Al-Madarat Scientific Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences

This research examines the geopolitical shifts driven by the rising populist movements in European Union member states. It posits that these movements, by emphasizing national sovereignty and opposing deeper integration, undermine European solidarity and complicate the formulation of a unified foreign policy. The consequences manifest as protectionist tendencies, a reevaluation of traditional alliances, and selective openness to rival global powers. The geopolitical impact of populism varies between Eastern and Western Europe, and between far-right and left-wing populist parties. The research concludes by projecting the long-term risks of fragmenting a unified European stance and a potential shift in the continent's geopolitical center of gravity.

Criminal policy rests on several key pillars, most notably the policy of criminalization and punishment, which gains greater importance in the context of digital justice. This concept became particularly prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic, when exceptional health circumstances necessitated reliance on technological means to ensure the continuity of justice and protect public health, prompting fundamental changes to traditional criminal policy principles. With the acceleration of digital transformation, especially in artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, the criminal system underwent profound changes, requiring a comprehensive reevaluation of contemporary criminal policy to guarantee individuals’ right to access justice—a natural and fundamental right affirmed by international charters and covenants. This right is based on integrity and impartiality, granting each person their due, which has led national legislations to enshrine recourse to the judiciary as a constitutional guarantee. This study is grounded in the Fourth Industrial Revolution theory and its relation to justice, where the use of intelligent algorithms has produced the concept of algorithmic justice. This approach relies on electronic models for predictive criminal procedures, capable of analyzing vast amounts of data and automating litigation processes, combining both physical and digital dimensions, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the judicial system and serving society.

The legal characterization of public–private partnership (PPP) contracts in Iraq refers to the precise determination of the legal description of these contracts in order to subject them to the appropriate legal regime. Such partnerships represent a contractual framework that brings together the State, in its capacity as the entity responsible for managing public utilities and safeguarding the public interest, and the private sector, which possesses the necessary expertise as well as financial and operational capabilities. This has led to the emergence of a contractual model distinct from traditional contracts, one that is based on the allocation of risks, obligations, and profits between the two parties.
The significance of legally characterizing PPP contracts lies in determining whether these agreements are governed by the rules of public law or private law, or whether they constitute a legal regime of a special nature, given the resulting implications for defining rights, guarantees, and the limits of administrative authority.

Environmental crimes have a significant impact on the lives of humans and living organisms, and environmental pollution constitutes the primary concern for legal researchers in the field of environment. It refers to unlawful activities carried out by humans that lead to an imbalance in the components of the natural environment. It is one of the fundamental problems faced by humanity as a result of technological development, which has provided states and citizens with immense scientific capabilities to exploit natural resources, accompanied by assaults on the healthy environment in all economic and social life activities. Therefore, the Arab legislator has adopted legal measures aimed at providing protection and preserving a healthy environment suitable for living, and preventing its deterioration by taking preventive measures to stop the causes of pollution, as well as measures to address existing causes. In addition, penalties are imposed on anyone who assaults or harms the environment, all to guarantee the human right to life, which is the foremost right granted to him and protected by law.

This study examined the constitutional principle of state continuity and its role in safeguarding future generations’ rights. It highlighted that state continuity ensures the enduring legal identity of the state and compels authorities to consider the long-term effects of their actions, preserving resources and rights for future citizens. By comparing the Iraqi constitution (which lacks explicit provisions) with Tunisia’s 2014 constitution (which explicitly created a Sustainable Development and Future Generations Commission), the study showed that explicit constitutional guarantees and institutions provide stronger protection. It concluded that while general constitutional principles offer a theoretical basis for protecting future rights, explicit text and institutional safeguards (such as dedicated articles or independent bodies) are essential for effective realization of those protections.

This study examines the impact of artificial insemination and IVF on lineage verification from jurisprudential and legal perspectives, linking medical and social dimensions. Fertilization between spouses within a valid marriage is permissible, whereas third-party involvement or surrogacy is prohibited. The study reviews Arab legislation, particularly Iraqi law, and the use of medical documentation and DNA testing for lineage verification. The research concludes that these technologies are essential for treating infertility but require strict legal and religious frameworks to protect lineage and safeguard the rights of the child, family, and society.

Digital privacy has become one of the most significant rights inherent to the human personality in light of the accelerating digital transformation and the unprecedented expansion in the use of modern communication technologies and social media platforms. This development has led to an increasing number of violations involving personal data and individuals’ private information. Such a reality has produced complex forms of harm that extend beyond material loss to include damage to personal reputation, psychological security, and loss of control over personal data, along with the resulting social and professional consequences.
Violations of digital privacy raise precise legal challenges concerning the adequacy of traditional rules of civil liability in addressing newly emerging forms of harm, particularly moral and informational damage, in addition to the difficulties related to proof and the assessment of compensation within a digital environment characterized by rapid dissemination and the difficulty of erasing digital traces. These violations also require reconsideration of the standards governing fault, damage, and causation, as well as the potential need to adopt more flexible or stricter legal rules depending on the nature of the actor (individual, platform, or data controller) and their preventive obligations.
The study concludes that violations of digital privacy constitute a direct infringement of personality rights, entitling the injured party to compensation once the violation and the resulting moral, psychological, or informational harm are established, even in the absence of tangible material damage. It further highlights the necessity of adopting diverse forms of remedies, including cessation of the violation and removal of its effects alongside financial compensation. Moreover, there is a need to develop the national legislative framework in line with international standards for digital privacy protection and to strengthen the role of the judiciary in assessing compensation in a manner that ensures deterrence and fairness while keeping pace with rapid technological developments

Water constitutes the fundamental source for the sustenance of life, not merely for humans, but for all living organisms. Given Iraq's geographical location within arid and semi-arid regions, it has suffered—particularly in recent decades—from a genuine crisis of water scarcity. Consequently, its water deficit has reached half of the quantities allocated to it pursuant to the treaties and agreements concluded between neighboring states.
Undeniably, water shortage impacts national security, the economy, and development, driven by continuous population growth and climate change. According to the United Nations report, Iraq ranks fifth globally among countries most affected by climate change. Furthermore, the establishment and construction of dams and projects by the upper upstream state (Turkey), the middle upstream state (Syria), as well as Iran, have exacerbated Iraq's suffering by diminishing the riverine flow of the Tigris, the Euphrates, and the Shatt al-Arab.
Therefore, it is imperative to devise solutions among the riparian states of the river basin. This necessitates concluding agreements between neighboring countries regarding the equitable and reasonable distribution of water, based on the principles governing the water basins of states sharing international watercourses. Additionally, a long-term strategy must be formulated to minimize water consumption and waste to the lowest possible level, particularly in the agricultural sector, by developing a plan that prioritizes the selection of crops with low water requirements

Public expenditure, by its very nature, is grounded in the constitutional framework established by the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005, which laid down the fundamental rules governing the management of financial resources and the methods of public spending in a manner that ensures the realization of the public interest, affirms social justice, and safeguards public funds. In this context, legal oversight plays a crucial role through the imposition of sanctions on those responsible for errors and deviations in the execution of the general budget.
The Federal Supreme Court of Iraq has exerted considerable efforts and played a prominent role in consolidating democratic principles related to the distribution of wealth, public expenditure, and the achievement of social justice. The interpretation of constitutional provisions assumes particular importance in certain situations known as grounds for interpretation, which include ambiguity, omission, and inconsistency within the text. Legal interpretation, in this regard, entails the precise clarification of ambiguous or unclear provisions, the completion of omitted elements, the elucidation of missing rules, and the reconciliation of the various parts of the constitutional text

In the research, we discussed the issue of international oversight of the national elections, given that the issue of supervision of elections has become important topics at the international and regional levels because of the role of oversight in supporting the electoral process and enhancing the principle of integrity and healing, and the research dealt with the definition of international control in terms of linguistic aspects And idiomatic, in addition to indicating the most important goals that censorship seeks, which is considered to be eliminating electoral forgery and spreading democracy among the most important of these goals in addition to identifying the types of that control and ensuring the neutrality of the monitoring committees, and at the end of the research we reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, and one of the most important of these The conclusions are that the elections have become the most important aspects of democracy in the world, which are the tool that is practiced through the people its right to choose the ruler based on the principle of the sovereignty of the people The peaceful circulation of the authority, as well as the need to limit the intervention of the executive authority in the electoral process, as well as recommended that the reports that are written by the committees specialized in the electoral process should be available to everyone who is interested in this matter.

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The paper discusses how modern bankruptcy law facilitates financial reorganization (rehabilitation) of distressed companies rather than simple liquidation. The research addresses the basic principles of insolvency systems, procedural mechanisms, and practical and legal obstacles. A special section focuses on the Iraqi legal framework and identifying gaps. This is evident through the research’s use of a descriptive and analytical approach based on a review of international and local literature, reports and publications. Therefore, the aim of the research is to clarify that reality, analyze the basic principles of contemporary insolvency systems, evaluate the procedural mechanisms that protect debtors and creditors during reorganization, and identify the practical and legal obstacles that prevent the success of restructuring processes. Focusing on the part related to the Iraqi legal framework, and identifying the gaps that limit the effective reorganization process. The research reached a number of practical conclusions and recommendations for reforming the law, building judicial capacities, and improving coordination among stakeholders.

The research established a Qur\'anic basis for “the art of ignoring” as a necessity of life in light of contemporary psychological and digital pressures, emphasizing that the Holy Qur\'an preceded psychology in establishing this concept through terms such as turning away, forgiveness, responding with kindness, and noble passing.
The research showed that ignoring is not a weakness or an escape, but rather awareness and great character aimed at conserving mental energy and stifling discord, provided that it is for a compelling interest and does not lead to the loss of rights or silence in the face of violations of God\'s limits. The research also reviewed practical applications of ignoring, to ensure stability in married life and to deal wisely with idle talk in all its forms, whether real or virtual on social media

This research presents an analytical study of the principle what is disliked in part is forbidden in whole, a purposive usul (Islamic jurisprudence) principle—most notably emphasized by Imam al-Shatibi—that governs the relationship between individual actions and their general effect. The core idea of the research is that a disliked action, if performed occasionally or sporadically (in part), remains within the scope of dislike; however, if the person consistently engages in it or if the entire society tacitly participates in it (in whole), it transforms into prohibition.
The importance of the study lies in demonstrating the impact of repetition and widespread practice in changing legal rulings, based on the principle of blocking means (sadd al-dhara’i) and considering the consequences of actions; as persistence in disliked acts often leads to neglecting duties or emboldening engagement in prohibited acts.
The research aims to establish the principle in Islamic law, discuss juristic opinions regarding the transition of a ruling from dislike to prohibition, and present contemporary applications (such as completely neglecting voluntary prayers or immersing in distracting lawful activities). The study concludes that this principle serves as a protective barrier for the objectives of Sharia, preventing a gradual, hidden descent into the prohibited, and preserving the religious rites from extinction

This research explores the concept of constants and variables from an Islamic legal perspective, drawing on Quranic narratives. It uses the story of the Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) as a case study, given its profound legislative and educational significance. The research demonstrates that constants represent the fundamental tenets of faith, legislation, and ethics, which are immutable. Variables, on the other hand, constitute a framework for ijtihad (independent reasoning) that adapts to changing times, circumstances, and individuals, ultimately fulfilling the objectives of Islamic law. The story serves as a tool for establishing a balanced approach to ijtihad, as it exemplifies the Prophet Moses's (peace be upon him) steadfastness in upholding monotheism and the fundamental principles of the faith, coupled with flexibility in his methods of preaching, education, and Islamic governance.

This study examines the role of the Holy Qur’an in strengthening family values and addressing marital problems within the contemporary family. It highlights the Qur’anic framework based on affection, mercy, and the solemn marital covenant, and explains its impact on promoting family stability and addressing major modern issues such as divorce, family discord, reconciliation, and prevention of disintegration. The study adopts the inductive–analytical, descriptive, and applied methods. It concludes that adherence to the Qur’anic approach provides an effective foundation for reinforcing family cohesion and achieving stability amid modern challenges.

This study aims to clarify the concept of security on the Day of Resurrection in the Qur’an and to demonstrate its connection to sound faith, divine guidance, and righteous deeds. Its significance lies in showing that eschatological security is not a mere promise, but the outcome of an integrated doctrinal and moral system. The research problem focuses on identifying the foundations that make a person among those who are secure at the time of the Greatest Terror. The study adopts a thematic and analytical approach in collecting and examining the relevant Qur’anic verses. It concludes that monotheism, steadfastness, and righteous conduct constitute the Qur’anic path to attaining reassurance and security in the Hereafter. The study further affirms that the Qur’anic structure of eschatological security is based on a clear causal relationship between guidance in the realm of responsibility and tranquility in the realm of recompense.

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, the governor of the Umayyads, believed that the Umayyad caliphate was a legitimate caliphate, properly fulfilling its duties. In his view, this was sufficient for it to be a legitimate state whose obedience was obligatory, and rebellion against it was a sin warranting severe punishment. He also believed that Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was a just, righteous, and capable caliph because he undertook the major responsibilities of governance and ensured the security of the Islamic nation both internally and externally. There was no meaning in removing the caliphate from the Umayyads and giving it to others who claimed to be more entitled to it. He considered Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr to be insufficiently capable and saw no basis for comparison between him and Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. Therefore, he did not differentiate between his opponents; in his view, they were all the same regardless of who they were. It is not surprising that he took steps to eliminate Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, who had taken refuge in the Kaaba. In this study, I will attempt to shed light on the true reasons that led Al-Hajjaj to fight Ibn al-Zubayr and to violate the sanctity of the Sacred House, as well as the courageous stances of Ibn al-Zubayr that ultimately led to his inevitable fate.

This research aims to study and analyze the evolution of military cooperation between Turkey and Egypt from 2010 to 2024, a period characterized by significant complexity due to internal political transformations in both countries, as well as rapid changes at the regional and international levels. The research focuses on the nature of military relations within their broader political context, explaining how the events of 2011 and their aftermath contributed to a sharp escalation of tensions between the two sides, which was clearly reflected in the level of military and security coordination and cooperation. The research also examines the period of stagnation and estrangement that lasted for several years before a gradual rapprochement began in 2017, driven by a growing awareness on both sides of the importance of reopening communication channels, particularly in the security and military fields. The research highlights a number of factors that contributed to this shift, most notably the increasing security challenges in the region, the escalating tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the need to coordinate efforts on sensitive issues such as combating terrorism, securing maritime borders, and protecting shared strategic interests.
This research analyzes the nature of the forms of military cooperation that emerged during this period, outlining their limitations and the obstacles they faced, whether political or regional. It also explores the future of this cooperation in light of current regional changes. The research concludes that military cooperation between Turkey and Egypt constitutes a significant element in reshaping regional balances, and that strengthening it could contribute to supporting regional stability, provided there is a sustained political will on both sides. Furthermore, the research notes that military cooperation between Turkey and Egypt witnessed varying developments during the period from 2010 to 2024, with bilateral relations transcending mere military exchange to reflect the political fluctuations in the Middle East

This research focuses on studying Iraqi-Turkish relations during the period from 2013 to 2022, and analyzing their direct and indirect impact on cross-border migration between Iraq and Turkey. This period witnessed fundamental strategic shifts, including the escalation of security issues and their entanglement with economic and water-related matters, as well as the expansion of Turkey's geopolitical role in northern Iraq. This coincided with large-scale displacement resulting from the war against the Islamic State (ISIS), ongoing Turkish military operations, economic pressures, and the impact of climate change and water scarcity.
The research also highlighted those fluctuating bilateral relations between Baghdad and Ankara had a direct impact on Turkey’s policies toward displaced Iraqis and on Iraq’s ability to manage its borders and the needs of the affected population. The research emphasizes that managing cross-border displacement requires a balance between security dimensions, economic policies, and humanitarian protection, with ongoing coordination between local and international actors

The capitulations granted by the Ottoman Empire to European powers were initially temporary privileges bestowed by the Ottoman Sultans, which expired upon the Sultan's death or abdication. However, over time, European states exploited the capitulatory system as a pretext for interfering in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire. These privileges formed part of a colonial scheme among European powers, serving as a means to impose their colonial influence and effectively becoming the gateway for European infiltration into the Ottoman state. Under these capitulations, European powers established a parallel administration within the Ottoman government, effectively creating a state within a state. Simultaneously, the ambassadors of these nations in Istanbul became de facto partners in the Ottoman Empire's political, economic, and military decision-making processes. Consequently, these privileges ultimately devastated the Ottoman economy by undermining its fiscal system, which was designed to protect both domestic and foreign trade from foreign competition. Therefore, upon recognizing the dangers of the capitulatory regime, the Ottoman Empire initiated several attempts to abolish it.

This study examines the role of developmental planning for electric power in Dhi Qar Governorate in 2025 from a geographical perspective, through the application of standardized statistical indicators and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study aims to assess the efficiency of the spatial distribution of electric power and the equity of its supply among administrative units by employing indicators such as the standardized score (Z-Score) and linking them to demographic and urban characteristics. A descriptive–analytical approach supported by quantitative and spatial analysis was adopted. Standardized indicators were used to classify levels of electrical performance and to identify areas of deficit and surplus, while GIS techniques enabled spatial visualization and analysis of distribution patterns and spatial disparities. The results reveal significant spatial variation in the efficiency of electric power distribution between district centers and peripheral areas, indicating an imbalance in spatial equity. The study concludes that integrating standardized statistical indicators with GIS-based spatial analysis enhances developmental planning for electric power, supports decision-making, and contributes to achieving spatial justice and sustainable development in the governorate

The current research aims to identify The Effect of PLAN Strategy on the achievement of chemistry and their visual thinking's skills in students Fifth Grade Scientific. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted a partially controlled experimental design with a post-test. The research sample consisted of 77 students from the fifth grade of the scientific track. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group, and the research tools were prepared, consisting of an achievement test with (36) multiple-choice items and a visual thinking skills test with (27) objective items. The psychometric properties of both tests were calculated, and the data were analyzed and processed statistically using statistical methods (Cronbach's alpha equation, t-test, Kuder-Richardson-20 formula, Pearson correlation coefficient, standard deviation, item difficulty index, item discrimination index, and the effectiveness of the alternatives for the objective items Test’ Levenes. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students in the two research groups, in favor of the experimental group.In light of these findings, several conclusions were drawn, and recommendations and suggestions were made.

The current research aimed to investigate the impact of using semantic map strategy on the academic achievement in history among third-grade middle school students in the city of Ramadi, in light of the weaknesses observed in traditional teaching methods regarding knowledge organization and the connection of historical concepts. The research problem stemmed from the question regarding the effect of this strategy on academic achievement. The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups, employing both pre-test and post-test measures. The sample consisted of 60 students who were randomly assigned to an experimental group that studied using the semantic map strategy, and a control group that studied through traditional methods. The researcher utilized an achievement test consisting of 30 multiple-choice items, developed according to a specification table that included various cognitive levels, and its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were verified. The data were analyzed statistically using means, standard deviations, and a t-test for independent samples. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test, suggesting that the semantic map strategy did not have a notable statistical effect on academic achievement under the study conditions. The study attributed this result to the short duration of application, the nature of the tool used, and the close cognitive levels of the students. It recommended expanding the implementation of the strategy over longer periods, integrating it with other educational strategies, and conducting further studies that explore different educational variables

This study aimed to identify the suitability of science laboratories for the academic achievement of middle school students in Ramadi, as perceived by biology teachers. Specifically, it sought to determine the extent to which the laboratories fulfilled the study's objectives, and to assess the effectiveness of science laboratories in the learning of middle school students, considering the nature of the study and its objectives. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach. A questionnaire was used as the primary instrument to gather feedback from a sample of 50 biology teachers.
The study results showed that the suitability of science labs for the academic achievement of middle school students in Ramadi, as assessed by biology teachers, was rated as high overall at an average of 3.64. Within each domain, the highest average score was recorded for performance skills (3.91), followed by knowledge construction (3.61) and social skills development (3.40). No statistically significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) were found in the suitability of science labs for the academic achievement of middle school students in Ramadi based on educational qualifications or gender. The researcher recommended equipping middle school science labs with appropriate educational equipment and conducting training courses for students

This research aims to analyze the Arabic grammar book for the fifth grade in light of the dimensions of mental alertness, where mental alertness represents one of the modern entrances in improving the quality of Education. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical method to examine the content of the book in terms of comprehensiveness, the distribution of mental alertness indicators, and in order to achieve the research goal, the researcher reviewed the literature and studies that dealt with the analysis of books and the dimensions of mental alertness, and the research was limited to grammatical topics for the fifth grade scientific, the researcher prepared a list analyzing the grammatical topics in the grammar book for the fifth grade according to the dimensions of mental alertness, the researcher used the following statistical and computational means: (hallucinatory equation, percentages)

This study explores addiction as a symbolic and cultural representation that transcends its medical meaning to reveal the modern individual’s existential and social crises. It argues that addiction in modern Arabic and Western literature is not merely a pathological condition but a metaphor for alienation and the transformation of identity. The research employs a comparative methodology integrating psychoanalytic, semiotic, and cultural criticism to examine how addiction is portrayed in both literary traditions in terms of language, symbolism, and narrative structure. The findings indicate that Arabic literature portrays addiction as a spiritual and social breakdown, whereas Western literature presents it as a psychological and existential struggle in which pleasure becomes a form of enslavement. The study also highlights the emergence of digital addiction as a contemporary literary motif, emphasizing that literary symbolism remains a powerful tool for understanding the transformations of human identity in a world shaped by conflict and contradiction.

The research aims to clarify the nature of the relationship between some monetary policy variables, namely inflation and exchange rate, and the output of the industrial sector in Iraq for the period (2004-2024), relying on the well-known standard model of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to determine the effect of some monetary policy variables in Iraq (inflation, exchange rate) on the output of the industrial sector in Iraq during the study period. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is the existence of a relationship between the variables in the standard model. It was found that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and the output of the industrial sector in the long term, as an increase in the inflation rate by one unit leads to a decrease in the output of the industrial sector by (211,852.4) units. It was also found that there is a direct relationship between the exchange rate and the output of the industrial sector, as an increase in the exchange rate by one unit leads to an increase in the output of the industrial sector by (215,167) units. This contradicts the economic theory, because a rise in the exchange rate (depreciation of the local currency) makes imports more expensive, including raw materials, machinery, and equipment imported for industry, which increases industrial production costs, leading to a decrease in the productive capacity of the industrial sector, especially if it relies on imported inputs.

The world has witnessed a profound shift toward the digital economy, which has become one of the principal drivers of economic growth in many countries. This growth is largely based on leveraging technologies such as the Internet, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, which enhance productivity and reduce dependence on oil. In Iraq, digital transformation represents a significant opportunity to diversify sources of income and achieve economic sustainability, despite the challenges related to technological infrastructure, weak regulatory frameworks, and social disparities. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the digital economy on economic growth in Iraq, with particular emphasis on the challenges it faces, including the lack of clear strategies and the need to develop appropriate legislative frameworks.

The study aims to measure and analyze the impact of political stability and non-violence on Iraq\'s agricultural GDP for the period 2004-2024. The error correction vector model (VECM) model was used to estimate the relationship between the two variables. The results showed a complementary relationship between the two variables. The analysis of the results of the long-term equilibrium relationship indicates that There is a significant inverse effect between political stability, the absence of violence, and agricultural GDP, as the value of the coefficient of political stability, the absence of violence, and the agricultural GDP in the long run is (4.97586), which means that the decrease in the value of the political stability index and the absence of violence by one unit leads to an increase in the agricultural GDP by (4.97586) units. This paper recommends that the political system should not be based on violence but rather on a set of political, social, cultural, and economic measures that make political forces and society maintain the stability of the country, and develop the capacity of the political system to face and respond to the internal (societal) and external (international community) challenges imposed on it in a way that promotes political stability. The Iraqi state must work to achieve relative political stability by finding a real balance between the orientations of the ruling authority and the regime. political and among members of society, He pointed out the need for all workers in the political system, including political parties and figures, to work hard to bring opinions closer and push towards a comprehensive national reconciliation that makes everyone contribute to achieving political stability, which positively reflects confidence in the investment environment, enhances confidence in investments, increases the ability of producers to access markets in economic fields, including the agricultural sector, which contributes to the rise in GDP and the achievement of agricultural economic development.

This article aims to review and analyze previous studies that have addressed the features of Prophetic thought in organizing foreign policy during the Medinan period (1-11 AH), considering it the historical stage in which the Islamic state was formed and its policy towards its regional environment crystallized. The article proceeds from the premise that Prophetic foreign policy was not an immediate response to circumstances, but rather an expression of a comprehensive, purpose-oriented intellectual system. This study adopted a critical analytical approach to examine contemporary historical, jurisprudential, and intellectual output, and to interpret the nature of the foreign relations of the Islamic state in Medina. This review revealed that the Prophet\'s thought in the field of foreign relations was based on several pillars, perhaps the most prominent of which are: the principle of contracts, fulfilling covenants, relying on diplomatic correspondence as a tool for international communication, prioritizing peace whenever possible, the legitimacy of defending the Islamic state, and linking political decisions to ethical and legal values.

Islamic law and Iraqi law recognize the right of a divorced woman to housing, and explicitly prohibit any infringement upon this right, except in certain circumstances that preclude granting it to the wife. This issue is among the most important topics closely linked to our social reality in Iraq, given the increasing divorce rates in society. The Iraqi legislature has regulated this right in more than one law, establishing specific legal frameworks for it, drawing most of its provisions from Islamic law. Muslim jurists have addressed the issue of housing for divorced women extensively, outlining the specific obligations and circumstances under which it becomes obligatory. This necessitates a study of the Islamic legal perspective on housing for divorced women, comparing it with Iraqi law, and clarifying the related rulings and issues.