Psychological Science

The present study aimed to examine suicidal tendencies among university students and explore potential gender differences across the underlying dimensions of suicidal tendencies. To achieve these objectives, the Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale for adolescents (Orbach et al, 1991) was utilized, which consists of 30 items distributed across four distinct subdimensions. The scale was administered to a sample of 400 undergraduate students (114 males and 286 females) representing both science and humanities disciplines at the University of Baghdad.
Statistical analyses revealed that the levels of ‘aversion to death,’ ‘aversion to life,’ and ‘attraction to death’ were moderate among the participants, whereas the level of attraction to life was high. There were statistically significant differences with aversion to death in favor of females, while there were also significant differences in regard to attraction to death in favor of males.

This research aims to identify the relationship between children's food container designs and their desire to eat, as well as some of their eating behaviors in kindergarten. To achieve this objective, the researchers developed a measurement tool and administered it to a sample of 73 children who eat their daily meals from their own containers at kindergarten. Using appropriate statistical methods, namely percentage frequency, chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA, the following results were obtained:
Seven designs of children's food containers are used by children when eating their daily meals at kindergarten. These seven designs were selected for the research population. Three of these designs were the most common, receiving the highest frequency among the seven designs, and these were chosen for the research sample.
There is a relationship between children's food container designs and their eating habits at kindergarten.
There is a relationship between the designs of children's food containers used at kindergarten and some of their eating behaviors. Based on these findings, the researchers presented several recommendations concerning the need to pay attention to the designs of the utensils children use for their meals in kindergarten, and to avoid adopting traditional designs used by adults. This is to achieve a positive connection between children and their daily meals in kindergarten, as well as the possibility of modifying some
incorrect eating habits that a child may follow during mealtimes.

Social media addiction has become a form of compensation for university students for the insecure attachment some have suffered from since childhood. Relying on the virtual world and distancing oneself from society represents the individual's inability to establish successful relationships in the society in which he lives. It may be the result of avoidant, anxious or irregular attachment that has been present since childhood, leading to repercussions in adulthood and addiction to social media. The current study aims to measure social media addiction among university students, as well as to identify the differences in social media addiction among university students according to the following variables: gender (males - females) and specialization (science - humanities), and to measure insecure attachment patterns (anxious, avoidant, irregular) among university students. As well as to identify the differences in insecure attachment patterns (anxious, avoidant, irregular) among university students according to the following variables: gender (males - females) , specialization (science - humanities) and the nature of the correlation between social media addiction and insecure attachment patterns (anxious - avoidant - irregular) among university students To know the extent of the contribution of insecure attachment patterns (anxious - avoidant - irregular) to social media among university students, and to achieve the research objectives, two tools were built: the first to measure social media addiction and the second to measure insecure attachment patterns, which have validity, reliability and the ability to distinguish. These two tools were applied to a sample of (240) male and female students were selected randomly from four colleges within the institutions of Al-Mustansiriya University.After processing the data statistically, the results showed that Al-Mustansiriya University students have an addiction to social media, and there are no statistically significant differences in social media addiction according to the variable of gender and specialization. The results indicated the presence of insecure attachment patterns (anxious, avoidant, irregular) among university students, and there were no statistically significant differences in insecure attachment patterns (anxious, avoidant, irregular) among university students according to the variables of gender and specialization. The results also showed a positive correlation between social media addiction and insecure attachment patterns (anxious, avoidant, and disorganized). The results also showed that the insecure, anxious attachment style constitutes the largest contributor to social media addiction, followed by the irregular style in second place, and then the avoidant style in third place in terms of its contribution to social media addiction. The researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify the effect of consoling program basing on thought disputation to reduce symbolic self-completion among female university students, by testing the following hypotheses:
1. There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the ranks of the control group’s scores in the pre- and post-test on the symbolic self-completion scale.
2. There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental group’s scores in the pre- and post-test on the symbolic self-completion scale.
3. There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the symbolic self-completion scale.
To achieve the research goal and test its hypothesis; The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control), The research sample consisted of (20) female students who were randomly distributed into two groups, with (10) female students for each group. The researcher build symbolic self-completion scale that consisting of (24) items, and consoling program was designed. basing on the method of thought disputing. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods by using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). The results of the current research showed that the consoling program had an impact on reducing symbolic self-completion among members of the experimental group, and the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals according to the results of the research.

This study aims to identify the role of the family in reducing intellectual extremism. As one of the most important pillars of society, the family is the primary structure responsible for the sound social and religious upbringing of children. The research used the descriptive method to develop the research instrument, which consisted of (30) items. The instrument was administered to (200) families from the center of Diyala Governorate, selected randomly. Then the psychometric properties were extracted, including validity and reliability, which reached (0.78). The researcher identified a list of methods that increase the effectiveness of the family in protecting its children from intellectual extremism. The research also found no differences based on the variables of age and educational attainment.
The study recommends the following
1.Working to strengthen family relationships and encouraging individuals to understand reality by allowing freedom of opinion and thought and understanding their orientations.
2. Justice and equality among members of society achieve stability and eliminate all forms of corruption and injustice that may afflict one group more than another. Through this, all extremist thought is eradicated, social justice is achieved, and ideas are unified.
The study suggests the following:
1. Conducting a study on intellectual extremism and its relationship to modern communication technologies and their impact on social adaptation.
2. The role of media in protecting youth from intellectual extremism.
3.Conducting a study on intellectual security and its relation to fortifying the family against intellectual extremism.

The current study aimed to build & standarazation analogical reasoning test of kindergrten children according to the clssical theory . The sample consist of (150) children as a statistical analysis sample & (250) children as sample of extracting standards . To achieve the study aims the researcher built an analogical reasoning test based on the definition of (Gaswami ,1991) ,then she built an instrument consist of (20) analogies each one consist of four alternatives & the child choose the correct answer. The researcher extracted the difficult & discrimination of items & psychometric characteristics like face validity & factor validity ,Alpha cronbach reliability ,then she extracted the standards by using percentiles ,so the aim of the study is achieved by building an instrument with good psychometric characteristics & standards . Finally the researcher presented some of recommendations & suggestions .

The aim of the research was to identify the level of cyber violence among secondary school students aged (12, 14, and 16) years, and the statistically significant differences in cyber violence according to the variables of age, gender, and the level of need for social power. It also aimed to identify the statistically significant relationship between cyber violence and the need for social power. The sample consisted of (270) male and female secondary school students in the Baghdad Karkh II Education Directorate. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed two scales: one for cyber violence and another for the need for social power, and extracted their psychometric properties. The research reached the following results: secondary school students have a high level of cyber violence, cyber violence increases among students as they age, cyber violence is higher among males than females, secondary school students have a high level of need for social power, and there is a statistically significant relationship between cyber violence and the need for social power among secondary school students. In light of the research results, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals.

Psychological security is considered one of the important needs for building the human personality, as its roots extend to childhood and continue through different age stages. A child's security becomes threatened if he/she is exposed to psychological and social pressures that are not tolerated. When psychological security is achieved within the family and social and educational institutions, the child realizes that the environment is safe, his/her needs are met, and the necessities of life are not in danger. From this the research problem emerged as represented by the following question: Is there psychological security for the mothers of kindergarten children? The current research aims to identify the level of psychological security for the mothers of kindergarten children, to identify the difference in psychological security among the mothers of kindergarten children according to gender of their children (males, females), and to identify the difference in psychological security for mothers according to the age group of their children. The research sample was selected from children attending state kindergartens in Baghdad Governorate, in both Karkh and Al-Rusafa, during the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample consisted of 200 children and 200 mothers, chosen randomly. With the assistance of the kindergarten director, the kindergarten teachers were interviewed and asked to distribute the research tool to the mothers. To achieve the research objectives, a psychological security scale was developed for the mothers of kindergarten children. The scale consisted of 20 items with the following answer choices: always applies, sometimes applies, rarely applies. The scale had weights of 2, 3, and 0. Appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the results, which showed statistically significant differences favoring the research sample. This indicates that the mothers of kindergarten children possess psychological security. However, no statistically significant differences were found based on the children's gender. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences based on the children's age group.

The aim of the current study is to reveal the administrative empowerment among kindergarten principals from the teachers’ point of view and its role in applying total quality management, to the six education directorates in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The administrative empowerment scale of (Sabri, 2019) was adopted, after verifying its validity and reliability, total quality management scale was built and its items were formulated based on the literature and previous studies for each field. The number of its items reached (27) items distributed ocross four fields, which are kindergarten management’s commitment to quality (6 items), continuous improvement (8) items, focusing on the child (6) items, in addition to the learning procduer (7) items, with five alternatives: (strongly agree, agree, sometimes agree, disagree, strongly disagree), with weights (5, 4, 3, 2, 1). The study sample consisting of (300) kindergarten teachers, the discriminatory power of the item was extracted, the validity of the scale was verified by extracting the item validity, which reached (80%), the construct validity by finding the correlation coefficient between The item and the field to which it belongs, between the paragraph and the total score for the field, between the paragraph and the total score for the scale, and between the field score and the total score for the scale. Reliability was also extracted by using the Cronbach's alpha method for the two scales, where the reliability coefficient of the Administrative Empowerment Scale reached (0.96), and the reliability of the Total Quality Management Scale reached (0.98). Thus, a scale consisting of (27) items was obtained, and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is there is a statistically significant direct relationship between administrative empowerment and total quality management, In light of the study results, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current study explores the correlational relationship between knowledge sharing and perfectionism among students of the Department of Kindergarten at the University of Baghdad. The study sample consisted of (100) students (Academic Year 2024-2025) selected randomly. Research tools included a 14-item knowledge-sharing scale developed for this research and a 23-item perfectionism scale adapted from Muhammad et al. (2021); both tools verified their validity and reliability. The results indicated that kindergarten students possess a good level of knowledge sharing and exhibit perfectionism traits, with a strong positive correlation between the two variables. In light of these findings, the study recommend conducting further studies on the effect of external factors on perfectionism, such as family support or the university environment across various fields. Furthermore, they advocate for enhancing students' behavioral engagement in educational activities by providing more opportunities for interaction and collective sharing, such as group projects or practical activities that require the direct application of concepts.

This study investigated the mediating role of personality type D in the relationship between perceived authoritarian parental styles and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder symptoms among the students of the University of Science, Malaysia (USM). Based on Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the research hypothesized that harsh parental styles may lead to psychological fixations that later manifest as maladaptive personality traits. A sample of 122 students from the University of Science, Malaysia, was used, and the study depended on questionnaire included the Authoritarian Parental Style, the DS-14 Personality Type (D) scale, and the Five Factors of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) scale. Path analysis using partial structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed statistically significant positive correlations between: perceived authoritarian parental style and OCD symptoms (β = 0.272, p < 0.001), between authoritarian parental style and D personality type (β = 0.404, p < 0.001), and between D personality type and OCD symptoms (β = 0.482, p < 0.001). Importantly, the analysis confirmed a statistically significant partial mediating effect, with D personality type mediating the relationship between authoritarian parental style and OCD symptoms (β = 0.482, p < 0.001). 0.206, p < 0.001).

The current study aims to identify the level of persuasive communication among university students. A sample of the study population, consisting of 400 male and female students from Tikrit University for the daytime study programs, was selected. The researchers developed a persuasive communication scale based on Mortensen's (2011) theory, formulating 43 items. Validity was determined using several methods, and reliability was assessed using both the test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha, with reliability coefficients of 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The researchers applied the final version of the scale to a sample of 400 male and female students, and the results of the study indicated that the sample possesses by persuasive communication.

This study aims to examine the intellectual fluency of university students. The descriptive methodology was adopted, and the study sample consisted of 400 male and female students, selected using an equal sample method from four science and humanities colleges at the University of Baghdad. A scale ws developed to measure intellectual fluency based on Guilford’s theory, comprising three dimensions with five items each. The final version of the scale included 15 items. The validity of the scale was verified (both face and construct validity), and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's Alpha.The findings revealed the following: The results revealed that students scored significantly above the expected average in all three dimensions of intellectual fluency—verbal fluency, ideational fluency, and associative fluency—as well as in the overall score. These findings suggest that the students possess strong capabilities in generating words, producing diverse ideas, and forming meaningful associations, which are core components of creative thinking.

The current study aims to develop a counsel program based on meaning- therapy to reduce cognitive distortions among intermediate school students, and to identify the effectiveness of meaning therapy in reducing cognitive distortions among intermediate school students by testing the following null hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean ranks of the experimental group's scores on the pre- and post-tests of the cognitive distortions scale at (0.05) the significance level
2. of meaning therapy is ineffective in reducing cognitive distortions among intermediate school students where experimental and control groups is equal to or greater than Black's adjusted ratio (1.2).
To achieve the research objectives, the cognitive distortions scale was adopted basing on the scale of the researcher Al-Alawi (2013), and (4) graded alternatives to the answer were placed before each item (4. always, 3. often, 2. rarely, 1. never), which were given when correcting (4, 3, 2, 1) respectively. The scale was applied to a sample of (100) female students of Al-Muruj Al-Khadra Secondary School for Girls, which was chosen by stratified random method, and the validity of the scale was verified by the two indicators of face validity and content validity, and the reliability of the scale was verified using Cronbach's alpha equation for the scale as a whole, and the value of the reliability coefficient was good.
The counsel program for meaning therapy was built, and the experimental method was adopted, where the researcher distributed the students into the experimental and control groups, with (7) students in each group. The researcher prepared (8) counsel sessions for the program, which were implemented for four weeks, with two sessions per week, with an average session time of (45-60) minutes.
The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the counsel therapy approach in reducing cognitive distortions among intermediate school students. Statistically significant differences were found in the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups regarding cognitive distortions, and comparisons revealed these differences favoring the experimental group.