a fluctuation of a high level for the average annual temperature for the average of the year in most of the stations the study, especially since the early nineties, and the coefficient of variation relative to the average temperature in Palestine was the same level of a few of the changes, particularly with respect to the rates of annual temperature was the highest rates of change in the Haifa station while 6.6% was the lowest in Jericho Station 2.5%, while for changes in average temperatures to seasonal winter occupied the top position change rates.
With regard to the trends of climate change for the average temperature in Palestine Showed the study after the application of moving averages quintet presence of irregular cycles ranged generally from 20 years to 10 years, and after the application of the equation of the regression line of the first-class averages temperature in Palestine shows that the general trend of the rates of heat all stations is increasing, but differently from spatially by the geographical distribution of these stations.
As for the rain study indicated that there was a significant increase of oscillation and change rainfall in Palestine, where it reached the top of a standard deviation of about 197.4 mm annually in the station Haifa In contrast, the maximum rate for the coefficient of variation relative to about 38.8% in the Gaza plant, as well as the study showed after the application of moving averages five to average annual rainfall and the presence irregular cycles long-term stretch in about 20 years and is a regular short courses ranging from an average of 7-11 years ago, and also show that the general trend of rain in most of the stations studied is decreasing.
As for the future scenarios, it is expected by the scenario A1B that Great temperatures rise in Palestine about 1.8 degrees Celsius in 2020, while expected to increase average temperatures, according to the same scenario is about 1.5 degrees Celsius in 2020, and Regarding the rain is expected to decrease about 10% in 2020 by A1B1 scenario as well as the expected decrease of rainfall in Palestine by 20% until the year 2050 based on the same scenario and also is expected to be unchanged rates of rainy days in the future.

Different priorities of Turkey and Iran in regional politics despite the continuing competition between them to extend the influence and prestige of regional Historically one of the elements represented Iran threat for Turkey, both as a competitor in a strategic region or as a source of instability. Aside from the historical sectarian rivalry between the two sides has been affected the relationship between the two countries, developments in the region over ten years (2003-2013). At a time when Iran was reaping the fruits of errors of U.S. policy in the region and extend its influence towards the Arab countries where the state took advantage of the vacuum that emerged from the collapse of the Iraqi regime (2003), and thus the collapse of the equation of the strategic balance in the region to their advantage. Turkey has also tried to exploit the hostility of government and popular in most of the Arab countries to Iran to extend its influence as a force seeking to dominate along the lines of Iran , which has the potential emergence of new interactions in regional policy with neighboring countries, especially in the Levant region.

Private colleges face a lot of problems that can turn into threats to them and disable them from achieving its goals and objectives.
In fact, the risks faced by the private colleges, causes their administration resulted in weakened performance, adversely affecting the educational process. The private education plays a vital source of knowledge, in addition to the public education, it represents an integrated educational system that take upon it to prepare the students and their rehabilitation and discharge scientific disciplines and the requested scientific and applied specialties.
Since the private colleges is one of the establishments that prepare individuals for the future and because their presence is always accompanied with science and civilization that controls the contexts of the evolution of society and social and historical moves, their administration must be free of risks and know how to diminish this risk and achieve their goals.

The current study aims at constructing a test for indicative thinking for the secondary –stage students (both genders) according to the theory of intent characteristics. The present paper confines to the secondary-stage students (male and females) (morning study) in Baghdad and with all specializations including (Industrial, Commercial and agricultural ). The researcher has relied on definition of "Hawler" for the indicative thinking as to build this test consisting of : Reading indicative and Conclusion indicative . Accordingly, it has been prepared 90 items being offered to experts and specialized in the psychological and educational sciences. The experts have only chosen 85 items to be considered as a suitable one for a definite scale ; besides ,some items have been amended. After the test has been applied on preliminary sample consisting of 40 male and female students to know to what extent the instructions and items appear to be evident , the test has become ready to be applied . The test has applied on sample (500) male and female students and chosen random method. The researcher has focused on " Rach" method a to analyze the test items and to verify the hypothesis.
The researcher has followed the following steps:
1- One- dimension : To verify this supposition , the researcher has made practical analysis for two groups. It has obtained one coefficient for every group and every coefficient has depended on '"Jitman" that being regarded as statistic coefficient when the latent root equals or more than (1), by depending on 0.30 ,where items of the test gets its full degree according to the scale of ( Jeolford). It has been omitted 5 items.
2- The items have conformed to the method by depending on (Kie Square value) with indicative value (0.05) as that being calculated by the program. 12 items were uncalculated since they have values more than (Kie Square )value at the level 0.05
3- The distinction coefficient value for the test approaches from (1) and the value was 0.347
4- The independency of the scale asto achieve the objectivity as that represented in (Rach) scale. Any item has not been neglected.
5- For getting rid of negative signs , the researcher has converted the unit of (Lujet) to Watt percentage for estimating difficulty of the items and to estimate the ability of individuals.

The research aims to build an operativ
reference in the article descriptive statistics according to the method of linguistic transfers was drafted 140 paragraph of the two images and the number of paragraphs 65 test paragraphs of the test of multi type and applied on a sample of 490 students from the second grade students in colleges of education Iraqi universities were chosen in a random stratified manner by following unilateral description Rush specimen one underlying features models as a model for the analysis of the test in accordance with the computerized program(Ru mn, 2020) and achieved one-dimensional hypothesis to extract one factor with meaningful to each.
Follow the same procedure as the picture B with the rules of linguistic transfers, analysis have sorted general factor.
And check of the imposition of equal indicators of discrimination in the distribution of indices of all the test items

and seemed fairly homogeneous so that it can accepted equal presumption of discrimination and when matching paragraphs of a specimen with box Kai became clear all are non-function and found that all the paragraphs of the two images A- B achieved independence of measurement reaching test reliability coefficient 0.850 for his image A and 0.814 for the image B.

The present study aims at knowing the effectiveness of a suggested program according to the meta-cognitive strategies in the acquisition of the subject of history for the second year students in the College of Basic Education – the subject history of Europe 19th century.
To achieve the aim of the study the researcher chose an experimental design with partial adjustment for his research made up of two groups one is experimental and the other is control. He determined the college of basic education in Al-Mustansriya University as a place for conducting his experience. The History department includes three classrooms form which he has chosen randomly the third class to be the sample of his study; they were taught according to the program prepared in accordance the meta-cognitive strategy which amounted to (34) students after elimination. The second class was chosen to be the control group. They were taught in the traditional methods after ruling out 34 students. The two groups of the study were matched din the variables of (age, intelligence, parent education, previous knowledge, skills of historical thinking). In order to measure the students acquisition (control and experimental) for the second semester for the year 2013/2014 in the subject History of Europe 19th century, which the student taught himself, the researcher adopted a test made up of 50 items the type of multiple choice and ten items the type of short answer choice.
The two tests were tested in terms of validity and constancy, difficulty coefficient, the easiness of, distinction and the truth of its items, and all the psychometric features.
The researcher used SPSS program as well as T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient, and the difficulty and easiness coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha equation, Spearman-Brown’s Equation, Point Pi Serial correlation coefficient in processing the results statistically. One of the results was the following:
1-There are statistical significant differences at the level of 0.05 in average score of the students of the experimental group who are taught by the use of meta-cognitive Strategy and the average score of students of the control group who study in the traditional method in acquisition test after posttest.
The most important findings which the researcher has come up to was that the pedagogical program according to the meta-cognitive strategy has raised the level for the students’ acquisition in the Department of History - the second grade \ College of Basic Education. Also it led to the development of historical thinking in a better than the other methods of teaching. In addition to that, the study comes up with a number of suggestions and recommendations. The study recommends the necessity of emphasizing the meta-cognitive strategies and reviewing the subject of history and the steps towards the use for teaching. The stress on the necessity providing the books and references related to the strategies. The most important suggestions of the study are to make other studies about the effectiveness of these strategies in their trend and inclination towards the subject of history. The researcher suggested applying the procedures of the present study on a greater sample for the purpose of generalization.

This research took the development of the Critical Listening skills which is one type of listening that represent the first skills of language which provide the individual with logic and base which his concept and language development will build on in his later years of his age , and it’s the basic tool that the most learning operation based on , in addition to the Critical Listening skills been the more important language skills that the individual should has to face the communication revolution in the 21st century .
The research included many sections :
- Section one : included the beginning of listening studying in the fourth decade of the twentieth century and how to treat the heard text ,then throw light on listening concept & mean and standing on its includings and its position according to the levels of listening and types then its importance and necessary in student life (individual) .
- Section two :included the Critical Listening dimensions :physiology ,mental and emotional and how they react and compatible in systemic consistent consequence to result the Critical listening , and this section included Critical listening skills as detected form a group of educators and throw light on the benefits that the student have when train on Critical listening skills on the level of : study , social and personally .
- Section three : show the importance of development of the Critical Listening skills , necessity in our fast changeable world and what conditions requested to rear our students a criticism rearing that react with the heard a creative reaction away from parrot listening , then factors of development of its skills and then throw light on the suitable environment for Critical listening learning and suitable activities for its development and finally the role of teacher in development of Critical listening skills in his students .
- Section four : throw light on the step that the listener make to achieve the Critical listening ,then explain the properties and behavior that the listener should has to make us calling him a critical listener .

One of the functions of language is to direct other people’s behaviour by using directive speech acts, such as requests and orders. In addition to everyday use of directive speech acts, one can observe fairly rich resources of this speech act in the language of drama. However, due to the complexity of pragmatic meaning, identifying and analysing directives in modern plays (especially Osborne’s plays) poses some difficulties for the receiver of the text. The problem is that how one can distinguish between a directive speech act and other speech acts where there is no explicit performative verb in the given conversational turn.
The study aims at the following:
1- pointing out the impact of context in inferring the kinds of directives used in Osborne’s play “Look Back in Anger”,
2- identifying and analysing types of directive speech acts employed in the language of Osborne’s play, and
3- investigating the complexity of meaning construction in analysing directives, both in isolation and in sequences of speech acts
Two hypotheses are proposed to achieve the aims in investigating directives.
1- The distinction between directive speech acts and other kinds of speech acts is often indeterminate, especially in the language of Osborne’s play (Look Back in Anger) which heavily relies on actual conversation.
2- In dramatic dialogues under study directive speech acts usually occur with other speech acts to form a unified sequence, or a “sequence of speech acts”. This notion is useful in the analysis of this play.
The following are the main findings of the study.
1-Directives can be realised in different structures, especially in interrogatives. Interrogatives score the highest value of usage (58.11%), then imperatives (32.44%), followed by declaratives (9.46%). Therefore, the interrogative sentence type is the most productive form in representing directives in Osborne’s play.
2-Directive speech acts do not usually occur abruptly or separately in a dramatic dialogue. This is also true in Look Back in Anger. Rather, it is observed that a directive is often followed or preceded by another directive or non-directive speech act to support its meaning. That is, they form a speech act sequence to serve as one directive speech act.

Critical thinking is a very hotly debated topic these days. All educators are now aware of the importance of preparing learners with critical thinking techniques, and teachers are making efforts to teach these techniques in the most appropriate way. RED model is a framework that could organize learners' critical thinking and facilitate learning. RED model lays out a path for both understanding how critical thinking works and improving each of the essential skills that help learners in composition writing. RED model of critical thinking is a three-step learning process, Recognize Assumptions, Evaluate information, and Draw conclusions. This model provides a systematic way to approach critical thinking by the use of an easy-to- remember acronym.
The first step is to recognize assumptions, helps learners to discover information gaps, as well as enrich their point of view about subjects. The art of evaluating information, the second step, entails analyzing information objectively and accurately, and also questioning the quality of supporting evidence. The last step is draw conclusions. Learners who possess this skill are able to bring diverse information together to arrive at conclusions that logically follow from the available evidence.

August Wilson is the most successful African American playwright whose dramatic style has remained essentially realistic in comparison to the fragmented imagery of his contemporaries. His plays rely on realistic narrative and plot, their structure is clearly influenced by musical rhythms, particularly the blues, and is rooted in his youthful vocation as a poet, most evident in the dialogue of his very early plays. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the pros and cons of the father-son relationship and how it is affected by the changes of the society.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's theory of Imagination is considered an essential theory in English literature because it added something new to the criticism in England. The classical critics did not know the importance of imagination before Coleridge because they relied on the reason only. The idea of this theory was resulted from Coleridge's listening to the poetry of William Wordsworth. Coleridge analyzes this theory in his Biographia Literaria when he tried to explain and join it with the activity of the intellect. Coleridge held his theory on two basics: psychology and knowledge, and these two basics are shown clearly in his critical book, the Biographia Literaria. This paper deals with the practice of Coleridge's theory of imagination on his masterpiece poem'' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner''.

The theses deals with a very important and an innovative branch of linguistics called Forensic linguistics .It relates language with law and legal cases.
This theses aims to promote an awareness in the criminal justice system as well as among wider highlighting the nature of this innovative field and how it works to pick up linguistic and acoustic evidences in cases of corruption.
It also aims at creating awareness and interpreting the vocabulary ,terms and hints .It aims at showing how forensic linguists are qualified to give expert evidences in cases related with all kinds of corruption such as fraud, forgery ,kidnapping ,plagiarism ,trademarks ,bribery ,solicitation ,blackmail and threat
Empirical investigation was carried out to determine the motives behind corruption in various Iraqi institutions and offices attempting to find solution for this social problem by applying certain forensic linguistic methods in order to identify some linguistic and non-linguistic clues.(20)cases have been collected ,including (2)cases of blackmail type,(7)cases of forgery type, one case of kidnapping type,(2)cases of fraud and deception type, (3)cases of bribery type, (2)cases of theft of public money, one case of solicitation case and one case of plagiarism type.

Due to the poor quality of Iraqi EFL learners' performance of essay writing at the college level , the present study is an attempt at designing a self-regulation programme in essay writing. The study aims at finding out the impact of using self-regulation programme on college students' essay written performance. The sample of the study consists of fifty students. Twenty-five students are enrolled in an experimental group that were taught according to the proposed programme; the other twenty-five were taught according to the prescribed essay writing textbook. It is hypothesized there is no statistically significant difference between the mean ranks of the experimental group and those of the control group in essay written performance in the post-test. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher concludes that the proposed programme plays a vital role in developing students' essay written performance.