magazine aldhakwat albedh

Islamic Economic Thinking in the Abbasid Handbare
Their life and their kindness
The introduction to the writings of the Islamic Economic Establishment finds that it diversifies in its positions as it is offering
Sometimes we are not incorrect with what is focused on the economic economics at the present time. Where the Islamic Economic Books focus on the subjects such as moral rulers to guide the behavior
The economy, as well as to put in place for the number of the secrets, or the uniqueness The modernist economy in its installation of the subjects and the discussion of the research, as the economic studies start
The old congregation in the general moral rule
Money and their types and in the end they talk about public financial or from the house of money. The graduation has been removed from a large part of the fundamental jurisprudence. It is proven in it, and it is mostly what was written in the books Less in a lot of the banks around the money. In this research, four of the major Arab scholars who wrote in the economy (Abo Yusif Al -Shabbani Abu Ubaidah Yahya Bin Adam), who were the ones who preceded others from the Arabs The foreigner on the economic theories that are still on the way to our present.

The research idea is derived from the conflict of rights among the scholars of Usul al-Fiqh and its impact on branches of jurisprudence. The concept of the research is evident in the limit of slander, which is contested between two rights: the right of God and the right of the servant. There is a clear difference among scholars of Usul al-Fiqh regarding the predominance of one over the other. The title is (The Conflict of Rights Among the Scholars of Usul al-Fiqh and Its Impact on the Differences of Jurists - The Limit of Slander as an Example). Following the introduction, the research includes three chapters: the first chapter examines the concept of rights and their types; the second chapter examines the concept of the limit of slander and its conditions; and the third chapter examines the scholars› opinions on the limit of slander: is it the right of God Almighty or the right of the servant? The conclusion concludes with the research findings, including the preponderance of the Maliki view that the limit of slander is the right of the servant before he reaches the age of ruler, and the right of God Almighty after he reaches the age of ruler, unless the slandered person seeks safety and concealment from what people might say.

Praise be to Allah, the Most High, the All-Powerful; the One without equal or counterpart; the Self-Sufficient who needs neither aid nor supporter. He bore witness to His own Oneness and to the prophethood of His Messenger. To Him belongs all praise in the manner He loves and is pleased with; to Him belongs all judgment, and to Him is the final return. May blessings and peace be upon the Prophet, his family, and all his companions.
One of the most important sciences a student of knowledge must learn is the science of balāghah (rhetoric), and more specifically the science of bayān (figurative expression). This field has a profound impact on human speech, for techniques such as metaphor, metonymy, and figurative devices are arts no person can dispense with, given the beauty, pleasure, and refined taste they convey. In particular, simile is considered one of the elegant modes of expression due to the aesthetic qualities it adds to style, as well as its ability to evoke delight and curiosity in the soul. Simile is one of the foundations of imagery and a major source of artistic expression, for the perfection and beauty of imagery lies in this eloquent art.
I have titled my article “The Imagistic Simile in the Poetry of Imām al-Shāfiʿī.” The poetry of Imām al-Shāfiʿī is educational in nature, encompassing all forms of general and personal conduct, and presenting a comprehensive moral methodology. These aspects motivated me to choose his poetry in particular and this poet over others, for he was a jurist, a scholar, and a poet at the same time. Thus, his poetry carries noble objectives that benefit society.
My study in this article consists of an introduction and two sections. I begin by clarifying the linguistic and technical meanings of imagery and bayān. As for the two sections: in the first, I discuss the types of simple simile, including the detailed explicit simile, the concise explicit simile, and the eloquent (complete) simile. The second section is devoted to compound simile, where I address both implied and representational similes.
I ask Almighty Allah to accept this humble effort for His noble sake and in service of Arabic rhetoric and religion.

The Authenticity of Sahih Hadith According to Al-Behbudi» highlights a serious attempt to purify the hadith heritage and present a highly selective model. While «Sahih Al-Behbudi» is a reliable and respected source, its authority (i.e., its evidential value) remains within the realm of considered conjecture (conjecture that is relied upon in reasoning) rather than certainty. It represents a valuable ijtihad opinion in the field of hadith scholarship, not a final and definitive ruling.

This research dealt with genealogy in Islam in general and in the country of Andalusia in particular. This research included an understandable historical overview of genealogy in Islam and also included the Arabs’ interest in genealogy. The second section included genealogy in Andalusia and its most prominent figures, and included the most prominent books on genealogy in Andalusia.

This research investigates the impact of technological challenges on youth values, exploring how technological advancements have reshaped patterns of thinking and behavior among young people, thereby influencing the system of individual and societal values. The study aims to assess the role of technology in shaping youth’s social awareness and to examine the effects of technological transformations on their personal communication skills.
Findings indicate that modern digital technologies have actively promoted Western cultural models by portraying them as the most advanced, progressive, and attentive to the rights and needs of youth. This, in turn, has contributed to a decline in adherence to authentic Arab values. Furthermore, the excessive daily use of digital technologies by young people has been found to diminish their personal and social communication skills.

During the Almoravid and Almohad periods, Al-Andalus experienced a remarkable intellectual and scientific flourishing. Mosques were transformed into vibrant centers of learning, filled with students and rich libraries containing valuable manuscripts.However, the military defeats against the Christian kingdoms negatively impacted this prosperity. Many mosques ceased their educational roles and were converted into cathedrals, while libraries were burned, leading to the loss of precious intellectual treasures. The ongoing conflicts weakened the translation movement and caused many scholars to migrate, creating a vast intellectual void. The Christians benefited from some Arabic books by translating them, while destroying many others, resulting in the decline of Al-Andalus’s cultural and scientific prominence and the collapse of its civilizational foundations.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the noblest of prophets and messengers, our master Muhammad, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace, and the pure and virtuous family... After the research entitled (The Significance of Plurals in the Book of Shining Lights in Explaining the Comprehensive Visitation by Sheikh Jawad bin Abbas Al-Karbalai (d. 1432 AH, 2011 AD) This research examines five main themes. The first theme is an introduction to the Ziyarat al-Jami’a (Comprehensive Visitation) and the authenticity of its chain of transmission. The second theme is the biography of Sheikh Jawad ibn Abbas al-Karbalai, including his name and upbringing. The third theme is an overview of the methodology of the book al-Anwar al-Sati’a (The Shining Lights). The fourth theme is the concept of indication, defining it linguistically and technically. The final theme is the indications of plurals in the book al-Anwar. The brilliant work of Sheikh Jawad bin Abbas al-Karbalai in explaining the Ziyarat al-Jami’a, and we concluded the research with the results and sources.

This research aims to uncover divine victory in the Holy Qur›an through an analytical study based on deductive roles, and to demonstrate how these families manifested themselves in the blessed Husseini uprising. The research aims to: highlight the concept of divine victory and its meanings in light of Qur›anic texts, distinguishing it from limited victory; analyze the traditions and techniques established by the Holy Qur›an as an introduction to divine victory; and then reveal the diverse Husseini uprising as a practical model for the manifestations of victory in historical reality. The research relied on analytical-deductive procedures, by collecting relevant Qur›anic texts, analyzing their contents, and linking them to the positions and events of Hussein (peace be upon him). The research reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which are:
1.Divine creativity in the Holy Qur›an constitutes the basic principles of the military and political framework, forming a comprehensive message concept for the values and ideals of the scholar.
2.The Quranic traditions of victory—such as faith, trust, patience, sincerity, steadfastness in the truth, and support for the oppressed—were embodied most magnificently in the Husseini uprising.
3.The uprising of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) established a renewed civilizational awareness, calling from Karbala as a symbol of continuous divine victory across generations.
Thus, this research demonstrates that divine victory is not a temporary event, but rather an ongoing process manifested in every reform movement that derives its authenticity from the Holy Quran and its values.

This research aimed to study the correlation between promotional strategies in contemporary marketing and the stages of the tourism product life cycle. The research relied on a descriptive, analytical, and exploratory approach. A questionnaire was used to obtain the required primary data. The questionnaire was distributed to a study sample of 120 workers in tourism and travel companies operating in Baghdad, selected using a stratified random sampling method. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. The statistical results showed: There is a significant correlation between promotional strategies in contemporary marketing in its dimensions (motivational dimension, interactive dimension, media dimension) and the stages of the tourism product life cycle. The researcher recommended: Securing the necessary financial resources to develop the technological infrastructure required to develop the promotional strategies used in tourism and travel companies operating in Baghdad

The current study reviewed the theories and opinions that addressed the importance of knowing how to confront the psychological and social pressures experienced by female employees at the University of Diyala. The study was conducted using the descriptive approach, and the research was applied to a group of female employees at the College of Education for Human Sciences - University of Diyala, numbering (30) employees. A questionnaire consisting of (30) paragraphs was distributed, and several statistics were conducted after the completion of the experiment. The study reached several results, the most important of which was the direct and indirect impact of work on their public and private lives. The current research came in order to identify (how to confront the psychological and social pressures experienced by female employees at the University of Diyala) and came out with a number of recommendations, which are: - 1- We recommend that female employees in all administrative institutions and civil society organizations psychological adaptation. 2- The necessity of holding awareness seminars and open discussions about the importance of psychological adaptation and its impact on female employees working in the college. Research proposals: 1- Conducting research and studies similar to the current study on all administrative institutions. 2- Conducting correlational studies between psychological adaptation to stress and a number of variables such as (self-esteem and ego resilience).

Abstract:
This research aims to employ data science and artificial intelligence techniques to analyze and study the structures of Quranic verses in an objective and contemporary manner, to uncover subtle linguistic and semantic patterns in the Quranic text. It relies on automated linguistic analysis and machine learning models to extract hidden relationships and meanings. The research contributes to the development of digital tools to serve Quranic studies and expand the horizons of interpretive understanding in the digital age.

Abstract:
This study aims to analyze the concept of behavioral regulation in education from a Qur’anic perspective, focusing on the principle of self-monitoring as a central foundation for developing responsible educational personality. The research is based on the hypothesis that behavioral control is not solely achieved through external rules or punishments, but is deeply rooted in internal motivation derived from faith in God, awareness of His constant watch, and the integration of spiritual consciousness into daily behavior. The study adopts an interpretive-educational methodology, analyzing relevant Qur’anic verses dealing with behavioral dimensions, and correlating them with contemporary educational theories. The findings demonstrate that the Qur’anic view of self-monitoring is founded on knowledge of God, anticipation of accountability, and the linkage of conduct with transcendent values—making it a highly effective tool for promoting positive behavioral regulation. Moreover, the study reveals that this concept can be practically integrated into educational environments to foster self-discipline and individual responsibility among learners, beyond methods of coercion or deterrence.

The present study aims to evaluate the performance of Arabic language teachers at the preparatory stage in light of future skills. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive method. The research sample, consisting of (54) teachers and selected through stratified random sampling, was drawn from Arabic language teachers in secondary and preparatory schools under the Directorate of Education in Dhi Qar.The researcher developed a questionnaire as the research instrument, which included three main domains: (1) learning and innovation skills, (2) information and media technology skills, and (3) life and career skills. The instrument consisted of 49 items, and its validity was verified through expert review, while reliability was statistically confirmed. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools, including the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).The study reached several key findings, the most prominent of which indicate that future skills are essential and necessary for keeping pace with modern developments and requirements that Arabic language teachers should possess. Moreover, most Arabic language teachers demonstrate centralized leadership, which positively affects the performance of preparatory students.In light of these findings, the researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education organize training courses for Arabic language teachers to enhance their ability to use media and technological literacy in information retrieval, and to integrate teaching guidelines aligned with future skills. The researcher also suggests conducting similar studies on other school subjects within the framework of future skills, as well as research focused on measuring students’ performance according to these skills.

The study aimed to design instructional units based on the Entwistle Model for learning the accuracy of the handball shooting skill among students, as well as to identify the students’ level of accuracy in handball shooting and to determine the effect of the instructional units based on the Entwistle Model on learning shooting accuracy ,The hypotheses of the study stated that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test for both groups (experimental and control) in learning the accuracy of the handball shooting skill, and that there are statistically significant differences in the post-tests between the two groups (experimental and control) in favor of the experimental group in learning shooting accuracy ,The researcher used the experimental method with the design of two equivalent groups (pre- and post-test), as it is appropriate for the nature of the research problem. The research community was deliberately selected from the students of the Maysan Vocational Preparatory School for Sports Sciences in Maysan, second grade, for the academic year (2024–2025), totaling (30) students. The sample was randomly divided into two groups, with (15) students in each group. The experimental group was taught using the instructional units based on the Entwistle Model, while the control group was taught using the traditional instructional units ,The most important conclusions reached by the study indicated that the Entwistle Model contributed to improving the students’ level in learning shooting accuracy, The key recommendations emphasized the need for teachers to diversify their teaching methods and strategies and to employ modern and innovative approaches when teaching handball

This research aims to study the jurisprudential and legal characterization of the Law on the Prohibition of the Ba’ath Party No: (32) of 2016, by analyzing its provisions in light of Islamic principles and legal justice.
It explores the relationship between the legal text and the jurisprudential concepts that prohibit extremist and racist ideologies represented by the Ba’ath Party, showing the harmony between the law and Islamic Sharia in protecting religion, life, and human dignity.
The study also presents a comparative jurisprudential and legal analysis that demonstrates the consistency between the purposes of Sharia and the Iraqi Constitution in safeguarding the democratic system against movements that threaten national security and unity.

Oil constituted one of the most important issues that occupied the political arena in Iraq during the period 1933-1939, as it constituted a significant source of energy in Iraq and attracted the attention of major powers due to its significant importance in supporting the economies of countries around the world. Given Iraq›s vast oil wealth, the attention of major foreign investment companies turned to their financially profitable offers, granting them concessions that would advance the Iraqi economy in light of the deteriorating economic conditions that Iraq was experiencing, as well as the financial instability facing the Iraqi government›s general budget, given its reliance on agricultural, trade, tax, and other revenues. This prompted many members of the Iraqi Parliament to discuss the channels through which oil revenues were spent, opposing the use of these revenues to avoid the deficit in the general budget. They also worked to enact a special law for urban projects financed by oil revenues, which made oil revenues play a role in developing the Iraqi economy and represented one of the most important issues discussed in the Iraqi Parliament during the reign of King Ghazi. Keywords: The Iraqi Parliament›s position on oil revenues 1933-1935, oil revenues and their role in supporting economic development projects 1936-1939, foreign oil investment companies in Iraq within the discussions of the Iraqi Parliament 1933-1939 .

Before the sun of Islamic civilization rose, society in general and Arab society in particular were living in a state of confusion and bewilderment. Since the early beginnings of the launch of human economic activity, the motive was the lack of life needs as they are present in human awareness of the components of human life, which is the challenge that faced it. Islamic civilization came as a savior for it from this bewilderment. One of the greatest things that Islam addressed was solving the problems existing in society. One of the most prominent social problems that Islam addressed and worked to solve through establishing organizations and steps is the phenomenon of poverty. One of the greatest pioneers of Islamic civilization after the Prophet (PBUH) is Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is considered a unique personality that human history has not known the likes of for more than 1400 years. The approach of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) through his practical and theoretical biography is one of the most important basic foundations of his comprehensive orientations, which preceded many intellectual approaches that tried to address the subject, and the fruits that society has reached through the methodology of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in this field are a civilizational asset and comprehensive human treatments that are referred to to this day. In this context, we have taken the approach in the research to study the biography of the Imam (peace be upon him) in the cultural and social field and exclusively in the field of treating poverty, although the period of his caliphate did not exceed four and a half years, during which he focused through what came in the Holy Quran and the Noble Prophetic Sunnah and what he mentioned of historical texts whose features clearly appeared in this field, and through the folds of the research it became clear that the approach of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in the field of treating poverty included all classes of society from individuals and rulers, and society reaped the fruits of these steps that the Imam (peace be upon him) put in place.

This research aims to highlight the role of Ihsan (benevolence) in Islamic thought as a central value that contributes to building society, through examining Hibah (gift) as a tangible model of benevolent transactions. The study first traces the conceptual foundations of Ihsan in both linguistic and terminological contexts and presents the most prominent Qur’anic verses and narrations that address Ihsan as a devotional and social behavior that brings a person closer to God and strengthens social cohesion. It then moves to analyze Hibah from a juristic perspective, including its definition, rulings, pillars, and the conditions governing the right of revocation, while demonstrating the depth and precision of juristic treatment among scholars of the Imami school. The final section of the research explores the social impact of Hibah as a practice that transforms benevolence into a productive social act, reducing class disparities, reinforcing emotional and spiritual ties within society, and promoting values of altruism, affection, and solidarity. The research concludes that Hibah is not merely a financial transaction, but rather an ethical system with civilizational dimensions that contributes to building a compassionate society grounded in generosity and social justice, representing a practical extension of the Qur’anic and Prophetic principles of Ihsan.

The Imams of the Household (peace be upon them) were keen to present the ideal model for building an integrated society. They set a good example in their morals and behavior, as their lives constituted a series of major tests that became a standard for individual behavior in a society striving for progress. From the first moment of their selection and assignment, they were the source from which the essence of virtuous morals emerged. They shouldered the responsibility of raising individuals, considering them the fundamental pillar of society. They applied educational principles in practice, thus embodying the highest moral and behavioral values addressed in this research. Keywords: development methods, educational concepts, the Household (peace be upon them).

The present research aims to investigate the effect of using the active learning strategy in teaching art education among Middle school Students in Diyala Governorate. The researcher employed the experimental method to achieve the objectives of the study. The research sample was intentionally selected and consisted of (40) pupils, divided into two groups: (20) pupils in the experimental group taught according to the active learning strategy, and (20) pupils in the control group taught by the traditional method.
To collect data, the researcher prepared a questionnaire validated by experts and specialists in teaching methods, measurement and evaluation, and art education. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program through several statistical tools, including the t-test for two independent samples, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.The results revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. Accordingly, the study concluded that the active learning strategy positively affects pupils’ achievement in art education. The research recommends adopting this strategy in teaching art education, training teachers on its effective application, and conducting further studies to examine its impact on other school subjects and different educational levels.

This study aimed to identify the problems and obstacles in teaching art education in primary schools in Diyala Governorate from the point of view of the teachers of the subject. It also aimed to determine the significance of the differences in the obstacles to teaching art education according to the variables of gender, years of experience, and school) for the teachers of the subject. The descriptive analytical approach was used. The study community consisted of all art education teachers for the primary education stage. A random sample of (217) individuals was selected from it. To collect the data, the interview used a questionnaire consisting of 40 paragraphs. Its stability and validity were verified and distributed to the study sample. The number of returned and analyzable questionnaires was (180) questionnaires, representing (36.14%) of the study community. To analyze the data, the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, test, and one-way ANOVA were used. The results of the study concluded that the level of difficulties in teaching art education for the study sample members was average, and the most difficulties were those related to the student, followed by the curriculum, then difficulties School administration, and finally difficulties related to the teacher. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the answers of the study sample members regarding the difficulties of teaching art education attributed to the variables of gender and years of experience, while there were difficulties in teaching art education attributed to the variable of school type.

Abstract After conducting research on Surah Yunus and examining its root and augmented verbs, we reached several significant conclusions: Surah Yunus is classified as a Meccan chapter, with the exception of three verses that are Medinan (verses 40, 94, and 96). The chapter derives its name from the inclusion of the story of Prophet Yunus (peace be upon him). Surah Yunus contains numerous lessons and admonitions that demonstrate patience with Allah’s decree and wisdom, ultimately leading to mercy and relief. The chapter mentions the stories of Prophets Yunus, Pharaoh, and Moses (peace be upon them), with water serving as a common element that functioned as both a source of salvation and destruction in different contexts. We found that triliteral root verbs predominate in Surah Yunus more than augmented verbs. When augmented verbs appear, they are primarily triliteral augmented forms, as presented in this research. It should be noted that we examined (34) verses, as our reading of the chapter revealed that the root form of triliteral verbs significantly outweighs the augmented triliteral forms. We determined that applying our analysis to the entire chapter would result in repetitive findings and conclusions.

The world is witnessing unprecedented advancements in artificial intelligence colleges, which are impacting various fields of daily life, including economic and legal spheres. With this development, and the emergence of new financial systems, the issue of civil liability arises from the insistence of creditors on the use of Islamic AI. These systems inevitably operate independently of human will. This research seeks to reduce the legal basis of civil liability within the scope of artificial intelligence and to clarify the position of real estate legislation regarding who bears the cost of damages: the product itself or the system? The research employs a comparative analytical approach between European and Arab legislation, particularly the laws of the Kingdom and Iraq, with the assistance of some relevant recent judicial interpretations. The study concludes that artificial intelligence represents a legal entity that necessitates a review of the rules.

The use of black humor in literature serves as an effective tool for exposing governmental corruption and revealing systemic distortions through a blend of wit and emotional impact. Writers employ this technique to make the reader laugh at first, only to confront them with the painful reality that stimulates deeper reflection. Despite changes in terminology, politics remains a domain laden with darkness that nourishes this art form. Consequently, political satire has emerged as a popular platform expressing the voice of the people, becoming a compelling literary direction that strengthens the expressive power and critical edge of modern narratives.

This study aims to uncover the rhetorical dimension embedded in the Muʿjam al-Ishtiqaqi al-Muʾaṣṣal (The Root-based Etymological Lexicon) by examining the relationship between words and their meanings in light of the methodology of derivation. The research is based on an inductive analysis of a number of lexical root entries in the lexicon, exploring them rhetorically to reveal the role of derivation in expanding meaning and shaping imagery. The study highlights that derivation, as formulated in the lexicon, is not merely a morphological tool for tracing words back to their roots, but also a rhetorical mechanism that contributes to constructing semantic imagery and generating renewed suggestive potentials within Arabic vocabulary. Accordingly, the research seeks to provide a critical vision that links lexicographical studies with rhetorical studies, and to underscore the scientific value of the Muʿjam al-Ishtiqāqī al-Muʾassal in serving contemporary linguistic and rhetorical research.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of emotional regulation among kindergarten teachers and its relationship to educational creativity in classroom activities. A descriptive correlational method was used, applying two questionnaires: one for measuring emotional regulation and the other for educational creativity. The sample consisted of (100) kindergarten teachers. Results indicated high levels of emotional regulation and educational creativity. A strong and statistically significant positive correlation was found between the two variables at the 0.05 level. The study recommended enhancing training programs focusing on emotional and creative skills in the classroom environment.

This research follows (Personal obstacles to assuming administrative positions in the Arab Islamic State) that are characteristic of people and stand as an obstacle before them from assuming administrative and leadership positions in the Arab Islamic State (1-334 AH), as there are some bad qualities that are preferred by some individuals that prevent them from assuming any responsibility in the administrative and military apparatus of the Arab Islamic State, and this research followed the narrations related to these aspects and presented them in a critical and analytical manner.

Paradox is one of the artistic means that the young poet Al-Zarif (661 AH - 688 AH) relied on within the folds of his Diwan and the verses of his poems, and perhaps his treatment of some of its types gave it special stylistic features that made his Diwan a field for new and different stylistic readings, as it relied on paradox, which includes a set of semantic fields that present a literal meaning intended by it a contradictory meaning. This represents the traditional pattern of every paradox. It is worth noting that the study of paradox in the Diwan of the charming young man is characterized by three levels. There is the verbal level, which is concerned with studying the linguistic units employed in semantic fields that contradict the fields to which they belong. There is a second level called the syntactic level, which is dedicated to studying the conflict of the predicative relationship between the parts of the syntactic structure. Then there is a third semantic level for the Arabic paradox through traditional rhetorical phenomena that converge and overlap with paradoxical styles. This third level will be the subject of the stylistic treatment of the poet’s paradoxes.

This research is based on a study of seven narrations found in Al-Azhari’s book, Tahdhib al-Lughah. The text of each narration or cited word is presented, followed by its source reference according to the established order of the sources: beginning with the two Sahihs (Bukhari and Muslim), then the four Sunan (Abu Dawud, Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Nasa’i, Sunan al-Kubra, Sunan al-Mufid ... and Sunan al-Mufid) in chronological order. The research also includes a study of... The section on the chain of transmission is extensive, including a biography of the narrator, information about his teachers and students, and the opinions of critics regarding him, along with Ibn Hajar’s summary, and the most reliable opinion is favored when the imams differ. As for the narrations found in the two Sahihs (Bukhari and Muslim), the discussion is limited to a biography of the narrator, mentioning his social standing and date of death.

Abstract:
This study explores the political transformations that took place during the first Abbasid era, focusing on the gradual shift of power from the traditional caliphate to a sultanate-like system. The analysis highlights various contributing factors, such as the vast territorial expansion, the rise of multiple power centers, and the growing influence of the military establishment—particularly non-Arab elements like the Turks and Persians. The research reveals that this transition was not abrupt, but rather the result of internal accumulations within the Abbasid state, leading to the weakening of the caliph’s actual authority and the emergence of military leaders and sultans as real power holders. The study concludes that the sultanate emerged as a more functional political model, more compatible with the complexities of the period, while the caliphate was gradually reduced to a symbolic role, thus reshaping the very notion of governance in early Islamic history.