Journal of sustainable studies

The Crusades greatly changed the political, military and cultural life of the Islamic world. This research examines the Europe of its time, explains the religious and political background that initiated the Crusades, studies the Crusaders’ motivations and points out significant clashes such as the First Crusade and Salah al-Din’s role in the Third Crusade. Researchers also analyze what the Crusades meant for political systems in the Islamic world, in terms of breakdown and reorganization of government and the flow of information and culture between the two regions. Using sources from Islamic and Western history, the research uses descriptive-analytical techniques to assess the wide-ranging effects of the Crusades on Islamic civilization.

Hadith analysis is an important topic in clarifying the understanding and explanation of the noble Prophetic hadith, and the sciences it contains in terms of creed, jurisprudence, ethics, and other matters. Therefore, contemporary scholars have developed contemporary methods for analyzing the noble Prophetic hadith. Analyzing the hadith involves studying the hadith in terms of its chain of transmission, the biographies of its narrators, its causes, and other aspects. It also involves studying it in terms of its text and explanation, and clarifying its sciences and the benefits derived from it. Therefore, contemporary scholars have adopted methods that include partial and brief explanations, and others that are comprehensive.

This research aims to analyze the qualitative characteristics of the Al-Yusufiyah Irrigation Project for the period (2008–2012) through the study of a set of physical and chemical indicators, namely: electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonates, and sulfates for both the cold and hot seasons. The study also examines the impact of climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, as well as water discharge rates represented by the unified canal discharges, on the variation in water quality.
The results indicated that all elements measured were within the permissible limits of both Iraqi and international standards for drinking water, except for calcium and sulfates, which exceeded these limits. Additionally, total hardness was noted. The study found that the year 2009 recorded the highest values for electrical conductivity, sodium, total dissolved solids, and chlorides during both the cold and hot seasons.
The study also concluded that the water is suitable for irrigation and falls under the "excellent" category for animal drinking purposes.

The current research aims to explore the potential of employing artificial intelligence applications to develop the skills of special education teachers. This research aims to analyze how artificial intelligence applications can be employed, reviewing the theoretical aspects of artificial intelligence, including its concept, importance, characteristics, and types. It also reviews some of the basic applications relevant to working with people with special needs, as well as studying the requirements and challenges facing the application of artificial intelligence in education. This research uses a descriptive and analytical approach, collecting and analyzing aspects related to artificial intelligence and studying available tools and technologies. The study concludes that artificial intelligence applications represent a promising opportunity to develop the skills of special education teachers. The study's most important recommendations include the need to recognize ethical considerations when employing artificial intelligence in education, including privacy, data security, transparency, and accountability. It also emphasizes the need to equip infrastructure with integrated digital tools and technologies, as well as providing special education teachers with training programs related to the use of modern technology in a way that is consistent with its use in education.

This research examines the Seljuks, the origins of their state, and how and when they converted to Islam. It then explores the policies pursued by the kings of the Seljuk Golden Age after their entry into the capital of the Islamic Caliphate, namely: the founder Tughril Beg, his nephew Alp Arslan, and finally Sultan Malik Shah, with reference to their most powerful vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, who served during the Seljuks' golden era. The study covers the period between 447 and 485 AH (1055–1092 AD), marking the first phase of Seljuk rule, which ended with the death of Malik Shah—the last of the strong Seljuk rulers.
The research discusses each king’s distinct policies and governing style, which secured their legitimacy while maintaining good relations with the contemporary Abbasid caliphs through various means, including marriage alliances. It highlights the achievements of these three rulers and the influential role of their vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, the "Kingmaker." Additionally, the study analyzes their initial use of appeasement and flexibility toward the caliph and the people to consolidate power, followed by the vizier’s significant administrative influence under two sultans during the Seljuks' golden age—before the decline and internal divisions that gradually ended their rule.
The paper also addresses the Seljuk sultans’ accomplishments, reflecting their political strategies and their dynamic with the Abbasid caliphs. Finally, it outlines the legacy of the Seljuks after their reign, which persisted until the Khwarazmian takeover prior to the Mongol invasion and the fall of Baghdad. The study focuses on three sultans representing the zenith of Seljuk power.

This research is based on the concept of antithetical pairs and their impact on expressing meaning, clarifying intent, and influencing the recipient. It attempts to shed light on the effectiveness of this pair in the Qur'anic text, considering it as a vital element in the linguistic structure. The researcher sought to understand this reality after examining a number of verses from short surahs, where this Qur'anic phenomenon is most clearly manifested. Before doing so, the researcher introduced the concept of the strategy and the concept of antithetical pairs, so that the recipient has a clear picture of this phenomenon. He then proceeded to explore the types of these pairs in the short surahs of the Holy Qur'an, discussing each type in detail.

The research dealt with the concept of the printing industry, its classification, importance and historical development in Dhi Qar Governorate for the year 2024. The first section dealt with the concept of the printing industry, its classification, importance and historical development, while the second section dealt with the problems of the printing industry in the governorate and the most important results reached by the study. The year 1969 is the actual beginning of the development of the printing industry in Dhi Qar Governorate, in addition to the problem of high temperatures in the summer to above 50°C in Dhi Qar Governorate, which leads to the fluidity of the ink used in printing, so areas appear in the printed matter where the ink spreads more than necessary and areas with little ink, which leads to distortion of the written words, and the high temperatures lead to slowing down the work of printing machines and devices, which forces the owners of printing industry facilities to cool the units of these machines continuously.

This study aims to extract and analyze key elements of Syed Ameer Ali’s historical views across two main areas. The first focuses on his opinions regarding Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), while the second addresses his perspectives on other broader issues. The research critically examines the marginalization of Imam Ali’s (peace be upon him) role in various contexts, such as his act of sleeping in the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) bed during the Hijrah, his absence from the narrative of the Battle of Khaybar, and the omission of the significant event of Ghadir Khumm, which had a profound impact in affirming Imam Ali's appointment as the legitimate successor to the Prophet (PBUH). The study demonstrates that the Prophet made repeated recommendations through sermons and various occasions—regarding the inheritance of leadership by Imam Ali.
Furthermore, Syed Ameer Ali's remark that "if Imam Ali had possessed Umar’s decisiveness, he would have achieved success" is also critiqued. The research discusses Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (peace be upon her) and the significance of her title "al-Zahra," then moves on to analyze the peace treaty of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him), which marked a turning point in the political trajectory of the Islamic state. Syed Ameer Ali’s views on Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and the remaining members of Ahl al-Bayt are also evaluated critically in the first section of the study.
The second section presents general observations on ambiguous matters found in his book A Short History of the Arabs. The final part of the study addresses the problem of the sources used by Syed Ameer Ali, highlighting the obscurity surrounding them, including his reliance on unknown authors and frequently vague references. Often, he omits explicit source citations, instead using phrases such as “a reliable author stated,” “an ancient historian said,” or “a European historian mentioned,” without naming them.
Moreover, Syed Ameer Ali’s historiographical approach was not confined to the temporal framework of Muslim history and medieval Islamic civilization; rather, he occasionally adopted a comparative historical digression method in his writing.

Explanation in the possible sense is not just a linguistic phenomenon, or an interpretive means, but rather an original approach in the system of explanatory construction of the Noble Hadith. This research paper came in order to shed light on Al-Khattabi’s use of possible meanings in understanding hadiths in light of his book Ma’alim al-Sunan, in which he explained the Sunnah of Abu Dawud. It came in the form of an introduction and four demands. The first demand: the concept of possible meanings, and their relationship to expanding the meanings of the hadith. The second requirement: defining Al-Khattabi and his explanation of the features of the Sunnah. The third requirement: types of explanatory possibilities according to Al-Khattabi in his explanation of the features of the Sunnah. As for the fourth requirement: applied models for Al-Khattabi’s explanation of the possibilities in his explanation of the features of the Sunnah. I concluded that the possibilities according to Al-Khattabi varied between Sindhi, textual, linguistic, and Qur’anic, and it became clear that Al-Khattabi relied on references from different walks of life in proving the possibilities, and it also became clear that he sometimes began discussing the possibilities, criticizing them, and preferring one over the other in an inconsistent manner.

The study aims to determine the effect of the "Across - Plans - Stand" strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade primary school students in Social Studies. The study was conducted for the 2024-2025 academic year. The research sample consisted of (63) students, divided into (32) students representing the experimental group and (31) students representing the control group. The researcher prepared (30) test items covering the content of the curriculum, representing the achievement test. The test's validity and reliability were verified. The research results revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the research sample from the experimental group, who studied according to the "Across - Plans - Stand" strategy, compared to the control group, in the post-achievement test.

L'approche expérimentale a été adoptée pour atteindre l'objectif de la thèse. L'échantillon de recherche a été sélectionné aléatoirement parmi les quatre cycles universitaires de l'année universitaire 2024-2025. Il était composé de 62 étudiantes, réparties en deux classes pour la mise en œuvre de l'expérience. La chercheuse a récompensé les deux groupes de recherche (expérimental et témoin) sur les variables suivantes (âge chronologique, calculé en mois, notes de l'année universitaire précédente 2023-2024). La chercheuse a préparé des objectifs comportementaux pour des sujets de rhétorique et les a présentés à un groupe d'experts. Elle a également préparé un questionnaire pour les plans d'enseignement sur les mêmes sujets et l'a présenté aux experts. Les données ont été traitées statistiquement et ont conclu que le groupe expérimental a surpassé le groupe témoin.

This research aims to explore the most prominent developments and challenges facing divorce and Khul' issues in contemporary jurisprudence, and to present a comparative jurisprudential study to address them. In light of rapid social and technological changes, new issues have emerged that require jurisprudential interpretation that balances legal texts and the objectives of Sharia, on the one hand, and lived reality and the requirements of preserving rights, on the other.
The research addresses, in its general framework, the concepts of divorce and Khul' in Islamic jurisprudence, reviewing their traditional pillars and conditions. It then moves to the contemporary aspect, analyzing issues such as electronic divorce via text messages and social media, and the challenges of proving and documenting it. It also addresses the problem of undocumented verbal divorce and its legal and social implications, as well as the ruling on divorce in cases of extreme anger and coercion. Regarding khul', the study discusses emerging issues such as khul' in exchange for waiving child custody or alimony, the role of judicial khul' and its conditions in contemporary courts, and the concept of khul' for harm without apparent discord.

This study examines the Arabic sentence from a descriptive perspective. We review the syntactic structure of the Arabic sentence through its root and the linguistic transformations that have occurred in its structure. The study also discusses the impact of modernity on the sentence structure and its structures, in terms of its traditional, verbal, and nominal parts, as well as the influence of modern counterparts and hypotheses. It attempts to maintain a balance between the authenticity of the sentence and its rules, and openness to development and flexibility in usage.

The research aims to identify behavioral problems among intermediate school students from the perspective of educational counselors. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach to achieve the research objectives, and a questionnaire was used as a measurement tool. The research sample consisted of (242) male and female counselors. The results showed that the arithmetic mean of the sample members' scores was higher than the hypothetical mean of the scale. When testing the significance of the differences between the two means using the t-test for a single sample, it was found to be statistically significant at the level of (0.05). The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences according to the gender variable.

My topic on children\'s language acquisition has attracted the attention of scholars working in developmental psychology and patholinguistics. Their extensive publications have focused on the legal and physical processes a child undergoes in their early years before acquiring language. They have emphasized the importance of the proper development of sensory organs, particularly the sense of reading, but the nervous system, as it is directly involved in language development, is not the only factor contributing to language integrity. These scholars have demonstrated their knowledge of the most important advances that accompany children\'s language acquisition. However, they have been unable to provide phonological explanations for many of the linguistic behaviors I have observed, including the reason for the preceding appearance of some sounds. This, in turn, underscores the importance of utilizing phonological study indicators to explain these phenomena.

The current research aims to identify the level of social extremism and its relationship to psychological prosperity among students of the College of Political Sciences at the University of Mosul. A descriptive approach was employed, with a sample of 116 students. Two scales, one for extremism and one for psychological flourishing, were used to collect data. The results showed no significant levels of social extremism among the students, while the scale indicated a positive psychological flourishing. The study also found a clear negative relationship between social extremism and psychological flourishing. Additionally, differences were identified in levels of social extremism and psychological flourishing based on gender and academic stage, reflecting the social, psychological, and cultural influences on each group of students.

Scholars devoted most of their attention to Classical Arabic, aiming to establish its rules and strengthen its grammatical principles. They viewed deviations from it through a lens of correctness and error. This approach was evident in their treatment of various Arabic dialects, as they set specific foundations and criteria for accepting elements from them. As a result, many linguistic phenomena found in those dialects were overlooked. However, modern linguistics has given significant attention to the study of dialects, contributing to their analysis and historical contextualization. This has led to the emergence of numerous studies on ancient Arabic dialects.
Notably, the importance of the Arabic language is closely tied to the Qur’an and the Hadith, both of which are considered primary sources of Islamic legislation. Based on this understanding, I undertook this research to trace Arabic dialects in the book Al-Iqtidaab fi Sharh Gharib al-Muwatta’ wa I‘rabihi ‘ala al-Abwab by al-Tilimsani (d. 625 AH). I focused on tracking the presence of dialectal forms in the book, particularly in relation to morphological variation.

This study aims to highlight the importance of effective communication between superiors and subordinates within institutions and its vital role in reducing organizational failures. The research explores the theoretical framework of organizational communication, its types (verbal, non-verbal, and digital communication), and its key dimensions, including message clarity, responsiveness, and the availability of feedback.
The study also discusses the main causes of organizational failures, such as misunderstandings, poor coordination, delayed decision-making, and the neglect of field-level input, linking these issues to weak communication channels within institutions. It further explains how effective communication contributes to building mutual trust, enhancing job satisfaction, improving performance, and preventing the recurrence of administrative errors.
The descriptive-analytical method was employed to collect data through a questionnaire distributed among a sample of employees in an educational institution (including both superiors and subordinates) to assess the impact of communication on reducing organizational failures. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between communication effectiveness and a decrease in failure rates, with respondents affirming that effective communication minimizes administrative errors and accelerates problem-solving.

After completing the review of the left-wing political, economic and cultural movement in Türkiye, Since the penetration of Marxist, communist and socialist ideas among many sectors of the Turkish people, especially workers, students and intellectuals. This research has shown several things, including that the Turkish Republic has decided to move towards the West and join NATO. The reason for its emergence was to confront the communist threat that threatened Europe, As well as its affiliation with Western economic, political and cultural institutions, Which makes the Turkish governments\' goal to resist the spread of communist and Marxist ideas in Türkiye, moreover, Turkish life has become Westernized, which has distanced them from leftist concepts. In addition, the bourgeois and feudal class is the influential class in Türkiye and controls the movement of the Turkish economy.
Adopting leftist concepts is not in their interest, and they stand against leftist movements and work to limit them.

The research aims to propose a vision for developing the General Teaching Methods course in the Arabic Language Department based on the Assure model. To achieve the research objective, a theoretical study was conducted of previous research, studies, and literature relevant to the current research topic. A questionnaire was prepared covering the necessary areas for the proposed vision for developing the General Teaching Methods course for third-year female students. The research sample was selected from third-year female students in the Arabic Language Department. The research tool was administered to the students pre-test, followed by the Assure model. The pre-test and post-test scores were then statistically analyzed. Several results were reached, the most important of which are the effectiveness of the Assure model in the proposed vision for developing the General Teaching Methods course in the Arabic Language Department for third-year female students. A set of recommendations and proposals were then presented in light of the findings.

Poetry is a special literary work through which a person expresses their feelings and emotions. Through it, a creative person reveals their concerns and sorrows. This revelation requires a conscious critical reading that touches upon the poetic text in a way that enables understanding and analysis. The more the text represents the self and everything surrounding that self, the more advanced the text's aesthetics will be. One of the sources of aesthetics in poetry is the poet's representation of the aesthetics of the visual scene, a representation that reveals the relationship between the poet, the human being, and his surroundings. The Arab poet best represents this relationship. The ruined introductions that the ancient Arab poet addressed are clear and revealing evidence of this relationship. The modern poet was not isolated from the place in which he grew up, and the poets of Moroccan enthusiasm is one of the poets who focused on the external environment, where place, nature, and women are described and depicted. They employed the sense of sight in their poetry, which carried within it various representations.
The research is based on the study and analysis of the visual image in Moroccan enthusiasm, through examining a number of poetic models, in order to analyze them first, reveal them second, evaluate them third, and highlight their beauty. The visual image in this enthusiasm is one in which poets attempted to blend reality with fantasy, pleasure with benefit, and the abstract with the tangible and perceptible. This is revealed to us through examining a number of poetic models.

Whenever we define something, we must explain it in the shortest, clearest, and most authoritative terms. How can that be if we want to define the Muhammadan message? What better definition than that provided by the Holy Quran? It defines it in the best possible way. In order to obtain a comprehensive and exhaustive definition, the research began by outlining its aspects by examining the noble verses, while shedding light on a group of related issues that strengthen our understanding of the person of the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him), his circumstances, and what is connected to his eternal message. Thus, the research—by the grace of God Almighty—has summarized many matters and focused attention on this important source of Islamic topics. It has avoided delving into detailed issues that yield many of the disagreements that have accompanied those who have written about the Prophet's biography, relying—too much—on narratives that remain open to debate, strength, and weakness among discussants and researchers. Although the details of the Muhammadan message carry their own importance, this is not the goal of the research. The research sought to achieve a focused vision based on the most authentic source known to humanity, the Holy Quran, while making a serious attempt to capture the subject's aspects by presenting five objectives and their branches, while also arriving at important conclusions and recommendations. The research was not written in a manner that merely presents and discusses opinions—although there is some benefit in it—in order to enable the reader to focus on the fundamental knowledge that God Almighty has revealed about our noble Prophet (peace be upon him) and his eternal message. From God Almighty is guidance and success.

The solidarity strategy is one of the strategies in which the sender attempts to gain closeness to the recipient by setting aside authority and status, thus making the recipient confident that the sender is naturally inclined toward him, devoid of any self-interested motives or purposes. This means that the sender's discourse is presented with a high degree of politeness and good manners, free of any directives or condescension, thus narrowing the distances or barriers between them. Solidarity is achieved through prior knowledge of the recipient (degree of familiarity), unity of purpose and thought, as well as a willingness to accept discourse that conforms to social and cultural norms to maintain communication and achieve benefit and advantage for the recipient.

The research reveals two types of meanings: the direct meaning, sometimes called the central meaning of each word, and the indirect meaning, sometimes called the marginal meaning. Some call it the contextual meaning, which a word acquires through its presence in a specific linguistic structure. It also reveals the relationship between the two meanings that allows each synonymous word to express the meaning of injustice.

The current research contributes to identifying the level of academic ambition among Tikrit University students and studying differences according to the variables of gender (malefemale) and (scientifichumanitarian). The current research community consists of Tikrit University students, and the research sample consisted of (200) male and female students distributed across (6) colleges: (4) humanities and (2) science. The researcher found it preferable to adopt a tool to measure academic ambition (AlObaidi and AlAzzawi, 2019) for university students, consisting of (37) items. Apparent validity was obtained. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, in addition to the use of several other statistical methods.
The research results indicated that:
1University students have high academic ambition.
2 There is a statistically significant difference in favor of females, indicating that females are more diligent and serious in the scientific field.
3We note that the level of academic ambition is similar between students in scientific and humanities majors.

Aestheticism is property that the artist embodies in many things with his spirit. It represents an emotional response where in the soul finds peace, unaffected by external influences. This quality is innate and deeply rooted in the human nature, as recognized by most cultures. The sensation of beauty is an inherent faculty tied to human disposition, and it remains a part of human existence across all times and places.
Although the beauty is linked to individual taste, there are shared elements in the standards of beauty across many nations, shaped by their psychological and social upbringing.
Thus, beauty reflects the human pursuit of perfection in the material world, manifesting either through the mysteries of beauty ("the manifestation of the secrets of perfection in this material world or the mirror of beautiful cpmposition of images and colors") or through the fine composition of forms and hues.
Definition of Nature has Two Types: The Silent and the Dynamic in Lyrical Poetry, along with a Brief Introduction about the Poet and His Culture, and the Impact of That on His Poetry about Nature.

The research aims to study the theoretical and applied frameworks behind the crop approach and analyze how it is applied to the geographical reality, focusing on a case study of one of the agricultural regions with the aim of extracting results that can be generalized or benefited from in similar studies. The research problem is determined by the extent of the effectiveness of the crop approach in analyzing the agricultural reality, determining spatial data, and evaluating the production efficiency of agricultural crops. The study concluded that the crop approach, with its elements, tools, and applied steps, is one of the effective research tools in revealing the spatial relationships between agricultural crops and contributes to providing an accurate picture of the spatial distribution of agricultural crops. It is one of the basic approaches in agricultural geography because it focuses in detail on studying a specific agricultural crop in terms of (agriculture, production, distribution, transportation, consumption, and analysis of the natural, human, and economic factors affecting it) and interpreting the relationship between the crop and the surrounding spatial environment. The study showed that the approach works accurately and deeply to create a descriptive and spatial database that helps governments and farmers make informed decisions about the type of crops suitable for the geographical nature of the land, in addition to diagnosing the problems facing crop cultivation and proposing appropriate solutions. It enables geographers and farmers to track changes in crop cultivation over time. The study concluded that the most important aspect of the crop method is comparing the production of a single crop in different regions to understand the reasons for variations in production across different agricultural lands.

This study aims to explore the relationship between social exclusion and cognitive miserliness among university students, addressing a gap in integrated research on this interaction, particularly within the Arab context. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, with the study population comprising first-year students at the College of Education, University of Thi-Qar, for the academic year 2024-2025. A stratified random sample of 355 students was selected. Two validated and reliable instruments were used for data collection (Cronbach's Alpha: 0.87 for cognitive miserliness, 0.89 for social exclusion). The results indicated a relatively low level of social exclusion (mean = 61.37) and cognitive miserliness (mean = 83.37) compared to their hypothetical means (75 and 108, respectively), with statistically significant differences (t = -18.62, t = -31.38). Most significantly, the study revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the two variables (r = 0.327, p = 0.001), indicating that a higher sense of social exclusion is associated with an increased tendency to avoid mental effort and rely on superficial thinking. This relationship is interpreted through the lens of Cognitive Economy Theory and the Temporal Need-Threat Model, suggesting that cognitive miserliness serves as a psychological coping mechanism in unsupportive environments. These findings call for university administrations and educators to adopt integrated intervention programs that foster a sense of belonging and promote critical thinking to build a more inclusive and stimulating educational environment.

The holy Karbala Governorate has tourism potential that can be developed, which maximizes the economic resources of the governorate, in addition to religious tourism that distinguishes the governorate, such as archaeological and heritage potential, cultural tourism, environmental and therapeutic tourism, and some of these potentials are characterized by sustainability, If properly invested, the development and sustainability of tourism resources in the governorate requires the development of appropriate plans that are consistent with the governorate's reality, in addition to the concerted efforts of the public and private sectors and the involvement of the governorate's community in developing these plans, as they are the driving force behind tourism and its beneficiaries, in addition to the tourists coming to it.

This research focuses on analyzing the poetics of rebellion and deviation from the ordinary in the collection "Fish Change Their Minds on Land" by the Iraqi poet Hussein Al-Makhzoumi, considering it an experiment that subverts the familiar pattern and undermines the artistic and semantic constants of contemporary poetry. The research adopts the analytical approach to uncover the mechanisms of rejection and transcendence across the levels of language, imagery, and rhythm, highlighting the poet's aesthetic awareness in deconstructing the prevailing and reconstructing the text in a different way. The first section addresses rebellion against the linguistic and stylistic pattern through semantic and figurative shifts that open the reading to multiple possibilities. The second chapter addresses existential rebellion, where the anxious self is embodied in the face of death as the center of gravity of the experience, in its realistic and symbolic dimensions.

This research delves into the figure of Abdullah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, known as "al-Aftah," and his role in the crisis of leadership following the martyrdom of his father, Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). It examines the emergence of the "Fathiyyah" sect, which adhered to his leadership based solely on his status as the eldest son, without doctrinal or textual justification. The study highlights that Abdullah lacked significant scholarly or leadership presence, leading to the swift decline of his faction. Additionally, it discusses the implications of his nickname "al-Aftah" and its influence on shaping the identity of an intellectually immature group. The research also traces the dissolution of the Fathiyyah after Abdullah's death, due to the absence of a successor or a cohesive project, in contrast to the establishment of Imam Musa al-Kadhim's (peace be upon him) enduring school. Furthermore, it presents a rigorous internal critique from prominent figures within the Imami community, such as Hisham ibn al-Hakam and Dawood al-Raqi, who refuted Abdullah's claim to leadership both intellectually and doctrinally. In conclusion, the study reclassifies the Fathiyyah not as a mature sect but as a transient phenomenon that arose during a period of uncertainty and faded quietly thereafter.

This research revolves around the importance of weapons in human protection and survival in pre-Islamic poetry. Weapons are considered an essential component of life and survival, and are linked to the conditions of the desert environment, which is based on tribal conflict and self-defense and tribal defense. Pre-Islamic poets viewed weapons as a symbol of strength and honor, a means of protecting honor, homes, and wealth, and a tool for repelling aggression and achieving deterrence. The importance of studying this topic stems from its ability to unveil the features of human life in the pre-Islamic era and reveal its secrets, including what people acquired, cared for, and composed poetry about. The nature of the research required an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and blessings and peace be upon our master and beloved Muhammad ibn Abdullah, and upon his pure and virtuous family. Grammatical guidance primarily concerns itself with syntax (syntactic analysis) and the factors that influence it, as well as the need for interpretation, justification, scrutiny, and clarification. The fundamental goal of such guidance is to analyze and explain the meanings for which grammatical structures were established, and this can only be achieved through syntax.
This research examines the grammatical guidance of the Basran and Kufan schools regarding syntactic issues, following the methodology employed by Al-Fakihani in presenting his arguments and the conclusions reached by grammarians in his book. The foundation upon which the pioneers of the Basran school built their views was the Qur’an, followed by Hadith and analogical reasoning (Qiyas), in contrast to the Kufan school, whose scholars relied on the language of syntax, Arabic poetry, and then Qur’anic readings. This approach facilitates a balanced comparison between the two schools in terms of tracing their opinions and differences.

This research deals with the cultural references in the poetry of Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati, shedding light in a critical terminological manner on three basic concepts related to the study, where it briefly mentions Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati’s upbringing in a very poor neighborhood and how this was reflected in his personality, so he grew up a rebel and a revolutionary, and he found in his poetic creativity an objective and artistic outlet for this rebellion and that revolution, then it explains The research examines Al-Bayati’s position on heritage and that he viewed heritage from a modernist perspective and employed it to bear its crisis on the individual and collective levels. Then the research addresses the concept of cultural reference, which is like an intellectual representation of society in its material and moral dimensions, which influenced Al-Bayati’s creativity with its various types. Then the research sheds light – in detail and from the perspective of cultural criticism – on… On the cultural references in the poetry of Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati, and limiting them to eight references, the political reference, where Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati was fully aware of the suffering of the Arab citizen in general and the suffering of the intellectual in particular, specifically since the beginning of the twentieth century, Al-Bayati lived through the setbacks, violence and defeats that cast their shadows on the nature of political life and that was reflected In his poetry, then the research talks about the literary reference in Al-Bayati’s poetry and that it appeared in him on two levels (the symbolic level and the folkloric level), then it talks about the philosophical reference through which Al-Bayati used philosophical visions such as Lorca’s concept of freedom and his philosophy crystallized around two basic issues (death and freedom), then the research deals with Al-Bayati’s summoning of characters In which Al-Bayati employed in his poetry those myths related to suffering and alienation, and the research deals with the historical reference, so he employed historical figures in a symbolic way, such as the figure of Al-Hussein and his martyrdom. Then it deals with the Sufi reference, through which he employed Sufi symbols, such as Al-Hallaj and his tragedy, in a symbolic way. Finally, the research deals with the social reference, as Al-Bayati absorbed Details of the negative aspects of his society, criticism and ridicule, and the research concludes with the results and a list of sources and references.

National cadres are the true wealth of countries and the fundamental pillar for achieving comprehensive development. A country that is unable to develop its human resources cannot achieve its desired goals. Therefore, governments must provide all the necessary components to ensure a dignified life and sustainable stability for all members of society. In light of the reality that governments are experiencing today, with the accelerating pace of innovation and change in various fields, accompanied by numerous challenges on the social, economic, and political levels, governments face difficulties in accommodating the continuous increase in the number of qualified human resources entering the labor market. This has prompted decision-makers to develop national plans to invest in and develop human capital. This is to advance economic and social development and strengthen the state's position by achieving a competitive advantage, which lies primarily in the capabilities of its citizens. This pushes society to place the issue of economic, social, and cultural development of human resources at the forefront of its priorities during the planning process, as it is considered one of the most important factors contributing to accelerating the process of comprehensive development. Under Iraq's open economic policy, which relies on the principle of a free trade economic system to encourage the private sector and enhance its development initiatives by providing various forms of government support, private sector investments have accelerated. Examples include the development of investment in the manufacturing sector, real estate, business services, and many other sectors. In light of this, the private sector has become capable of absorbing new graduates entering the labor market. Moreover, its social responsibility requires it to participate in qualifying and employing young citizens in industrial and development projects.

The current research aims to study and analyse the means represented by educational and psychological tests and measurements; through which a true and sound picture is presented of the current and future educational and psychological status of the learner; which makes these tools contribute directly and fundamentally to supporting and enhancing the educational process. The importance of the study lies in presenting a set of scientific tools and methods that are used to measure behaviour or the subject in its various aspects and are called quantitative methods through observation, experimentation and investigation to arrive at the general laws and principles that help in describing these behavioural phenomena and subjects to explain, predict and control them through evaluation Keywords:
Light curriculum, Arabic language learning, middle school students, In order for the evaluation to achieve its objectives and requirements within the scope of this process, it will undoubtedly rely on scientific and objective methods and tools that achieve these objectives and requirements. This study also presented a number of recommendations in light of its findings.

The researcher chose the Socratic Circle strategy, an active learning strategy of interest to scholars in the field of education, as it is based on free dialogue, knowledge construction, and information exchange. The researcher applied this strategy to secondary school students in the fourth grade of science to increase their motivation in learning Arabic. Therefore, the researcher chose the experimental method, as it was appropriate for the objectives of this study. The research sample consisted of 75 students from the fourth grade of science, using an unstructured method in their selection. They were divided into 38 students from Section (B) as a control group, and 37 students from Section (A) as an experimental group, who studied according to the Socratic Circle strategy. After balancing the two groups, the researcher developed two null hypotheses: one for motivation and the other for achievement in Arabic. The researcher used two tools: the first: an achievement test in Arabic The second tool: a scale used to measure achievement realism, consisting of 30 items. After statistical analysis, the results were in favor of the experimental group, consisting of students who studied according to the strategy chosen by the researcher as a variable in the study.

The Mandaeans constitute an integral part of the social fabric of the city of Amara and have long inhabited the city. Thus, they have integrated fully into society, like all the surrounding peoples.
Discussing a religious community of this size is a difficult and tiring subject, given the varying scholarly opinions. Therefore, a detailed study of the subject requires uncovering the history of the Mandaeans, which is considered the most mysterious part of Iraqi history, given the lack of sources and documentation compared to other Iraqi minorities.
It is worth noting that the Mandaeans have customs and traditions that distinguish them from other sects, and their stances have earned the love and respect of the people of the Amara District.