Journal of Education for Humanities

The current research aims to identify the role of the Islamic education curriculum for the fourth grade of middle school in reducing the phenomena of drug spread and abuse from a school perspective. The sample consisted of male and female teachers of the Islamic education curriculum for the fourth grade of middle school in the schools of the Nineveh Education Directorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The total number of its members is (200) teachers and schools, with (101) teachers and (99) schools. The researchers prepared the research tool (reducing the phenomena of drug spread and abuse), which consisted of (61) items in its final form distributed into two areas: (drug spread (21). paragraph, and drug abuse (40) paragraphs, with five alternatives to the role of the Islamic education curriculum in reducing the phenomena of the spread and abuse of drugs to a degree: (very large, large, moderate, few, very small) by taking the opinions of the members of the research sample, both male and female teachers of the Islamic education curriculum. It was applied on the day Thursday, corresponding to (11/9/2023) and continued until Thursday, corresponding to (12/21/2023) for the members of the research sample, after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the (estt-t) test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, and the reference mean. , and the relative weight, and the researchers reached the following results:
1-That the rates achieved for the field of drug abuse amounted to (74.81), it achieved the first place, while the field of drug prevalence reached (74.80) and achieved the second and last place, according to the point of view of the members of the research sample of teachers and teachers of the Islamic education curriculum.
2-The rates achieved for the field of drug abuse amounted to (72.17) has achieved the first place either the field of drug prevalence reached (72) and achieved the second and last place, according to the point of view of the members of the research sample of males.
3-That the rates achieved for the field of drug abuse reached (80.2) has achieved the first rank, while the field of drug prevalence reached (74.5), has achieved the second and last place, according to the eyes of the members of the research sample of females.

The aim of the research is to identify: The effect of the six-dimensional strategy on the achievement of fifth grade literary students in geography. The research community represented the Qayyarah district, and the research sample consisted of (59) students from the fifth literary students, for the year (2023-2024) randomly selected from the research community, the experimental group included (30) students from Qayyarah High School and the officer (29) students from Azhilila High School, Tool: An achievement test prepared by the researchers, the tool consists of (40) items in its final form.
After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, and the experiment began (12/10/2023) and continued until (2/1/2024), and after the end of the experiment, the researchers applied the research tool to the students of my group with three lessons. After correcting the students’ answers to the tool, the researcher collectedthe data and determined them using statistical means according to a statistical program Spss and the results
There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average achievement of students of the experimental group that is taught by the six-dimensional strategy and the average achievement of students of the control group that is taught in the usual way and in favor of the experimental, as the researchers reached a number of recommendations, including The Preparation and Training Unit in the Directorate General of Education in Nineveh Governorate conducted training courses for geography teachers for the preparatory stages on the six-dimensional strategy, and recommended proposals, including, the impact of the six-dimensional strategy in acquiring geographical concepts among fifth grade literary students in geography

The research aimed to identify the ethical leadership of heads of academic departments from the point of view of their teachers. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research community consisted of faculty members in the colleges of the University of Mosul. The number of faculty members in the colleges of the University of Mosul for the academic year (2023-2024) reached (4406) faculty members. The research sample consisted of (300) faculty members, constituting a percentage of (6,808) of the research community, including (188) teachers with a scientific specialization and (112) teachers with a humanities specialization, including (152) females representing a percentage of (50.70%) and (148) males representing a percentage of (49.30%) of the sample. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher was required to build a scale of ethical leadership. The research scale was characterized by validity, distinction and stability. In its final form, it consisted of (52) paragraphs. The research scale was applied to the research sample from the date of (1/31/2024) until (2/25/2024), and after the data were collected and analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program by using the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The research reached the following conclusion: Heads of departments in the colleges of the University of Mosul have a high level of ethical leadership from the point of view of their teachers

The aim of the current research is to
Identifying the effect of the self-questioning strategy in developing the reading comprehension skills of second intermediate grade students in the Holy Qur’an sciences and Islamic education. The current research community included all second intermediate grade students in the morning secondary and middle schools in the Al-Baaj Education Department of the Nineveh Governorate Education Directorate for the academic year. (2023 – 2024)
The researchers chose two students, whom they sampled randomly, and they were distributed into two groups, one of which represented the experimental group, consisting of (31) who studied according to the self-questioning strategy, and the other represented the control group, consisting of (33) students who studied in the usual way. To achieve the goal of the research, the presence of a tool was required: The reading comprehension test in the Holy Quran and Islamic Education subject prepared by the researchers became composed of (17) objective paragraphs. Alternatives in its final form. The validity of the tool was verified in terms of its accuracy, stability, and strength of distinction. After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, one of the researchers applied the topics of the experiment in the first semester of the year. Academic year (2023 - 2024) and after collecting the data and defining it statistically using the statistical methods found in the statistical packages for the social sciences, the results were as follows: -There is a statistically significant difference in developing reading comprehension, in favor of the experimental group, which was taught according to the self-questioning strategy, over the students of the control group, which was studied according to the usual method. In light of the research results, the researchers came out with several conclusions, the most prominent of which is that the self-questioning strategy is to be used in teaching the subject. The Holy Qur’an and Islamic education left a positive impact on the students’ souls, which increased their motivation towards understanding what was read. It is necessary to give male and female teachers of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education development courses through the preparation and training department in the education directorates, to help them in how to use strategies and modern methods, including strategy and self-questioning.

The aim of the research is to identify (teaching methods of Arabic language teachers and their relationship with the cognitive motivation of their students). The researchers adopted for this research, using an observation form for teachers consisting of (28) items distributed across (4) methods, namely: (creativity, strength, organized behavior, warmth and acceptance), with a seven-point scale. The researchers selected the Mental Motivation Scale by Alam (2022) to measure the students' cognitive motivation, comprising (31) items distributed across (4) domains with four alternatives: mental focus (9), learning orientation (8), creative problem solving (8), and cognitive integration or cognitive integrity (6), which suits the research sample. The current research samples were drawn from fourth-grade students in morning secondary and preparatory schools in the Ninawa Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024) (first semester). The research sample included (30) male and female teachers and (750) male and female students, with (25) students per teacher and (25) students per school. Both approaches were characterized by validity and reliability, after collecting and statistically analyzing the data using appropriate statistical methods.

The research came to shed light on the study of one of the most important political associations that emerged during the last Ottoman era, namely the Association of Union and Progress, which had a major and prominent influence on the political decision in the city of Thessaloniki and Istanbul, especially in opposing the policy of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and then overthrowing him through Planning and implementing the coup of July 1908, Which produced dangerous results that led to the deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the return of the constitution, and the assumption of most of the members of the association, who were known as the Unionists, to the reins of government and authority in the Ottoman Empire, leading to the association opening several branches, the most prominent of which was the association’s branch in Mosul Province, which played political and media roles through its establishment of (Ninawa Newspaper), and culturally through its establishment of several schools that spread throughout various regions of Mosul Province, which clearly casts a shadow over the nature of the political and cultural features in Mosul.

General Norman Schwarzkopf is considered one of the most prominent American military figures. His roots go back to Germany, as his family immigrated to the United States of America at the end of the nineteenth century AD. His father, Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, worked in the American army, and his son, Norman Schwarzkopf, was influenced by him and decided to follow in his footsteps. And he had what he wanted. After completing his initial studies, Norman Schwarzkopf joined the Military College in the United States of America, and after his graduation he enrolled to study in several prestigious military academies, before deciding to enroll in postgraduate studies at the American Command and Staff College

The current research aims to find out (employing differentiated teaching in developing the values of tolerance for second-grade female students in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education). The research sample consisted of (80) second-grade female students who were intentionally selected from Nineveh Girls’ Intermediate School, affiliated with the General Directorate of Nineveh Education, for the academic year. (2023 - 2024), the researcher distributed them into two groups, the first an experimental group that included (40) female students who studied the subject according to the differentiated teaching strategy, and the second a control group that included (40) female students who studied according to the regular method. To achieve the research goal, the researcher prepared a tool: it was represented by a scale of tolerance values consisting of ( 20) A paragraph divided into four dimensions: (negative feelings and thoughts, abandoning negative judgment, promoting positive actions, believing in the benefit of tolerance) The researcher verified their validity, reliability, and the strength of discrimination of their items, and after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the t-test for two independent and correlated samples, the results showed the following: There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the female students of the experimental group who studied according to differentiated teaching and the average grades of the female students in the experimental group who studied according to differentiated teaching. The grades of the students in the control group who studied according to the usual method in developing the values of tolerance. In light of the research results, the researcher came out with several conclusions, including: that differentiated teaching contributed significantly to the development of the values of tolerance. The researcher made a number of recommendations, including: urging male and female teachers of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education not to limit themselves to traditional methods of teaching, and to use modern methods and strategies, including the differentiated teaching strategy. To complement this research and generalize the benefit from it, the researcher proposes to conduct future studies:
The effectiveness of differentiated teaching in achievement and developing cognitive motivation among fifth-grade science students.

The Turkish military base of Al-Rayyan in the State of Qatar is the first military base in the Arabian Gulf region. It was established under a military cooperation agreement on April 28, 2014, between the Qatari Ministry of Defense and the Turkish Ministry of Defense. The Turkish Parliament ratified the bilateral defense bill between the two countries on June 7, 2017. There are 94 personnel from the Turkish Tarek bin Ziyad Brigade at the base, and the number has increased to 200 personnel. The base can accommodate 5,000 personnel from the Turkish army and became operational in 2015. The most important provision in the defense cooperation agreement between the two states is the permission for Turkish forces to be stationed and to use airspace and infrastructure on Qatari territory. According to the agreement, Turkey is not legally obligated to defend Qatar in the event of a military attack. The Turkish military base in Qatar is likely to play a role in protecting Turkey's allies' interests in the Arabian Gulf in the future, especially with the U.S. shifting its focus towards confronting China. The base could contribute to enhancing security and stability in the region

The current research aims to find out (the effect of teaching geography using the numbered heads strategy in developing intellectual fluency among fourth grade literary students).
The current research population represents the morning preparatory schools for girls in the city center of Mosul. The sample of the current research was limited to (61) female students from the fourth literary grade for the academic year (2023 - 2024).
(30) female students to represent the experimental group and (31) female students to represent the control group.
The two researchers prepared a test for intellectual fluency consisting of (15) items.
The necessary statistical treatments were conducted using the T-test for two independent samples and the following results showed:
There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average difference (development) between the scores of the pre- and post-test of intellectual fluency among the female students of the experimental group who studied according to the numbered heads strategy and the average difference between the scores of the pre- and post-test for the control group who studied in the usual way and in favor of the experimental group

The research (spatial distribution of green areas and their evaluation in the city of Mosul) dealt with the reality of the geographical distribution of green areas by determining their locations and areas accurately using the (Arc Gis 10.8) program and the basic design maps of the city, and evaluating their adequacy by applying the criterion of per individual share and percentage of area by relying on according to what was approved by national planning policies, the per capita share of green areas should be 6.4 square meters, and the percentage of green areas in the city's area should be 14.5%. The study concluded that there is a clear discrepancy in the number and area of green areas (gardens and parks) between the city's sectors and the right side. The city is very poor in green areas, as it contains only (90 sites) designated as green areas, with an area of (45.31 hectares), l.e. 23% of the total area of green areas in the city, while the left side had a good share of green areas compared to the right side, as it included 236 sites. Allocated as gardens and parks, with an area of (149.51 hectares) and 77% of the area of green areas in the city. The study concluded that all sectors of the city suffer from a large deficit in the percentage of green areas in relation to the total area of each sector as well as the per individual share. The study came up with proposals, the most important of which are that planners and design makers must The basis for the city is to create a sufficient and generous amount of green areas within the city based on International standards, taking into account future population growth.

The research aims to study the geometric and morphometric characteristics of the Wadi al-Rashidiyah basin, which is located in the northwestern part of Iraq, and within the administrative borders of Nineveh Governorate. The study included building an information base based on the digital elevation model (DEM) and the geographic information systems program (Arc GIS 10.8). The study dealt with the natural components of the study basin, the most important of which are (the geology of the region, topographic and slope characteristics, vegetation cover, and climate) in order to reach an understanding of the hydrological implications and thus knowledge of the surface runoff flow system, represented by the areal, formal, and topographic characteristics and the characteristics of the drainage network. The area of the basin is estimated at (120.884) km2, and its circumference is (61.2963). (km), and it was found that the rate of erosion in the Wadi Rashidiyeh Basin amounted to (7.013) m/km, and this rate is considered moderate erosion according to the classification (Strahler 1957), and the morphometric analysis showed that the basin consists of 5 levels, and the total number of valleys within the study basin reached ( 138 streams, with a total length of (166,425) km. The longitudinal sections of the study basin showed that it is characterized by regular flow, as it begins with a steep slope near the upstream area, then its slope gradually decreases in the middle of the basin until it reaches the downstream area

The research aims to know the capabilities of the oil wealth that Iraq possesses, whether in the field of confirmed reserves or the field of production, and to know the international and Arab weight of Iraqi oil, which gave it great importance in the strategies of major industrial countries, especially China, which lacks oil energy resources, so it turned to invest in the field of Iraqi oil fields, as well as the United States of America, which considers controlling Iraqi oil a strategic goal to prevent it from reaching countries that the United States of America sees as its equal. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the increase in the percentage of investments by Chinese oil companies compared to the percentage of investments by American oil companies, and the Chinese and American oil companies investing in Iraqi oil fields did not commit to reaching the target production set by the Iraqi government as a condition for concluding contracts with those companies, and despite all the negatives that accompanied foreign investment contracts in Iraq, they increased Iraq's oil production

This research aims to study and verify the general recommendations for prayer based on the manuscript of Matalib al-Musali by Imam Ishaq bin Hassan al-Zanjani (1100 AH). The importance of the manuscript lies in the fact that it explains the pillars of prayer, its duties, and what the praying person needs. The study included an introduction, two sections, and indexes of verses and hadiths. The introduction included the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it, and previous studies. The first section dealt with the life of the text by Lutfullah al-Nasafi and the commentator Ishaq bin Hasan al-Zanjani, then introducing the manuscript. As for the second section, it was devoted to investigating the manuscript. The study reached many results, including: Proving the attribution of the manuscript to the author Ishaq bin Hassan al-Zanjani, who died in the year (1100 AH), in addition to the fact that Imam al-Zanjani (may God have mercy on him) we find that he has elaborated a lot on some issues and mentioned many of the approved sources in Hanafi jurisprudence and touched on important issues, especially in the duties of prayer, so it was a study This manuscript contains a great addition to the sources of Hanafi jurisprudence.

the research The research aims to identify the effectiveness of O'Reilly's strategy in the achievement of fifth-grade middle school students in the Arabic language and the development of their reading comprehension. To achieve the research objective, the researcher set two null hypotheses, which are as follows:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied according to the O'Reilly strategy, and the average scores of the control group students who studied according to the usual method in the achievement test.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average difference in the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group that studied according to the O'Reilly strategy, and the control group that studied according to the usual method in developing reading comprehension. The research sample was intentionally selected from the research community and consisted of fifth grade science students at (Khalid Ibn Al-Walid Intermediate School) in the city of Mosul for the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024 AD), and their number reached (76) students distributed into two experimental and control groups, with (38) students for the experimental group that studied according to the O'Reilly strategy model and (38) students for the control group that studied in the usual way. The researcher used the experimental method and conducted the equivalence process between the members of the two research groups in a number of variables that included: chronological age calculated in months, the grade of the Arabic language subject for the first semester, the general average for the first semester, the intelligence score, and the pre-reading comprehension test. To achieve the research objectives, it was required to prepare two tools: the first: a reading comprehension test as a research tool, and the second: an achievement test. Both tests were characterized by validity and reliability. After preparing the teaching plans and the two tools, the experiment was applied in the second course of the academic year (2023-2024 AD) on Thursday, corresponding to (22/2/2024 AD) and continued for a full semester and ended on Thursday, corresponding to (25/4/2024 AD). The achievement test was applied on Sunday, corresponding to (28/4/2024 AD), and the post-reading comprehension test was applied on Monday, corresponding to (29/4/2024 AD) on the two research groups. After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the statistical methods followed on the statistical program (Spss), the study reached the following results:
1. There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in achievement in favor of the experimental group with the higher arithmetic mean, which studied according to For O'Reilly's strategy.
2. There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in developing reading comprehension in favor of the experimental group with the higher arithmetic mean and which studied according to O'Reilly's strategy.
The researcher came up with a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions, including: First: Conclusions: 1. The use of the (O'Reilly) strategy in the Arabic language subject provides equal opportunities for all students to learn, as it addresses the issue of delivering information to different categories and takes into account individual differences between students. Second: Recommendations: In light of the conclusions reached by the research, the following recommendations can be made: 1. It is necessary for educational supervisors to emphasize the use of modern strategies in teaching, including the (O'Reilly) strategy, which makes the student the focus of the educational process. Third: Suggestions: 1. The effectiveness of the O'Reilly strategy in developing critical thinking among fifth-grade middle school students and their attitude towards it.

This research dealt with introducing the life of a famous Tunisian scholar، one of the eminent figures of the Zaytouna Mosque and one of the greatest scholars of his time، in the early century AD، who is the great scholar Muhammad al-Tahir، known as Ibn Ashour. In it، I talked about his personal life. His name، birth، upbringing، as well as his academic life full of achievements with a brief overview of his sheikhs and students، his most famous works، and his death، may God Almighty have mercy on him.
In this research، I explained the story of our Master Saleh - peace be upon him - with his people in Surat An-Naml، with a comprehensive interpretation of the story from some approved interpretations. Then I compared these interpretations with what Al-Tahir Ibn Ashour mentioned in his interpretation of Al-Tahrir and Al-Enlightenment

Cultural Criticism is considered as a development and addition stage to the Literary theory proposition. It expresses a new view to the Literary text through its influence and relationship to the Social reality. It's affected by the society where the creative texts were born, and this affects how people perceive these texts, how do judge them, and Search for its aesthetics. In this regard, Cultural Criticism is like. Any Cognitive activity which has its -Visions of and foundations that represent critical mechanisms. It deals with texts critically and analytically. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it deals with a poet who has a great deal of attention in aesthetic studies but has not been addressed by Cultural criticism. This criticism was the starting point of our research on a poem entitled "Salwa Qalbi by Ahmed Shawqi. This research is based on a Summary, Critical criticism definition in terms of Foundation and mechanisms as established by Abdullah Al-Ghadami. This helps in achieving theoretical and practical benefits and understanding from these mechanisms. for the purpose of exploring the implicit system of • Salua Qalbi.

This research involves the study of the name of the actor in the Diwan of the poet Ibn Daraj Qastali, and our choice came to study his buildings; The abstract triple verb, and the second: in its structures of the triple more, and then the conclusion showing the results that we have reached.

The current research aims to identify:
1. There is psychological tranquility among university students.
2. The variables of gender (male-female), academic year (first-fourth), and field of study (scientific-humanities) significantly influence the psychological tranquility among university students.
The primary research sample consisted of 800 male and female students selected through stratified random sampling from the colleges of the University of Mosul for the academic year 2023-2024. We distributed the sample equally across 10 colleges, with 5 representing scientific fields and 5 representing the humanities.
We developed a psychological tranquility scale to achieve the research objectives, and we verified its validity using face validity, construct validity, and intrinsic validity. We calculated reliability using two methods: test-retest and Cronbach's alpha. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistically analyzed the data after applying the tool, yielding the following results:

1. University students enjoy psychological tranquility.
2. There is a statistically significant difference in psychological tranquility based on gender (in favor of females) and academic year (in favor of fourth-year students).
3. There is no statistically significant difference in psychological tranquility based on the field of study (scientific vs. humanities)

This study addressed the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to examine the spatial expansion of the city of Tal Afar between the years 1997 and 2023. The research focused on three main questions: Did the spatial expansion of Tal Afar follow specific patterns between 1997 and 2023? Did the circumstances experienced by the country play a significant role in the variation of spatial expansion? Did Tal Afar exhibit different directions of spatial expansion at the expense of others? Based on these questions, the study formulated the following hypothesis: The spatial expansion of Tal Afar followed specific patterns between 1997 and 2023. The circumstances experienced by the country played a significant role in the variation of spatial expansion. Tal Afar's spatial expansion took different directions, prioritizing some over others.
The research aimed to identify the patterns and directions of spatial expansion in Tal Afar using remote sensing and GIS while analyzing the factors that contributed to this expansion. The results showed that Tal Afar experienced significant spatial expansion, particularly between 2009 and 2023, which was attributed to the increase in population and growth rates during that period. In contrast, the earlier period (1997–2009) was influenced by security conditions that hindered expansion. Moreover, the findings revealed that the western direction witnessed the greatest spatial expansion, while the northwestern direction experienced the least expansion due to natural and human-made obstacles in that area

The current research aims to reveal the percentage of students who are victims of electronic blackmail crimes. And to identify the prevailing personality traits among students of the colleges of the University of Mosul who are victims of electronic blackmail. In addition to identifying the differences in the dimensions of the personality traits scale among the individuals of the research sample according to the gender variable (males/females). The research was conducted on students of the faculties of the University of Mosul in the academic year 2023/2024. The research included a basic sample of (500) male and female students who were selected randomly by stratified method. The researcher built a scale for personality characteristics based on the theory of (Costa and Macri). The scale included in its final form (68) paragraphs measuring the dimensions of (neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and acceptability). The results showed that the number of students who had the experience of being victims of electronic extortion crimes was (42) male and female students, and this number constitutes a percentage of (8.4%). The number of male victims of extortion was (12), while the number of females was (30). The data showed that only (11) out of (42) had sought the help of the relevant security agencies to address the problem of extortion. This number constitutes approximately (27%), which is a small percentage that indicates the risks of the consequences of the problem. The results showed that the research sample members showed levels higher than the theoretical average for the dimensions of neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. The results did not show any differences between the arithmetic averages of males and females on the scale dimensions. The results showed that the more hours spent using the Internet for entertainment, the greater the likelihood of falling victim to cyber-extortion crimes. It was found that the differences between the averages were not statistically significant except for the difference in the dimension of extroversion, as it was found that the students who were victims of extortion crimes showed a higher level of it than their peers

Conceptual metaphor is a linguistic mechanism that expresses abstract ideas by projecting target domains onto familiar domains of human experience. Conceptual metaphor theory is almost one of the basic theories within cognitive linguistics, which is based on establishing a relationship between language and thought. Conceptual metaphor is classified into three types: ontological metaphor, directional metaphor, and structural metaphor, which is considered a major type of conceptual metaphor - proposed by (George Lakoff, Mark Johnson) in their book (Metaphors We Live By) - because it is the most important type and represents one of its most prominent images; Because it shows how our concepts and daily experiences are built by projecting a familiar field onto another unfamiliar field, and it organizes conceptual systems, and its essence is that it works on the structure of perceptions that are less clear, and are partially understood through other perceptions that are more clear, so this metaphor relies on two fields, which are: (the source field), which is the clearest and most understandable, and (the target field), which is the least clear.
The importance of these metaphors is evident in the speech of the determined ones, who represent a unique and distinctive model of determination, strength, and patience in the face of harm for the sake of God, and monotheism. They used images and metaphors derived from the reality of people\'s lives in their speeches, with the aim of simplifying ideas and bringing them closer to their minds, such as faith in God, defiance in the face of difficulties, and patience in the face of hardships

The punishment of defamation is one of the discretionary punishments approved by Islam, but it has set controls for it that ensure deterrence without wasting dignity and making the guilty person more sinful and criminal.
The Umayyad’s adhered to these controls to some extent on the religious, social and economic levels. As for the political aspect, they have completely moved away from the approach of defamation and its philosophy in Islam; as it has become a waste of dignity and revenge against opponents without regard to the status of this one or the lineage of that one.
They defamed the grandson of the Messenger of God, Al-Hussein bin Ali, and the companion, the son of the companion, Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr. This was a fundamental reason for inciting the subjects against them and for them to go out in successive revolutions that led to their downfall at the hands of Abu Al-Abbas Al-Saffah (104-136 AH / 721-754 AD).

This study aimed to identify the main challenges faced by researchers at University of Garmian, including financial, administrative, technical, and personal obstacles. The study also investigated whether the views of researchers on these obstacles varied depending on their years of service, academic qualifications, and scientific field. The study involved 100 researchers from the University of Garmian. The researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of 34 questions. The researcher verified the face validity of the research tool by presenting it to a committee of experts and specialists in this field. In light of the suggestions made by the experts, the researcher modified, merged, and deleted some of the questionnaire items. Thus, the questionnaire took its final form and consisted of 28 items distributed over the four study axes. To ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the discriminant validity was verified through an exploratory sample of 30 individuals, while the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, which resulted in a high level of reliability (α = 0.890). The split-half method also confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that financial obstacles were the most prominent, followed by technical challenges, followed by personal obstacles, and administrative obstacles in the last place. The results of the study also did not reveal any statistically significant differences in the opinions of the study participants regarding research obstacles at University of Garmian based on any of the studied variables.

Assyria emerged as a global power from the tenth century until the sixth century BC, and its kings were able to impose their control over vast areas of the ancient world. The political map of the Neo Assyrian Kingdom extended between (911-612 BC) from the Mediterranean Sea (the Upper Sea) in the west to the Arabian Gulf. (The Lower Sea) to the south, and to shed light on the Assyrian expansion into the Arabian Peninsula, we chose this topic for study, relying on an analysis of the texts of the Assyrian royal annals, as well as artistic scenes related to the topic of research

Faith-based education plays a significant role in the development of individuals and society. One of its most prominent goals is to provide Islamic society with healthy individuals capable of fulfilling the purpose for which they were created: to populate the Earth. Faith-based education works to build and develop the individual by nurturing the individual's unique aspects, which contribute to the ideal completion of their personality. This is achieved through various methods derived from the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Faith-based education methods play a significant role in developing the intellectual side by correcting false ideas and beliefs and resolving many of the problems that plague individuals and societies. Perhaps the most prominent of these problems are ignorance, low intellectual level, psychological disorders, anxiety, stress, and many others. Faith-based education utilizes many educational methods to prepare individuals, which contribute to the development of the human intellectual side. The most important of these methods are: beneficial knowledge, remembrance and recitation, dialogue and discussion, storytelling, and the use of examples

Following the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)'s victory in the second Palestinian legislative elections on January 25, 2006, and its formation of the tenth Palestinian government, Israel tightened its blockade of the Gaza Strip. The blockade of Gaza came into effect in 2007, and the five Israeli-controlled crossings between Gaza and Israel or the West Bank remained closed. The only crossing, the Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt, is under Egyptian control and remains closed most of the time.
Operation Cast Lead, carried out by Israel in December 2008 and January 2009, was one of the most significant military events in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The confrontation states—the Arab states bordering Israel, including Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon—strongly condemned the Israeli attacks, considering them a flagrant violation of human rights and the laws of war. They also viewed the operation as an embodiment of Israel's ongoing policy of aggression against the Palestinians.
The study was divided into an introduction and three chapters. The first chapter dealt with (the historical background of the Israeli blockade policy), while the second chapter dealt with (the Israeli Operation Cast Lead, December 27, 2008 - January 18, 2009). The third chapter spoke about (the position of the Arab confrontation states towards the Israeli Operation Cast Lead).

The current study aimed to identify the attitudes of youth on social media towards cultural institutions in the Kingdom of Bahrain, as well as the challenges they face when using these platforms.
The study used a descriptive survey method and randomly selected a sample of 98 individuals from a youth audience. After reviewing several previous studies, the researcher developed a questionnaire tool and prepared its items, which consisted of 20 statements, ensuring the validity and reliability of the tool. After data collection, the data were analysed statistically using the SPSS statistical program.
The results showed that 94.9% of participants use social media to follow cultural activities, with a preference for the Instagram platform. Additionally, 51% of participants indicated that they do not consider themselves pioneers in cultural institutions, highlighting the need to enhance awareness and participation. The study also revealed challenges such as the lack of content that aligns with the interests of youth.
Finally, the study provided recommendations to increase the engagement of cultural institutions with the public through innovative strategies and to improve content quality to enhance cultural participation and raise awareness of cultural institutions in Bahrain.

This Research aim to Study Problems of al jus Industry in Nineveh Governorate and Knowing of Important Factors Which helped to its Localization in its Current places like raw materials and Employment etc. the Search Depend of the Field Study as Basic resource of data, and most important conclusion of search was using old Tools in Production and its Effect on Productions Type and Little units Issue Comparing with Market needs and Population Issue in Governorate and Study Conclude with Conclusion and Recommendation.

This study aimed to explore the impact of using the Thelen and Kerrin instructional models on improving academic achievement and metacognitive thinking skills among first-grade intermediate female students in the subject of Social Studies. These skills are considered essential for enhancing learners’ abilities in comprehension, analysis, and decision-making. The study adopted a quasi-experimental method, employing a post-test design with partially controlled equivalent groups. The sample consisted of 60 students, randomly assigned into three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group was taught using the Thelen model, which emphasizes collaborative learning in a democratic environment, while the second experimental group was instructed through the Kerrin model, which integrates both constructivist theory and Ausubel’s meaningful learning theory. The control group received instruction through traditional methods. The researcher used validated measurement tools, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests.

This study aims to explore the aesthetic value of morphological forms in the eschatological verses of Surah Az-Zumar, using a descriptive-analytical method that combines statistical analysis with contextual and semantic interpretation. The research begins with a theoretical introduction that highlights the significance of morphological structures in shaping Qur'anic discourse and their role in generating rhetorical impact. The body of the study is divided into two main sections: the first examines nominal forms, focusing on masdars (verbal nouns) and active and passive participles; the second addresses verbal forms, including the past tense, present tense, imperative, and passive voice. Each section includes a quantitative survey of relevant morphological patterns found in the selected verses, followed by a qualitative analysis of representative examples. These examples are analyzed with attention to their morphological structure, semantic function, and contextual relevance. The findings reveal that the morphological choices in the Qur'an are not arbitrary, but deliberately employed to enhance meaning, support thematic coherence, and intensify expressive power—particularly in the context of the afterlife and its associated emotional and spiritual weight.

This study aims to examine temporal semantics in the Holy Qur’an, tracing the diversity of temporal terms and their relationship to Shariah objectives. The significance of the study lies in the fact that time is one of the greatest blessings bestowed by Allah upon humanity. Understanding its meanings in the Qur’anic text contributes to recognizing its linguistic and legislative miracles. The study addresses the question of how the meaning of time changes in the Qur’an according to the context of the verses and legislative objectives. Various temporal terms appear in the Qur’an, such as (Qurūʾ, ḥawl, ḥawlayn, waqt, mīqāt, mūqūtan, layl, Shahr Ramaḍān, yawm al-ḥaṣād, murūr al-ḥawl, and ashhur maʿlūmāt), reflecting the Qur’an’s diverse usage of time-related expressions in alignment with different legal rulings. The study adopts an inductive analytical methodology, examining Qur’anic verses that discuss time and analyzing their connection to Shariah objectives, such as ʿiddah (waiting period), breastfeeding, prayer, fasting, zakat, and Hajj. It clarifies how each of these serves a specific legislative purpose. This research contributes to Qur’anic studies by offering a new perspective on temporal semantics, their role in understanding Islamic rulings, and encouraging deeper reflection on Quranic texts.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the level of governance implementation in higher education institutions, with the University of Aden as a model. To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers relied on the descriptive-analytical method - case study (University of Aden). The study population consisted of academic and administrative leaders at the University of Aden's administration, college deans and their deputies, totaling (450) individuals. A stratified random sample was selected, with the target sample size being (148) individuals. (148) questionnaires were distributed, and (140) were retrieved, with a recovery rate of (98.5%), after verifying the credibility, reliability, and appropriateness of the questionnaire items for the research objectives using reliability coefficients and internal consistency validity.
After using appropriate statistical methods suitable for the nature of the data and the research objectives and questions, the researchers found that the implementation of governance domains at the University of Aden was weak, with a mean of (2.57) and a standard deviation of (0.812) across all domains. There were no statistically significant differences between the sample members' mean estimates regarding the implementation of governance domains at the University of Aden attributed to scientific qualification and scientific experience variables.
The research concluded with recommendations, the most important of which were the necessity of establishing legislations that enhance a greater role for governance by involving academic and administrative leaders and all stakeholders in decision-making, dealing with greater transparency in financial and administrative aspects to limit the spread of administrative and financial corruption, and seeking sustainable and non-governmental funding sources that enable the university to practice its activities with greater independence and away from authority interventions in academic work

This study aimed to investigate the underlying factors behind students' poor performance in middle school mathematics by examining the perspectives of parents in schools in Nineveh Governorate. To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers developed a questionnaire to collect data and verify its validity and reliability. The tool was administered to 500 parents of middle school students studying mathematics in the 2024/2025 academic year in five different schools for boys and girls. It was then delivered to the parents of these students through parent- teacher conferences at the school that year. After collecting the data and conducting statistical analysis using the weighted average equation, the study concluded that the most important reasons for students' poor mathematics learning, from the parents' perspective, were student-related, manifested in weak motivation. These were followed by curriculum-related reasons, as the curriculum is difficult and intensive. These reasons then included the educational environment, as the educational environment is traditional and relies on traditional teaching methods. Finally, there were teacher-related reasons, manifested in teachers' use of traditional teaching methods and lack of interest in students. Based on the findings, a set of recommendations was presented and a number of solutions were proposed to address the weaknesses.

The imperative in the Arabic language is of great importance because it establishes rulings and clarifies duties descending from the highest to the lowest. It appears in the Qur’an in many forms, some of which are literal and others are metaphorical. This is understood from the context and the evidence. The imperative may deviate from its apparent and known truth for intended purposes, including supplication, threat, warning, denial, rebuke, warning, rebuke, incapacitation, etc., which is intended to be conveyed to the recipient in an indirect form, the latter of which may be more influential and more hurtful to souls. This is a noble science known to scholars, both ancient and modern. In this research, we have made a modest effort, trying to serve the Qur’anic text and divine discourse, taking evidence from verses of Surat Al Imran, accompanied by some interpretations that support this phenomenon.

This research aims to demonstrate the impact of artistic techniques in shaping intellectual visions in Ahmed Jarallah's poetry, through an examination of three stylistic techniques clearly evident in his texts: black comedy, parallel montage, and video clips. The study revealed that these techniques are not used in his poetry merely as aesthetic devices, but rather as structural elements that influence the formation of the stylistic and intellectual structure of the text. Each technique lends a distinctive character to the poetic language and directs the paths of meaning within the poem.
The research highlights the openness of modern poetry to visual and performing arts, allowing it to interact with multiple expressive styles within what is known as genre overlap. This has helped the poet transcend traditional forms of expression and expand the horizons of interpretation and reception.
As a creative thinker with diverse interests (poetry, short stories, novels, essays, autobiographies, criticism, and painting), Ahmed Jarallah has sought to produce texts that combine profound intellectual insights with a renewed artistic form, drawing on the techniques of theater and cinema, particularly in poems such as "War Taught Us," "Cold War," and "Rolling." Thus, for him, the poem has become an experimental space that invests in the expressive potential of other arts, activating them in the service of poetic structure. These techniques have served as a framework for his poetic experience and a tributary for embodying meaning.

The study examined the dynamics of land cover changes in Duhok District, northern Iraq, for two different years (2000 and 2025). The research relied on Landsat 7 and 9 satellite imagery, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm was employed for land cover classification.
The results revealed significant changes in the study area, showing a substantial decrease in barren land by (98.69 $km^2$), representing a rate of (-13.29%). In contrast, there was an increase in rangelands (73.67 $km^2$, +32.69%), urban areas (17.45 $km^2$, +76.56%), and agricultural lands (6.76 $km^2$, +35.64%).
Classification accuracy was verified using a confusion matrix based on (217) training samples and (217) ground truth samples for both years. The overall accuracy reached 89.11% for the year 2000 and 95.69% for 2025, with Kappa coefficient values of 0.8582 and 0.9421, respectively. These Kappa values indicate a very strong agreement between the actual land cover and the classification results produced by the model, confirming the reliability of the MLC algorithm in land cover analysis.

In ancient Egypt, magic was an integral part of religious and daily life, closely linked to spirituality and beliefs related to the afterlife. For the ancient Egyptians, magic was not merely a means of entertainment or deception, but rather a true and sacred power used to balance the forces of good and evil and to protect people in life and after death. The spiritual influence of magic in ancient Egypt was evident in religious rituals and sacred texts, such as the Book of the Dead, where magic was used to ensure the soul's safe passage to the afterlife and to overcome obstacles it might encounter on its path to eternal life. The Egyptians also believed that the spoken word carried magical power, and that the recitation of spells could activate hidden forces that protected individuals or harmed enemies. Priests and magicians, who often held a high religious status, used complex rituals, symbols, magical tools, sacred plants, and texts kept in temples. They viewed magic as a means of communicating with divine powers, as a tool for maintaining the cosmic order represented by concepts such as “Maat,” meaning “justice and order,” magic thus played a profound spiritual role in ancient Egypt, forming a bridge between the material world and the spiritual world and expressing man’s desire to understand and influence the supernatural.

Greenpeace is an influential geopolitical actor, transcending its traditional role as an environmental organization. With a global network of offices in 55 countries, 2.8 million members, over 3,500 employees, and thousands of volunteers and activists worldwide, it includes a wide range of stakeholders such as governments, corporations, individuals, the media, communities, and partner NGOs. This network allows it to conduct campaigns and engage those who depend on the industries and ecosystems affected by its work at global, international, and local levels.
Through these elements, the organization wields cross-border influence, enabling it to hold states and major corporations accountable in various centers of power. This geographical spread demonstrates Greenpeace's ability to operate locally within communities affected by environmental disasters, while simultaneously exerting international pressure on governments and multinational corporations to change their policies. This extensive geographic reach gives it the power to challenge state sovereignty regarding the management of natural resources, especially in areas like the oceans and forests, which are considered "global commons" belonging to all of humanity.
In its activities, the organization relies on direct geopolitical strategies, focusing on exposing harmful environmental practices by states and corporations.
This information is then used to mobilize global public opinion. This approach allows it to form an international pressure force that compels political and economic actors to respond. Furthermore, the organization demonstrates its influence through direct action on the ground, which highlights issues and forces governments to take responsibility. This strategy helps redefine the relationship between civil society and authority, as the organization becomes a key player in setting appropriate conduct for governments and people toward the environment, holding accountable anyone who infringes upon it in vital matters such as climate change, industrial pollution, and the protection of marine habitats and forests.

This study aims to evaluate and analyze the morphometric variables of the Khabur River Basin, located in northern Iraq, using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The basin’s watershed boundaries were delineated, and the river network was classified according to Strahler’s stream order methodology. A set of key morphometric parameters—including elongation ratio, form factor, drainage density, relief ratio, and slope index—were calculated. The results indicate that the Khabur River Basin has a non-circular shape, reflecting a moderate to low hydrological response to flash floods. Furthermore, a marked variation in drainage density among the sub-basins was observed, linked to geological, structural, and spatial rainfall distribution factors. Morphometric indices also suggest that certain sub-basins are more susceptible to erosion and mechanical weathering, warranting special consideration in environmental management plans. The significance of this study lies in providing a scientific database that can be utilized for water resource planning, management, and flood risk reduction in the region.

This study is specialized to the path of adventure (Exploratory) literature characterized by its deal of significant semiotic potential and dynamic cultural exchange. Traditional exploratory literature not only chronicles the historical and geographical aspects of a journey، but the cultural semiotics that redirects the analytical focus to the sign systems that underpin cultural production inspecting how communities construct and interpret meaning through diverse symbolic frameworks.
One of the crucial aspect for the application of cultural semiotics is Literary discourse which turns the Ibn Fadlan’s Risala to an intriguing case study for linguistic، literary، and cultural analysis within this theoretical framework. Further، the study utilizes Juri Lotman’s Semiotic theory of history and cultural Memory، and Umberto Eco's cultural-semiotic ideas in addition to Landi's methodological perspectives on cultural codes and sign systems in semantic and cultural contexts، as well as their consequence for communicative and interpretative processes. These eclectic method enables an interpretation that lines up with the narrative complexities of exploratory texts revealing their aesthetic dimensions، cultural significance، and interpretive possibilities.

The other represents the nucleus through which the structure of Arabic literary discourse is completed. This has been clearly evident in Arabic literature in general, and Andalusian literature in particular. The research has shed light on the other to understand the structure of the poetic poem and to know the colors of its multiple images. The presence of the other calls for the presence of the ego, creating a literary interaction in which imaginations are launched with clear philosophical dimensions.
Valencian poetry embodied the image of the other in a wonderful way, giving a clear picture of Andalusian literature. In his poetry, Ibn Al-Zaqqaq showed that the other is not an equal to the self, but rather an inseparable part of it, so the boundaries of overlap are fused between them. Ibn Al-Zaqqaq gives the image of the other as an existential partner, not a lurking enemy, thus reflecting the spirit of integration in Andalusian literature.

The aim of the research was to identify the relationship between self-expansion and psychological integration among students at the University of Nineveh. From this main objective, the researcher derived seven sub-goals to examine the levels of the two variables—self-expansion and psychological integration—and to determine the significance of differences between them according to the variables of gender (male – female) and academic year (second – fourth). Additionally, the research aimed to identify the correlation between the two variables.
A stratified random sample was selected from second- and fourth-year students, totaling 179 students from the University of Nineveh, including 100 males and 79 females. The sample consisted of 83 students from the second year and 96 from the fourth year.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Self-Expansion Scale developed by Al-Dulaimi (2024), based on the theory of Aron & Aron (1986), which consists of 36 items with the following response options: (Always occurs – Often occurs – Sometimes occurs – Rarely occurs – Never occurs).

The second variable, psychological integration, was measured using the scale developed by Younis (2022), consisting of 30 items with response options: (Strongly agree – Agree – Neutral – Disagree – Strongly disagree). After verifying the validity and reliability of both instruments, the researcher administered the finalized versions to the study sample of 179 students.
To analyze the data statistically, the SPSS program was used, employing Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, and independent-samples t-test. The results indicated that the sample exhibited self-expansion and psychological integration. However, no significant correlation was found between self-expansion and psychological integration. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between males and females in the variable of self-expansion, nor between different academic years. Similarly, no differences were found according to gender and academic year in the variable of psychological integration. Based on these findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

His study focuses on the city of Mosul during the Ottoman period in the 17th and 18th centuries, with particular emphasis on mosques as an architectural model reflecting the prevailing urban style of that era. The research aims to identify the distinctive artistic and architectural features of mosques in Mosul and to study the influence of Ottoman architectural style on them.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzing a selection of architectural models of Mosul’s mosques and drawing on available historical sources and documents. The results reveal that Ottoman architecture left a clear imprint on the design of mosques in Mosul, evident in the use of large domes and slender minarets. Mosuli architects demonstrated creativity by integrating unique local elements that reflect the authenticity and individuality of Mosul’s architecture, resulting in a hybrid style that combines both Ottoman and local characteristics.
The research concludes that studying these architectural landmarks provides insight into the historical, political, and social developments that Mosul experienced during this period. It also highlights the importance of documenting and preserving these architectural monuments for their significant historical, artistic, and human value.

This study analyzed the cognitive effort and effect experienced by readers of The Great Gatsby novel and viewers of its film adaptation. The study aims to investigate how relevance theory clarifies the cognitive processes of readers and viewers in interpreting themes of isolation and alienation, particularly through analyzing cognitive effort and effect. The study explores the disparities in cognitive engagement between readers and viewers, emphasizing the influence of multimodality on their perception of isolation and alienation. This study tries to answer the following questions: (a) What differences exist in the cognitive effort required to comprehend the theme of alienation and isolation between those who read the book and those who see the movie version of The Great Gatsby? (b) In what ways can relevance theory contribute to the explanation of the cognitive processes that readers and viewers go through in order to acquire a comprehension of the feelings of isolation and alienation displayed in The Great Gatsby narrative? According to the research hypothesis, readers of The Great Gatsby experience greater difficulty grasping the theme of isolation and alienation than viewers, as they must rely on more complex mental imagery and inferences.
In contrast, film viewers achieve optimal relevance regarding isolation and alienation more efficiently, due to multimodal cues such as visuals, sounds, and actor expressions, which reduce cognitive effort. Relevance theory, as presented by Sperber and Wilson (2002), underpins the evaluation of cognitive effort and effect in this study. A thematic sample was selected for analysis from F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby and its film adaptation directed by Baz Luhrmann (2013), featuring Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan. Findings suggest that readers require greater cognitive effort to comprehend themes of isolation and alienation, as they must rely solely on textual descriptions. This requires them to actively engage in mental imagery, deduce meaning from descriptions, and interpret complex cues in Gatsbyꞌs relationships and surroundings, which may lead to a more analytical and nuanced experience. Conversely, film viewers experience heightened cognitive effects due to multimodal components, such as visuals, sound, and performance.

It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. The main objective of this study is to examine EFL learners' capacity to produce shorter vowels before a fortis consonant and longer vowels before a lenis consonant. Twenty EFL learners were requested to produce the English vowels / i:, ɑ:, ɔ:, u:, ʒ:, ɪ , æ, ʊ/ and Arabic vowels / i: , a:, u: ,i , a , u /, once before the voiceless stop /t/ and once before the voiced stop /d/. The duration of each vowel was measured for each speaker. For this purpose, the quantitative approach is adopted. The recordings were analyzed using the Praat program. The results revealed that vowels preceding /t/ were shorter than those preceding /d/, confirming the presence of pre-fortis clipping in English and Arabic. The results were compared to those of the native speakers’ mother tongue performance.

Financial income is considered as on of the main fields in economics. The present study deals with some nouns of financial income in English. Nouns of financial income are difficult to understand and the main reason that leads to this difficulty is that some nouns have multiple meanings making it difficult to choose and understand the correct meaning in the appropriate context. So, the present study aims at defining and describing the selected financial income nouns as well as determining the use of componential to show the distinctive features of the selected financial income nouns. This study adopts a qualitative descriptive method and the data has been collected through using several dictionaries. Employing Leech’s (1981) method of componential analysis of meaning; the procedure of the analysis involves defining )7) nouns of financial income and analyzing them through using specific symbols like + (present), – (absent) and ± (neutral) to show the distinguishing features among these nouns. The features that are used to show the differences between the selected nouns are an extra amount of money, paying for services, paid by an organization, money paid/ received, regular incoming payment, irregular incoming payment and in order to make up for losses. This study comes to conclusion that some nouns of financial income are broad and are partial synonyms; each of which has a distinctive feature that makes it different from other synonyms.

This research paper is a corpus- based study of the cultural difficulties encountered in translating fairy scary names of creatures rooted in Mosuli folktales. It highlights the complex relationship between cultural differences and language which significantly affects the translation process. The study adopts the cultural approach of Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere “The Culture Turn in Translation Studies” (1990) to identify major translation difficulties and evaluate strategies used to preserve the emotional, and cultural impact of these names in the target language. The problem of this study concerns the variation in rendering Mosuli equivalents into English, focusing on the difficulties that arise from cultural diversity between Arabic and English. The aim of the study is to raise awareness of cultural specific- terms as unique and distinctive entities within a language. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the various translations of the names of scary fairy creatures from Arabic into English and to analyze the causes of their diverse interpretations in both cultures, the Mosuli heritage and the English one. The hypothesis of this study arises from the assumption that translating the names of terrifying folktale figures from Arabic into English poses significant linguistic and cultural challenges. Such names are not mere words, but culturally rooted symbols in the Mosuli local context and often lack direct equivalents in the target language

Educational assessment is a key aspect of higher education, with institutions frequently using tests to evaluate students' performance and qualifications. However, there is limited research on the impact of frequent testing specifically for non-English major students. This study investigates how frequent testing influences the academic performance of English for non-English major students at the university level. The population was non-English majors who enrolled at the University of Telafer, Department of Mathematics, College of Basic Education. A sample of 100 sophomore students was chosen. Employing a quantitative experimental design, data was collected through tests administered over six weeks. The collected data underwent a one-sample t-test analysis to evaluate outcomes. The mean score for each student was calculated, alongside an overall mean score for all participants, providing insights into their performance following reading assignments and conceptual teaching. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the experimental group's performance compared with the control group. These findings highlight the effectiveness of frequent testing in enhancing academic achievement among students. Based on the findings, the present study recommends that teachers, especially in English, integrate frequent testing into their teaching strategies to encourage student preparation and improve academic performance.

Crude oil was discovered in Iraq in 1927, with production and exports beginning in 1934,the Iraqi economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector, which accounted for 89% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings between 2010 and 2024,in Iraq, oil is found near the Earth's surface and has been observed seeping through cracks in geological formations, the country possesses vast oil reserves, many of which are located close to the surface. Iraq's oil fields are among the oldest exploited fields in the world, extensive geological studies in Iraq have identified around 530 geological structures (or potential storage sites) with significant oil potential. However, only 115 of these sites have been drilled or developed, while 75 are believed to contain substantial reserves spread across multiple fields, Iraq ranks fifth in the world in oil reserves, with 162 billion barrels, accounting for 10.2% of the world's total reserves. these reserves are distributed across 75 fields, including 10 giant fields and 22 large fields. Geographically, the fields span the Tigris and Euphrates Basin, stretching from north to south and west to east. About 73% of the reserves are in the southern region, with a small percentage in the Western Desert.