The International and Political Journal

Diversity is a cultural asset for many countries, as the civilization of countries is measured by the way they treat minorities. Ensuring the rights of components in diverse countries is an integral part of the human rights system, especially in countries with democratic political systems. Granting social and economic rights to minorities and recognizing this diversity within constitutional and legal frameworks means enhancing their protection from risks and all forms of discrimination. This study seeks to verify the hypothesis that minorities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq enjoy a relative amount of rights compared to their peers in neighboring countries. This study will also attempt to answer several questions, including: What are the social and economic rights that minorities enjoy in the Kurdistan Region? What are the constitutional and legal rights? The study concluded that minorities enjoy a relative amount of social and economic rights. In addition, increasing the rights of minorities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is linked to the factors of social and political upbringing that contribute to activating and increasing their attainment of their rights.

This research aims to provide a comprehensive conceptual approach to the notion of Atlantism as one of the key frameworks for understanding contemporary international balances. Although the term has only entered academic discourse in recent decades, its roots extend to older intellectual and strategic systems that combine geographic positioning, geopolitical vision, and the Western value system. The study first addresses the geographical dimension by analyzing the role of the Atlantic Ocean as a connective link between Europe and North America, which contributed to the formation of a shared strategic space where political, economic, and cultural interests intersect. It then moves to the geopolitical dimension, reviewing the contributions of classical and contemporary theorists in this field, who viewed the maritime powers overlooking the Atlantic as central actors in controlling global trade routes and influencing international balances. From this perspective, Atlantism is understood as a practical extension of geopolitical thought that grants maritime powers a decisive role in shaping the international order.
As for the ideological dimension, the research highlights the value system upon which Atlantism is based—embodied in political liberalism, representative democracy, and the free market economy—as tools of legitimation and markers of Western influence in the global system. The study underscores how Atlantism seeks to entrench its civilizational model as a global standard in the face of alternative projects such as Eurasianism or multipolarity.
The research concludes that despite facing relative setbacks and rising competition, Atlantism still retains its effectiveness as a strategic concept capable of reproducing itself amid rapid global transformations. It calls for moving beyond a narrow functional understanding of the term and viewing it as an integrated civilizational project rooted in classical geopolitical thought and the broader Western paradigm.

Turkey is one of the most important countries that has suffered economic setbacks due to the internal and external crises it has experienced. Turkey was exposed to a coup attempt in 2016, then it was exposed to the Corona pandemic in 2019, and then it was exposed to two devastating earthquakes in 2023. As a result, the Turkish economy was significantly affected. However, it recovered quickly due to Turkey\'s responsiveness and the wise leadership of the current political system. This responsiveness helped achieve high economic growth. In addition to reducing unemployment and inflation rates, Turkey was able to gradually overcome crises. Turkey then benefited from its geographical location as a tourist destination, as it turned to tourism investments due to the increasing number of tourists to it, to achieve sustainability in tourism, which played a prominent role in enhancing the sustainable development factor in Türkiye.

The research revolves around possible scenarios for the future of Iraqi national security in the short term, whose events do not exceed the beginning of the year (2026), and the long term, which does not exceed the year (2027), in light of two basic variables: the first revolves around Iraq's external relations and positions with its Arab, regional and international geographical surroundings, and the other revolves around the geopolitical theories of external powers in the region (the theory of creative chaos). The future of Iraqi national security in the short term depends on the direct relationship between challenges and the level of response to the reality of the external political challenges facing Iraq, according to Arnold Toynbee's equation and the theory of challenge and response, which mostly revolves around two levels of relations and positions, especially Iraqi-Russian and Iranian relations, which are supposed to be below the strategic level according to the Western perspective, in addition to the position on normalization with the Zionist entity and its position on the Islamic resistance in Iraq. However, failure to respond to the reality of these political challenges means that Iraq will face economic and security threats. At the same time, responding to the reality of the challenges does not mean that Iraq is immune to any challenges, transformations or political change in light of the New Middle East project.

The research aims to analyze the development of Iraqi diplomatic discourse after 2003, reflecting the political, security, and institutional transformations that Iraq witnessed during the post-2003 period, The research uses a content analysis approach, tracing texts from Iraqi discourse in international and regional forums, in addition to official statements and diplomatic declarations, to determine the stages through which this discourse has passed and to reveal its most prominent characteristics.
The research demonstrated that Iraqi diplomatic discourse went through four main phases: the international reintegration phase (2003–2005), which centered on restoring legitimacy and opening up to the international community; the counterterrorism phase (2006–2010), characterized by a predominance of security rhetoric and calls for international cooperation; the openness and balance phase (2011–2014), during which Iraq sought to strengthen its relations with neighboring countries and engage in regional summits; and finally, the post-ISIS phase (2014–2017), characterized by a more confident discourse focused on the concepts of sovereignty, victory, and reconstruction.
The research concluded that Iraqi diplomatic discourse succeeded in reintegrating Iraq into the international community and improving its image. However, it continued to suffer from the lack of a unified strategic vision and from the influence of internal and regional factors in the process of formulating diplomatic discourse. The research also recommended the need to reform some institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and adopt a discourse based on supreme national interests, while expanding its tools to include economic and cultural diplomacy alongside traditional political discourse.

This research examines the key variables influencing Russia’s policy toward Africa in light of evolving regional and international dynamics. It highlights the growing geopolitical competition from regional powers such as Iran, Turkey, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, each seeking to expand its influence in Africa. The study also analyzes challenges posed by major global powers like the United States, China, and India. A particular focus is given to the repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine war and its impact on Russia’s economic and diplomatic relations with African countries. The paper investigates Russia’s strategic responses, including military cooperation and economic outreach, aiming to secure its role amidst rising competition. Ultimately, the study concludes that Russia is navigating a multi-polar African landscape that demands adaptive and assertive policy tools.

This research aims to study the role of the executive institution in the German political system by focusing on the organization of the position of the Federal President in terms of the structural and functional framework. The same applies to the position of Federal Chancellor, to demonstrate the importance of the role of this dual-structured institution in the German political system. And The extent of cooperation and balance between it and the other official institutions that make up the German political system Therefore, this research reviews the manner in which this institution is constructed or dismantled in accordance with constitutional rules. In addition to the powers exercised by both the Federal President and the Federal Chancellor, it is important to understand the functions undertaken by the executive institution with all its constituent pillars. This research shows that the German executive differs from other parliamentary systems in terms of the methods of electing and removing both the president and the chancellor, and in that the broad powers constitutionally vested in the Federal Chancellor make his position the core of the German executive.

Since 2011, migration has become a central issue in relations between France and the Maghreb countries. Disputes over the deportation of undocumented migrants and the refusal of some Maghreb states to receive their nationals have led to diplomatic tensions, prompting France to impose measures such as visa restrictions. Despite these tensions, security and financial cooperation has continued, supported by the European Union, which has leveraged the migration file as a means of pressuring Maghreb countries to tighten border controls. Economically, remittances from Maghreb migrants have played a crucial role in supporting national economies. These financial transfers have contributed to improving household living standards and provided a stable source of foreign currency. Migrants often rely on informal channels for remittances, such as hand-carrying or sending money through acquaintances, highlighting the limited access many have to formal banking systems.

This research presents an overview of Iraq's experience with international financial institutions, specifically the World Bank, and the extent of this experience's impact on Iraq, including its political and economic consequences.

The study employs a systematic approach to this experience, illustrating how the relationship between Iraq and the World Bank has evolved in accordance with Iraqi needs and the conditions imposed by the Bank, a major international financial institution, as part of its policies in dealing with countries, and Iraq in particular. This necessitates a specific analysis of the roles the World Bank has played in Iraq and the degree to which the Iraqi economy has been affected since 2003, progressing to later stages of this relationship.

Certainly, there are specific areas of the World Bank's performance in Iraq and how the relationship with this international financial institution has been shaped. This includes the provision of loans, financing, and project support, as well as expertise and advice. This has resulted in multiple partnerships from which Iraq has benefited, but which, in turn, have entailed significant obligations that must be fulfilled. These obligations have had intertwined economic and political repercussions for Iraq, which at that time was burdened with debt and declining revenues. This necessitated the search for important tools to successfully establish the legal, financial, and accounting mechanisms necessary to revive the Iraqi economy, relieve it of its debt and its consequences, assist in developing and supporting economic sectors, address the deficit in public budgets, and provide loans.

Within this framework, the methodological vision of this research and the mechanism for managing information were defined according to the central problem that had taken root in the researcher's mind. The researcher then sought tools to address and interpret this problem through the research hypothesis, which encompasses all its parts, leading to logical results relevant to the case study.

This study examines the assessment of the security variable in United States foreign policy toward Libya and Yemen in light of the Idealist theory, highlighting the contradiction between the idealistic discourse, which emphasizes humanitarian values and international law, and the practical application that is dominated by geostrategic and security considerations. The study analyzes the case of Libya as a model for employing the principle of the “Responsibility to Protect” as a pretext for military intervention that led to regime change without establishing effective institutional alternatives, and the case of Yemen, which reflected the fluctuation of U.S. policy between supporting legitimacy and preserving its strategic interests with its Gulf partners. The research demonstrates the limited effectiveness of the Idealist theory when confronted with structural realities and monitors the security and political repercussions that resulted from U.S. interventions in both the Libyan and Yemeni contexts

The Central Asian region represents a very important geopolitical fulcrum on the map of international relations due to its important geopolitical location, And its rich energy resources, and being a strategic link between East and West, In the midst of the changing landscape that is witnessing intense competition between international and regional powers, Turkey is emerging as an actor seeking to strengthen its influence and role in this region, which is linked by deep historical and cultural ties, Driven by historical legacy and contemporary ambitions, Ankara seeks to activate what is known as "smart power" in its foreign policy towards the Central Asian republics, This concept goes beyond the mere use of hard power, coercive military and economic power, or the soft power of cultural attraction, education, and public diplomacy in isolation, It combines them with ingenuity and skill to achieve strategic goals effectively and efficiently, Activating smart power means the ability to align coercion and persuasion, and blend economic, diplomatic, cultural, and security tools, As appropriate to the unique circumstances, variables and contexts of each Central Asian country.

The research summarizes the study and analysis of the nature of the relationship between foreign trade (imports and exports) and the industrial sector in Iraq during the period (2004-2023), the research addressed the impact of foreign trade, especially imports, on the performance of local industry in Iraq, and the impact of trade openness represented by foreign goods after 2003 on the manufacturing industries in light of the weakness of protectionist policies and government support for the industrial sectorwhich led to a decline in the contribution of the industrial sector to the gross domestic product, especially the manufacturing industries, the research relied on the descriptive analytical method to show and describe the indicators of foreign trade and the performance of the industrial sector for the study period. The research also relied on the statistical (standard) method to show the analysis of economic variables (commercial and industrial) in Iraq and measure their mutual impact, the results showed that the industrial sector in Iraq has an inverse relationship with imports and a direct relationship with exports. However, the percentage of oil exports (extractive) is very high compared to manufacturing exports, which reflects the weakness of the production structure and the absence of a clear industrial vision in the Iraqi economy.

The Karabakh region is among the regions where various historical events have taken place that have contributed to influencing the security and stability of the Karabakh region. Over the years, the region's authorities have adopted various strategies to ensure the preservation of Karabakh's security and sovereignty, beginning with the declaration of independence and the establishment of an independent republic known as the )Republic of Karabakh( in the nineties of the twentieth century, In addition to taking many other strategic steps that included building Karabakh institutions and following a dual strategy that included working to use military force alongside maintaining diplomatic communication by adopting peaceful means and working to convey the‏ issue to the international community through its representations in various countries in addition to participating in international and regional conferences and negotiations, In order for Karabakh to continue its steadfastness in defending its sovereignty and protecting its independent entity, in addition to gaining international recognition for the declared republic, despite the continuous work and struggle, the Karabakh region was unable to maintain its independence in a way that preserves the continuity of its independent republic. This is due to the contribution of internal factors to the ineffectiveness of the strategies that were put in place, including the weakness of the military and economic power, in addition to the geographical location, The complexity of the Karabakh region is due to its important geostrategic location that attracts external parties, in addition to the geopolitics of the region, as it is located in an area that has witnessed many disputes and conflicts for reasons related to obtaining the right to self-determination for the regions, including Karabakh , in addition to the political decisions taken by the leaders of the region, Among these is the recent decision to dissolve official institutions in Karabakh and abolish the self-declared republic, which has contributed to undermining the continued independence and resilience of the Karabakh region.‏

Since King Salman bin Abdulaziz assumed the throne in 2015, Prince Mohammed bin Salman has emerged as a key aide and advisor. Due to the King's advanced age, many major internal and external responsibilities were entrusted to him. In 2017, he was appointed Crown Prince, further strengthening his political authority and standing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has led intensive efforts in various political, economic, and regional security issues, most notably the Yemeni crisis, the Qatari crisis, and the Syrian file. He has also played a significant role in Saudi foreign policy through alliances, military interventions, and diplomatic efforts aimed at protecting the Kingdom's interests and promoting regional stability,These initiatives align with Saudi Vision 2030, through which he seeks to transform the Kingdom into a leading regional power on both the political and economic levels, and to reinforce Saudi Arabia’s role as a dominant regional force in its surrounding environment.

In the modern era, sport constitutes an important strategic tool used by countries to enhance their image before both domestic and international public opinion, especially amid the political, social, and human rights challenges they face. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia stands out as a model that has leveraged the sports sector to boost its international image, through significant and increasing investment in organising major sporting events and hosting world championships such as Formula 1 races and boxing matches, as well as sponsoring clubs and international athletes within the Saudi football league. This use of sport is not limited to recreational or economic dimensions alone, but represents a deliberate policy aimed at improving reputation and international perception, by presenting the Kingdom as a modern and socially and economically advanced state, in line with the objectives of Vision 2030. Accordingly, sports investment in Saudi Arabia can be understood as a dual mechanism combining the promotion of national development and the enhancement of the country's position in the international political system, by creating positive narratives that mitigate negative issues in both media and diplomatic contexts.

Since 2005, the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq has served as the highest constitutional judicial authority, entrusted with the responsibility of safeguarding the supremacy of the Constitution, interpreting its provisions, and resolving disputes between federal institutions, regions, and governorates not incorporated into a region. The Court has played an active and influential role in contributing to the stability of Iraq's democratic system through its decisions, which have helped regulate and manage the relationship between federal institutions and the Kurdistan Region.
This study seeks to highlight the impact of the Federal Supreme Court's decisions in organizing and regulating the relationship among federal institutions and in evaluating their performance. It also aims to demonstrate the influence of the Court’s rulings in organizing and controlling the relationship between the federal authorities and the Kurdistan Region.

This study presents an in-depth comparative analysis of the balance between the powers and responsibilities assigned to the Prime Minister and ministers in Iraq and Lebanon, considering it a pivotal factor in ensuring governmental efficiency and the stability of executive functions. In the Iraqi context, the research focuses on the political transformations that have occurred since 2003, examining how security and political challenges have affected the Prime Minister’s ability to exercise oversight authority and hold ministers accountable. It also analyzes the impact of partisan divisions and internal conflicts on the decision-making mechanisms within the Council of Ministers.
In the Lebanese case, the study analyzes the influence of the sectarian system on the distribution of powers between the Prime Minister and ministers, highlighting the role of sectarian quotas in limiting governmental efficiency and restricting the Prime Minister’s capacity to manage ministerial work and ensure accountability. The research also addresses the challenges posed by this political structure in achieving institutional balance between authority and responsibility.
The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the Iraqi and Lebanese models, identifying similarities and differences in the distribution of executive powers and assessing the structural and political constraints that hinder the Prime Minister’s effectiveness in both countries. Furthermore, it seeks to provide practical recommendations to enhance institutional balance, thereby improving governmental performance and reducing political and administrative crises.

Cybersecurity has become a major concern for major powers. The information revolution and the emergence of the internet marked the dawn of the cyber age, especially after the various threats and attacks targeting information systems and centers of power and defense. This prompted them to develop and strengthen their defense systems to confront cybercrimes and electronic attacks, seeking to protect their national security and citizens.
Cyberterrorism is currently one of the most dangerous issues facing states and individuals alike. Therefore, cybersecurity is one of the most important issues in our contemporary lives, directly related to all areas of public life, including politics, economics, culture, and others.
Iraq, particularly since 2003, has become more vulnerable to cyberattacks and cyberterrorism due to its openness to the world in the field of technological and information development.

The AUKUS agreement, announced in September 2021 between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, represents a significant strategic shift in the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region. The pact aims to bolster Australia's defense capabilities, notably through the provision of nuclear-powered submarines, and expand cooperation in cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and advanced military technologies. The agreement has triggered strong reactions, particularly from China, which views it as a direct threat to its national security and a strategic attempt to contain its rise.
The geopolitical repercussions of AUKUS include heightened military competition, the strengthening of new security alliances, and a reshaping of regional influence. It also raises questions about the future balance between deterrence and escalation, and the effectiveness of multilateral security frameworks in the face of emerging bilateral and minilateral blocs.

Since Russian President Vladimir Putin came to power in 2000, Russian foreign policy has witnessed strategic transformations aimed at regaining influence on the international scene, especially in the Middle East, where Iran has emerged as an important strategic partner for Moscow, as the interests of the two countries converge on many issues, most notably: balance in the face of American influence, cooperation in the fields of armament and energy, as well as coordination on regional issues such as the Syrian file and rapprochement with the countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Despite the strength of the Russian-Iranian alliance, the relationship between them faces some challenges, most notably Russia's efforts to maintain balanced relations with other regional powers such as the Gulf States and Israel, which sometimes prompts it to take cautious positions towards some Iranian policies. In addition, there is competition between the two countries in the global energy market that may lead to a divergence in economic interests. However, Russia's strategic perception of Iran represents a combination of geopolitical, military and economic interests, as Moscow sees Tehran as a vital partner in confronting Western influence, but at the same time it seeks to manage this relationship cautiously to maintain its strategic balance in the region. The future of this relationship will remain dependent on regional and international developments, and on the ability of the two parties to coordinate their interests without entering into direct competition.

In the field of politics, the concepts of peace and war are among the most frequently repeated concepts. However, this is not limited to political discourses, but also philosophical, religious, and media discourses. Within the framework of research on the subject of war, many discussions have taken place about the extent of the justness of war and whether it is devoid of a moral system that defines it. In this research, the focus has been on the concept of war, especially what is known as (just war).
Contemporary Western political thought has been characterised by a reformulation of the theory of just war within liberal and rational frameworks that focus on thought and human rights, in contrast to the realist traditions that view war as a tool of the state to achieve its interests.

Organized crime poses a threat to the security of all countries, not just individual countries. It has become transcontinental. The reliance of this type of crime on modern communication methods has facilitated its spread and made it difficult to apprehend those responsible. This has required all countries to exert tremendous efforts to limit the spread of transnational organized crime in light of these rapid developments that encompass all aspects of life and contribute to the spread of this terrifying phenomenon among countries around the world

This research attempts to present the nature of parliamentary oversight, its concept, the importance of parliamentary oversight in the political system, and the means used to monitor the performance of the executive authority. It also addresses parliamentary oversight in Iraq under the monarchy and the political events and changes that occurred during that period. In addition, it addresses parliamentary oversight after 2003, i.e. after the change of the political system and the subsequent changes in the form and work of the political system in Iraq, and highlights the most important obstacles that faced the oversight work of Parliament in Iraq after 2003, and shows the most important ways and methods to activate the oversight role of Parliament and improve its performance in the future.

Political circumstances are considered one of the most important reasons behind the emergence of Sufism, and the actual participation of Sufism has developed through its paths and comers ,in fact , Sufism is no longer a state of asceticism and individual worship, as it began, it has become huge institutions with a transcontinental extension, some of which strive to play a developmental, political and social role, some of which are in folkore and have been reduced to festive phenomena, and some of which are tolerant in dealing with others, the sufi experience emerged as a result of a deep feeling in the Sufis soul of alienation from the world and from the self, due to what he exploits in his world of deficiency, discord and ugliness, represented by s coercive authority,a false appearance far from the spirit and of lslam, ln reality, after deepening, it appears that this phenomenon has broad-sighted dimensions in its most sublime forms in the presence of a precise social and political organization, rather than the presence of an extremely complex organizational movement thought.

The national dialogue is defined as the process of encouraging discussion and understanding between different parties in society to achieve stability and development. This dialogue consists in meetings and discussions involving various socio-political groups, aimed at improving the socio-economic and political situation in the country. The national dialogue plays a crucial role in shaping and guiding the national strategies of the state. By bringing together different parties and socio-political and cultural groups.

Political behavior as a collection of acquired social and value-based ideas that have accumulated over time to form a specific political and ideological identity. Socialization factors and the surrounding environment serve as the main feeders for these political orientations. The process of shaping or attributing a certain character to the political behavior of a specific group is a highly complex matter, as multiple factors contribute to it. Among these, personal or psychological contributions are considered the main motivators of this behavior. Historical events and the acquired traits in individuals' lives help steer and define their political behavior, which is crystallized through ideologies, ideas, and beliefs that solidify in individuals' souls, manifesting in various forms. Aristotle (384-322 BC) expresses the interaction between humans and their environment: "Man is the noblest of animals in his best condition, and when isolated from law and justice, he is the basest."
Studying the political behavior of the Iraqi personality is an extremely difficult issue, given that Iraqi society is diverse in religions, sects, tribes, languages, and is varied in customs, traditions, and norms. It has undergone significant events and changes that have contributed to shaping behaviors with different implications, some positive and others negative. The wars, crises, and historical events that Iraqi society has faced for thousands of years have led to the formation of certain social and political manifestations and beliefs of the Iraqi personality, which have appeared in different eras and periods after interacting with the nature of the chronic conflict between society and the successive ruling systems. This has resulted in psychological, social, and political characteristics and manifestations that have interacted with the Iraqi personality, shaping varied intellectual and social-political orientations that cast shadows on social and political thinking patterns.

Abstention, even if it is silence, carries within it the meaning of revolution and rebellion, and thus is more eloquent in its indication of causing harm than other positive means of expression. The administration’s use of silence as an arbitrary means of harming people, whether they are ordinary people or employees,By lengthening the path to obtaining rights, which sometimes results in the loss of an interest for the person, on the one hand, and on the other hand, to protect individuals from the arbitrariness of the administration, it has become necessary to find an effective mechanism to break the silence of the administration, by giving the silence of the administration the character of an administrative decision, The administration imagines that it protects itself from liability by remaining silent and ignoring individuals’ requests, or by taking this position even without a request submitted by individuals by refraining from making a decision that it is legally obligated to make. The first is meant as an “implicit decision” and the second as a “negative decision.”

This research explores the developments of Iran’s nuclear program amidst the complexities of the current regional and international environment, with a focus on the interplay between negotiation efforts and strategic escalation. The study is based on a central hypothesis that regional dynamics—particularly after the Gaza War of 2023 and the increasing tensions in the Arabian Gulf—have pushed Iran to adopt a dual-track strategy that combines diplomatic engagement with strategic military escalation. This approach aims to strengthen Iran’s bargaining power and establish a regional deterrence balance.
The research focuses on two main tracks The Nuclear Negotiation Track – It examines the intermittent return to negotiations between Iran and Western countries, especially after the U.S. withdrawal from the nuclear agreement in 2018. It analyzes the challenges hindering the revival of the deal, including the issue of U.S. guarantees, inspection mechanisms, and the linkage between the nuclear file and Iran’s regional role. The Track of Military and Security Escalation – It analyzes the intensifying exchange of strikes between Iran and Israel in Syria and Iraq, and the evolution of Iranian responses through missile strikes and drone attacks, leading up to direct targeting of Israeli and American interests, as occurred in 2025. These developments indicate a shift in the rules of engagement.

This study examines economic diplomacy as an effective tool for strengthening international relations and achieving national interests. It highlights the importance of understanding this diplomacy in resolving conflicts and promoting political stability, as it represents a combination of economic and political elements. The study discusses the challenges facing countries in implementing their economic strategies, in addition to highlighting successful models of countries that have been able to effectively utilize economic diplomacy. The study also examines the tools of economic diplomacy, such as economic aid and sanctions, and how they are used to achieve political goals. It also explores the importance of cooperation between countries in light of globalization and economic change. The findings demonstrate that economic diplomacy is an essential element in building a more stable world, which requires flexible and effective strategies from countries.

Edgar Morin is one of the most prominent contemporary thinkers who sought to transcend the strict boundaries of scientific and philosophical disciplines, laying the foundations for what is now known as "complex thought." Understanding Morin's epistemology cannot be achieved in isolation from its personal and intellectual context. His personal experience, with its political engagement, cultural diversity, and philosophical reflection, profoundly contributed to shaping his intellectual project. Hence, the importance of examining his autobiography and the intellectual sources that influenced his cognitive formation, in order to understand the theoretical frameworks he later adopted in his approach to knowledge and reality.

Through meticulous and in-depth research, it becomes evident that constitutions play a crucial and central role in enhancing political stability within Western countries. They achieve this by delineating and clarifying the powers and responsibilities assigned to various entities, as well as ensuring fundamental and essential human rights. Constitutions also significantly contribute to establishing the necessary balance among diverse societal groups, thereby aiding in the creation of strong foundations for peaceful coexistence. Moreover, these constitutions actively promote regional stability, as demonstrated in the case of European Union countries, where coordinated efforts are made to achieve common interests and social harmony. These efforts continually bolster cooperation to enhance security and prosperity. However, the process of implementing constitutions to achieve the desired political stability faces numerous severe challenges and difficulties. These include the varied and conflicting interpretations of constitutional texts, along with the impact of successive political crises that may threaten social cohesion. Among these crises are the rise of populism and the effects of economic turmoil, which negatively influence political forces and disrupt decision-making processes. Thus, it becomes clear that there is an urgent future need to modernize and develop constitutional texts while simultaneously fostering effective and sustainable cooperation between civil society and constitutional institutions. This approach aims to enhance political stability, prevent potential crises, and ensure the achievement of sustainable development.

The Iranian nuclear crisis emerged as a significant issue on the global stage, particularly following the 1979 Islamic Revolution. This revolution resulted in Iran losing its primary nuclear partner since the 1950s—the United States of America. The revolution also stripped Washington of a key strategic ally within its regional triad of influence (Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Israel). Consequently, the event marked a major turning point in U.S.–Iran relations, shifting the two nations from cooperation to hostility. This transformation had implications not only internationally but also influenced the complexity of Iran's motivations and strategies in pursuing nuclear development. In response, the United States found it necessary to restructure the regional order in the Middle East to protect its strategic interests and ensure the security of Israel and its regional allies.
In return, Iran turned to China to gain support to develop its nuclear programs, based on the shared higher interests between the two countries. Given China's veto power in the Security Council regarding the Iranian revolutionary program, China's role became clear in this regard and contributed to the conclusion of negotiations and an international agreement to regulate nuclear capabilities,.