Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

This research deals with the significance of the morphological structures of the root (Fitn) in the Holy Qur'an, and it presents a morphological, semantic, and statistical study of the forms derived from this root. These morphological variations occur between the verbal and nominal forms. From this root, the verb appears in both the past and present tenses, and it also appears in the construction of the active form and the form in which the doer is not named.
As for the nominal variations, they include derived nouns such as the source (verbal noun) and the name of the subject, as well as singular and plural forms. Morphology, which specializes in the study of structures and the meanings these structures carry according to the requirements of the context of speech in the text of the Qur'an and other texts, is one of the precise sciences of the Arabic language. It is concerned with regulating the structure of the word and giving careful attention to its study, and its importance is no less than the study of sound, grammatical structures, and the meanings they convey.
Through the study of the meanings of the morphological structures of the root in the Holy Qur'an and by noting the morphological variations that occur between the verb and the noun, the connotations of these forms became clear to us. For example, when what is derived from this root in the Holy Qur'an comes from God Almighty to people, including the prophets, peace be upon them, it indicates trial, testing, and examination in order to strengthen determination and steadfastness in faith. As for what occurs between people, it may indicate the mixing of words, lying, deception, killing, torture, and the tempter’s enjoyment of this act of temptation.

Precaution is an ancient concept that means being cautious or preserving and protecting. The speaker is cautious in his speech to protect it from what takes it out of its intended meaning. Therefore, grammatical precaution means that the speaker comes up with a grammatical rule and then takes precautions with what goes outside the meaning of this rule to prove what was mentioned in the basic rule. It is a broad topic, its existence is not limited to grammarians, but its existence is evident among rhetoricians, jurisprudence scholars, and others. It is comprehensive of the grammatical, morphological, and rhetorical aspects, and in the grammatical aspect it includes nouns, verbs, and letters. This research is dedicated to precaution in verbs (the present tense verb). It is divided into two themes: precaution in the built form of the present tense verb, and precaution in the inflected form of the present tense verb, including the accusative and the jussive.

Andalusian Muwashshahat (strophic poems) emerged as the product of the creativity of innovative poets who were cultivated in an era distinguished by its civilizational and cultural characteristics, influenced by the flourishing Eastern civilization. The Andalusians felt that traditional poetry had become stagnant compared with the development and prosperity of life.
The Andalusian environment contributed to the development of this art and the formation of its poetic features. Thus, the Muwashshahat appeared as a social phenomenon resulting from the interaction of Arabs with other nations.
This research aims to study the Muwashshahat from a stylistic perspective, focusing on the critical issues that perform aesthetic and semantic functions in these poetic compositions.
The study includes an introduction and three sections. The introduction presents a definition of the Muwashshahat, in addition to an introduction to stylistic studies and their relevance to the literature of Muwashshahat.
The first section discusses the origin of the Muwashshahat and the most famous poets who composed them. The second section focuses on the structure and components of the Muwashshah. The third section examines the relationship between the Muwashshahat and the Abbasid Musammaṭat. At the end of each section, there is an applied analytical study presented in a manner that serves the research, in addition to a stylistic study of the Muwashshah between its lyrical structure and intellectual content, which provides the critic with the opportunity for interpretation and judgment. The conclusion outlines the most important findings reached in the study.

This research deals with the phenomenon of river islands that formed in the course of the Tigris between the Al-Hurriya area in the north and reaching the city of Baiji within the administrative borders of Salah al-Din Governorate. The study attempts to answer the questions: what is the state of change in the morphometric characteristics in terms of formation, growth and development? What are the factors that led to the emergence of these islands that reached 18 islands, and how their effects on the activity of erosion and sedimentation processes can be limited within the river course that extends for a distance of 58.87 km. What are the natural profits that characterize the research area and its effects on these recent developments in addition to the advantage of the erosion that the river passes through and its repercussions on Sinai. The development of these islands was studied using a set of maps and satellite imagery of the study area, producing a collection of maps and models that provide a clear picture of the extent of the islands’ development and growth within the river channel.

The statistical relationship of the linear trends of the pressure anomaly of the descending Hadley cell arm (500 hpa) is studied for the specified spatial ranges (north, center and south). The change in the pressure anomaly heights is linked to the values of pressure oscillations and surface wind speed values. It was clarified whether the pressure anomaly is trending towards rising or falling and the effect of this trend on the values of both the oscillations selected for the study and the surface wind speed for the monthly data of the stations (Mosul, Baghdad and Basra) for the period 2000-2024. The study used the Mann-Kendall (M.K.) test to show the nature of the linear trends of the pressure anomaly values, and used the simple Pearson correlation to clarify and highlight the statistical correlation, and the importance of conducting the statistical relationship between the pressure oscillations (NAO, EWAR, AAO) and surface wind speed to show the nature of the direction of the relationship between them and which one was more influential. The results of the study showed that the pressure anomaly values of the descending Hadley cell arm (500 hpa) for the spatial ranges (north - central - south) over Iraq tends towards the rise during all months (June - July - August), and the highest amount of change towards the rise during the values of the central and southern regions reached during August by (0.688) for the central region and by (0.779) for the southern region, and all values are of very high statistical significance, while the amount of change during July for the northern region reached (0.656) and is of high statistical significance.

This study aims to analyze indicators of natural resource degradation in Bazian region, focusing on vegetation, soil, and water, using remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery for the period 1994–2024. The results of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed an increase in the area of semi-barren lands in 2024 compared to 1994. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) revealed a decrease in wetland areas and an increase in barren and rugged lands in 2024. The Soil Moisture Index indicated a higher soil moisture area in 2024 than in 1994, while the Biological Soil Crust Index showed an increase in the area of rich soil crust. The Thermal Condition Index indicated a decrease in the extent of drought-affected lands in 2024 compared to 1994. For the Solar Radiation Index (2024 only), lands receiving very high solar radiation constituted the largest share. The Surface Particle Size Index revealed that fine particle content was higher in 1994 than in 2024, whereas the Soil Degradation Index showed nearly equal degraded areas in both years, with a slight decrease in 2024. These findings indicate that spatial and temporal changes in degradation indicators reflect the combined impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors, highlighting the need for strategies to manage natural resources sustainably.

The research aims to build models that simulate environmental reality using remote sensing data and geographic information systems. It evaluates the ability, potential, and accuracy of modern geospatial technologies to detect and study desertification using spectral indicators, by monitoring a series of data space and its analysis through spectral evidence reveals the extent of variation in this field, relying on modern space visuals of the satellite (Landsat 8) using digital spectral indicators to detect natural resources through statistical equations and color mixing of digital spectral bands, it was shown that there is variation in natural resources from one region to another and from one period to another, the variation index declined the normalized water index (NDWI) decreases in dry years, as does the soil moisture index (NDMI) in dry seasons. Thermal indices, such as the solar radiation index (SRI), show that there is variation in the surface temperature of the earth from one region to another and from one season to another. Vegetation indices, such as the vegetation difference index (NDVI), show that there is a deterioration and variation from one season to another and from one year to another. To another, soil degradation indicators show that soil degradation occurs from one region to another, resulting from several natural factors, in addition to the mineral compounds index.

The research addresses the geomorphological risks facing land transport in Al-Baghdadi district, located west of Anbar Governorate. This district is a major transport hub due to its strategic location and the diversity of landforms.
The research problem was represented by seasonal slopes and valleys, the impact of geomorphic processes, and how they affect the sustainability of transport routes, which has increased the complexity of land transport.
The aim of the research is to identify the geomorphological patterns affecting land transport patterns and analyze their severity and temporal and spatial recurrence, using remote sensing technology to analyze these risks. The inductive approach and the descriptive analytical approach were followed to identify the most important risks affecting transportation through field study. The study includes four sections: the first section deals with transportation methods and their types in the research area, while the second section deals with the landforms that constitute geomorphological risks. The third section deals with themorpho-climatic processes affecting land transportation methods. The fourth section deals with analyzing the types of risks to land transportation in Al-Baghdadi district. In conclusion, the most important conclusions and proposals are mentioned.

Soil degradation is considered one of the major environmental issues associated with the interaction of natural and human factors, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Soils in these regions are characterized by high sensitivity to climatic changes and improper land-use practices. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations in both temperature and rainfall, and to clarify their impact on soil moisture through seasonal trend analysis of climatic elements for the period 1980–2020.
The study also relied on remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery (Landsat TM), using the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) to monitor and analyze changes in soil properties and levels of soil degradation.
The results revealed a clear temporal change in soil moisture levels. Areas experiencing high moisture stress showed a significant increase, expanding from 290.7 km² in 1993 to 679.1 km² in 2020. The areais classified under moderate moisture stress remained relatively large; however, a noticeable declining trend after 2005 is recorded. Meanwhile, the moderately moist level exhibited a clear fluctuation toward decline, with its area decreasing from 482.3 km² in 1993 to 317.3 km² in 2020, indicating a reduction in moderately moist conditions. In addition, the very moist level showed a sharp and continuous decrease, shrinking from 137.9 km² in 1993 to 27.7 km² in 2020.
Overall, the findings indicate a general trend toward increasing aridity in the study area, represented by the expansion of areas under high and moderate moisture stress, accompanied by a clear decline in moist and moderately moist areas. This trend has contributed to a noticeable deterioration in soil properties during the study period, driven by rising temperatures and declining rainfall, in addition to the impacts of various human activities. Consequently, agricultural land productivity has decreased, and manifestations of environmental degradation have increased in the study area.

This research aims to analyze the spatial distribution of marital statuses in Salah al-Din Governorate, based on data from administrative units. Descriptive statistical methods and the Z-score were used to identify patterns of spatial variation, and rates of marital statuses were calculated in comparison to the total number of cases in the governorate. The results showed that the total number of single and married cases was 39,712 (1,041) while the total number of divorced and widowed cases was 1,478 (30,931).
The research concludes that spatial variations in social status rates in Salah al-Din Governorate are linked to a range of demographic, social, economic, and security factors. This underscores the importance of adopting socio-spatial planning in formulating population policies and achieving balanced development within the governorate. The study primarily employed analytical, quantitative, and descriptive methodologies, revealing variations in social status rates across the administrative units within the governorate's districts . The study then presents conclusions and recommendations .

This research presents a detailed study of the impact of salt weathering on urban buildings in Al-Riyadh Sub-district, Hawija District, Kirkuk Governorate, focusing on the natural and environmental factors that contribute to the intensification of this phenomenon. It was observed that salt weathering in this area is a result of the interaction of several factors, including soil type and the region's specific climatic conditions, which significantly influence the geomorphological processes associated with weathering.
Climatic data for the study area indicate significant temperature variations and fluctuations in rainfall. These climatic factors primarily activate mechanical weathering processes, particularly salt weathering, which causes the decomposition and disintegration of building materials. Chemical analysis of samples taken from building materials and soil, based on electrical conductivity and the American Salinity Classification, revealed high salinity levels ranging from 12.32to 79.5 millimhos/cm³. These levels indicate a significant accumulation of sodium chloride, the salt most potent in accelerating salt weathering.
These effects are exacerbated by the presence of permanent water sources within the study area, particularly the Tigris River, which plays a crucial role by providing continuous moisture. This moisture penetrates through cracks and fine fissures in building materials due to capillary action, allowing dissolved salts to migrate internally and crystallize within these spaces. This excessive crystallization leads to the formation of salt flakes that gradually peel away from the surfaces.

This study aims to determine the level of scientific sense among intermediate first-graders in the subject of physics by examining the cognitive and affective aspects associated with students’ scientific sense. The importance of the study stems from the significant role of scientific sense in developing students’ critical and inquiry-based thinking, as well as enhancing their abilities to solve scientific problems and make evidence-based decisions. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and was conducted on a sample of 59 students. After excluding 8 students due to absence, the final sample consisted of 51 students, representing 86% of the total student population for the academic year 2025–2026. These students had completed the theoretical physics course for the first intermediate grade for the academic year 2025–2026. To achieve the objectives of the study, a specialized scale was developed to measure the level of scientific sense, covering both cognitive and affective domains. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified prior to its application. The results revealed that the level of scientific sense among first-graders in physics ranged from moderate to low in most cognitive and affective aspects, with noticeable differences among students in certain aspects based on individual abilities and their interaction with scientific activities. The findings emphasized an urgent need to employ active teaching strategies based on experimentation, observation, and practical application to enhance students’ scientific sense. This study contributes to improving the level of scientific sense among intermediate school students and, consequently, to developing their critical thinking and independent scientific problem-solving skills.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the strategy of the shape V on the achievement of university students. In order to verify the research objective, a zero-sum chance was formulated, which stated that there is no statistically significant difference at the level of (α = 0.05) between the average of the experimental group that study according to the strategy of the shape (V) and the average of the effective group that learn in the usual way. The research sample consists of 44 students from the third grade in the Department of Physics / College - University of Salahhadin in the Kurdistan Region of Erbil, academic exit (2024-2025), 22 students for both experimental and control groups. Nominations were made in a number of contracts, namely (the specific age specified in months, the optics degree for the previous stage, the Raven Intelligence Test), and after the end of the experiment, the data were statistically analyzed using the (SPSS) program, and the results discovered that there are differences with a specialist at the special level (α =0.05) between the averages of choosing the experimental group (experimental and control) for the experimental group that suits them and choosing the (V) shape in scientific achievement, and at the end of the research a number of recommendations and proposals were presented for future research.

This study aims to identify the creative orientation of primary school principals according to the gender variable (male-female), the specialization variable (scientific-human), and according to the number of years of service from (1-5) years, from (6-10) years, and from (11 years and above).
The current research community consisted of primary school principals in Salah al-Din Governorate for the districts of (Sharqat - Baiji - Tikrit - Al-Alam) for the academic year 2024-2025, numbering 633 male and female principals. As for the research sample, it amounted to 200 male and female principals, chosen by the researcher using a simple random method.
The descriptive correlational approach is used in the study. The researcher prepared a scale of creative orientation. The scale in its initial form consisted of 45 paragraphs, within five areas (originality, fluency, flexibility, details, sensitivity to problems), with 15 paragraphs for each area. Its validity and reliability were verified. The researcher also used the chi-square test as a statistical method to verify the validity of the items. Reliability was calculated using the test–retest method, reaching 0.85. Reliability was also estimated using Cronbach’s alpha, which reached 0.83. Thus, in its final form, the scale consisted of 43 items.

The current study deals with a vital and important topic, which is social marginalization and its relationship to psychological pressure experienced by an important segment of Iraqi society, namely university students. The study aimed to identify: the level of social marginalization among university students. The level of psychological stress among university students. The nature of the relationship between social marginalization and psychological stress among university students. The current research was limited to students at Tikrit University, for the academic year (2023-2024). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built two scales of social marginalization and psychological stress. The two scales were applied to a random sample of (300) male and female students, with (150) male and (150) female students, selected from all stages. The data was collected and processed using the following statistical methods. T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and using the statistical program (SPSS). The study reached the following results: The degree of exposure of the sample of university students to social marginalization is high. The level of psychological stress among the research sample is low, and there is a direct relationship between social marginalization and psychological stress.

This study aims to identify the impact of school counseling on achievement ambition and self-esteem among middle school students in the subject of Arabic in Sharqat District. The study relies on the descriptive approach. The achievement ambition scale and the self-esteem scale are used. The population size of this study is 2779 intermediate school students in the Arabic language subject in Sharqat district as a model. 270 students were chosen as a sample for this study. The study results showed that there is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (α≤0.05) for school guidance on achievement ambition among intermediate school students in the subject of Arabic in Sharqat district. There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (α≤0.05) for school guidance on self-esteem. There is also a statistically significant effect at the significance level (α≤0.05) for achievement ambition on self-esteem among the students. The study recommended that educational counselors should educate students about the academic systems in effect within the school, help them determine their future professional interests, coordinate with the teaching staff to develop treatment plans, and provide educational counseling to help them improve their achievement aspirations and self-esteem.

This study examined the association between self-efficacy and psychological well-being among university students, and tested whether student engagement mediates this association. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted. Data were collected online from fourth-year students in three departments (History, Arabic, English) at the College of Education for Humanities, University of Samarra, during the academic year 2024-2025. A total of 351 responses were received; 320 were retained for analysis after data screening and cleaning (N=320). Measures included the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the Arabic version of the University Student Engagement Inventory (A-USEI; 15 items). Results indicated significant positive correlations among self-efficacy, engagement, and well-being. The mediation model further showed a significant indirect effect of self-efficacy on well-being via engagement, suggesting that engagement may represent a plausible explanatory mechanism in the local university context.

The research aims to identify the cognitive capabilities that help in identifying knowledge gaps and developing a new vision for developing its services, which creates value for the library and enables workers to identify the strengths and weaknesses in their skills and work to develop them. To achieve this, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, using the questionnaire tool to collect data, as shown in Appendix No. (1). The dimensions of cognitive abilities and their indicators were presented to arbitrators in the field of information and knowledge technologies, as shown in Appendix No. (2). The study community included 82 employees in the central library of the University of Baghdad (Al-Jadriya, Al-Waziriya). The percentage and the weighted arithmetic mean were used as a statistical means to analyze the questionnaire points and arrive at the most important results and recommendations, which are: 1- Cultural abilities occupied the first place and reached a degree of (3), followed by learning ability and collective ability, which reached (2.9), followed by creativity and management ability, which reached (2.5), and finally communication abilities, which reached (2.1), meaning that the communication abilities of the employees in the central library of the University of Baghdad (Al-Jadriya, Al-Waziriya) are not at the required level.
2- There is a digital gap between employees when it comes to dealing with modern technologies or information technology. Therefore, all employees must be involved in intensive courses on software and office systems.
Recommendations: The research reached a set of recommendations, including:
1- Addressing the knowledge gap in dealing with technology by engaging technology and computer specialists in teaching new and existing staff members to develop their skills in using technology.
2- Rotating staff across library departments on a regular basis to enhance their knowledge and expertise in all aspects of office work.

This study, grounded in multimodal pedagogy, examines secondary school English teachers' utilisation of video resources and their pedagogical attitudes. The research aims to explore how teachers apply video resources and their perceptions of this integration, providing instructional guidance for effective implementation. The investigation involved classroom observations of 18 English teachers and in-depth interviews with a purposively selected subset of 9 teachers from secondary grades. Data were collected through qualitative methods, including analysis of classroom recordings and semi-structured interviews, followed by thematic analysis. The findings demonstrate that video resources in secondary English classrooms are primarily employed in reading and writing lessons, with application occurring across all three instructional phases: pre-class, in-class, and post-class activities. The interviewed teachers exhibited positive attitudes towards the integration, believing it facilitates both students' English language acquisition and teachers' instructional delivery. This study establishes the effectiveness and necessity of integrating video resources and offers pedagogical implications for secondary English teachers.

This study investigates the effect of using the Project-Based Learning (PBL) strategy on the writing skills of fifth year secondary school students. It aims to identify the effect of using the Project-Based Learning strategy on students’ skills in writing short story. It is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of students who learn using the Project-Based Learning strategy and those who learn through conventional method, and there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of students of the experimental group in the pre and posttest. An experimental approach is used with a sample of 60 students from divided into control and experimental groups. The findings of the study indicate a significant improvement in the writing short story of students who are taught using the PBL strategy.