Wasit Journal Of Sports Sciences

The importance of the study lies in that it contributes to focusing on an important topic that has not previously received its due attention from researchers. It clarifies the relationship between strategic intelligence and adaptation to administrative work through job immersion for the heads of sports federations, which may represent a turning point in the work of sports federations if it is implemented. All of this depends on the serious and effective practice of the ability of the heads of sports federations to control their strategic intelligence and their job immersion in a positive manner, and consequently adaptation to administrative work in performance. The idea of the current study came to measure the problem that the two researchers will attempt to answer in this research through the following questions :What is the reality of strategic intelligence of the heads of the central sports federations from the perspective of the administrative bodies? What is the reality of adaptation to administrative work for the heads of the central sports federations from the perspective of the administrative bodies? What is the reality of job immersion for the heads of the central sports federations from the perspective of the administrative bodies? The most important objectives were the preparation and application of the measures of strategic intelligence, adaptation to administrative work, and job immersion for the heads of the central sports federations from the perspective of the administrative bodies. The two researchers followed the research methodology and its field procedures by preparing the measures and presenting them to a group of experts and specialists, as well as processing the research results through the statistical methods used. The results of the axes of the two scales and the relationship between them were presented, analyzed, and discussed. The two researchers concluded that the sample of heads of sports federations possess strategic intelligence with a good level of acceptance, as they tend toward planning and anticipating the future and continuously conduct benchmarking comparisons with other federations. They also reached the importance of conducting periodic evaluation of the administrative competencies of the heads of Iraqi sports federations.

The aim of this study was to analyze and investigate the kinetic chain and force transmission during the forehand stroke in tennis, through a case study of six attempts focusing on quantifying the force generated by various body segments during the sequential transfer of energy from the lower limbs through the trunk to the upper limbs across the stroke phases. Three-dimensional cameras were used to record 18 forehand stroke attempts, from which the best six were selected and analyzed using the MaxTRAQ software. A 3D scale reference was captured during filming, and the cameras were set to a frequency of 120 frames per second. The results of the study revealed a clear distinction between the preparatory and main phases of the forehand stroke, as the ball’s horizontal velocity increased from 14.59 m/s to 47.63 m/s, reflecting the effective transmission of force from the lower limbs through the trunk to the upper limbs. The force exerted by the right palm showed a perfect correlation with the resultant velocity (1.000), while certain angles, such as the right shoulder angle, had a minimal effect. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of coordination between angles, forces, and biomechanical accelerations to achieve effective technical performance. This suggests the need for specialized training to enhance this interaction and improve the efficiency of the forehand stroke in tennis.

The aim of this study is to identify the effect of high-intensity cluster training on improving the effectiveness of reactive jumping among junior handball players. This was done by analyzing a set of physical indicators, most notably the Reactive Strength Index (RSI), which is considered a key criterion for evaluating performance efficiency in reactive jumps. The sample consisted of 16 junior players, randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (8 players) who underwent a training program using high-intensity cluster training, and a control group (8 players) who followed a traditional training program. Pre-tests were conducted to ensure homogeneity of the sample in terms of chronological age, training age, height, and weight. Then, specific physical tests were applied, including reactive jump distance (cm), 30-meter sprint time (s), ground contact time during the reactive jump (s), and RSI (index), using 2D video analysis. The results showed significant improvement in the experimental group between pre- and post-tests across all studied variables—particularly in increased jump distance, reduced contact time, and improved RSI—compared to the control group, which did not show statistically significant differences. These findings highlight the effectiveness of high-intensity cluster training in developing explosive strength, speed, and reactive characteristics, making it an ideal approach to enhance jump performance in youth handball players

The researcher, being interested in the Shot Put event and through his review of the educational units at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Wasit, observed a difficulty in the skillful performance among a large number of students. They have not reached the required technical level in performing the Shot Put event despite repeated practice, instructions, and feedback from the instructor. The researcher attributes this to the complexity of the event’s performance and the deficiency in employing diverse teaching strategies and models. Furthermore, shifting the roles and duties of both learners and teachers within the Lorsbach model may yield better learning outcomes for the technical performance of this event, while adding a new role for the subject instructor based on the Constructivist Theory. Therefore, the researcher decided to experiment with the Lorsbach model to develop certain physical variables and the achievement of the Shot Put event for students. The research aims to: Prepare educational units according to the Lorsbach model for the Shot Put event. Identify the impact of the Lorsbach model on developing specific physical variables and the achievement of the Shot Put event for students. The researcher concluded that: The applied Lorsbach model (Experimental Group) and the traditional method used by the instructor (Control Group) both had a positive impact on developing physical variables and Shot Put achievement. However, the Lorsbach model significantly increased students' motivation and desire, encouraging them to exert more effort toward achieving correct technical performance."

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among football players and represents a major challenge to athletic performance and functional efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a vibration training–based rehabilitation program on pain reduction and functional efficiency improvement in football players suffering from non-specific low back pain. A pre–post experimental design was employed involving a single experimental group. The study sample consisted of twelve male football players diagnosed with non-specific low back pain, purposefully selected from a specialized rehabilitation center. Participants underwent a six-week rehabilitation program based on whole-body vibration training, with three sessions per week. Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), lumbar spine flexibility measured by the Schober test, back muscle strength assessed using a dynamometer, and dynamic balance evaluated by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity following the intervention (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in all functional efficiency indicators, including lumbar flexibility, back muscle strength, and dynamic balance for both lower limbs (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that vibration training effectively enhances neuromuscular activation, spinal stability, and functional performance while alleviating pain symptoms. In conclusion, vibration training represents an effective and safe rehabilitation modality for reducing pain and improving functional efficiency in football players with non-specific low back pain. Incorporating vibration-based exercises into rehabilitation and preventive programs may facilitate a faster and safer return to sport while reducing the risk of recurrent low back injuries.

The importance of this research lies in enhancing both the specific endurance and skill performance in futsal by adapting to the match environment and training for the longest possible duration, while also managing lactic acid buildup. This is achieved through controlled intensity training that allows for appropriate rest periods, thus improving the player's endurance and ability to cope with the stresses of the game. The research problem stems from the fact that lactic acid tolerance training in futsal is essential for helping players adapt to the match environment and withstand fatigue. This highlights the role and importance of such training in achieving the desired results. The research aims to identify the impact of controlled intensity lactic acid tolerance training on developing the specific endurance and fundamental skills of young futsal players. The research methodology and sample: The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of (18) youth futsal players from the Diyala Club. After applying lactic acid training exercises, the most important conclusion was that lactic acid endurance exercises with controlled intensity are important and fundamental in developing the specific endurance and basic skills of young futsal players. Therefore, it was recommended that lactic acid endurance exercises with controlled intensity be adopted, given their importance and fundamental role in developing the specific endurance and basic skills of young futsal players.

The present study aimed to design specific exercises to develop the coordinative ability of volleyball players and to identify the effect of these exercises on developing coordinative ability. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (24) second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, for the academic year (2025–2026). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with (12) students in each group. Specific exercises were employed to develop coordinative ability and to facilitate learning the skills of setting and serving in volleyball. Equivalence and homogeneity were established among the research sample members before conducting the experiment.An instructional program related to the educational content was prepared and implemented over a period of (8) weeks. The duration of each instructional unit was (90) minutes throughout the experimental period. The experimental program commenced on Monday, 16/10/2024. After completing the prescribed instructional curriculum, the post-test was administered. For statistical analysis, the researcher utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS(

The study aimed to assess how effectively physical education (PE) teachers contribute to fostering environmental awareness among intermediate school students. The research focuses on evaluating their influence in shaping positive environmental attitudes and identifying strengths and weaknesses in their role, with the goal of improving their contribution to sustainable environmental education. A descriptive survey method was used, which is appropriate for observing educational phenomena. The study was conducted in the city center of Al-Kut during the academic year 2024–2025. The target population included 400 students, from which a purposive sample of 104 students (26%) was selected. Data was collected using a 16-item closed-ended questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree). The tool’s validity was ensured through expert review and construct validity, while reliability was confirmed using the test-retest method, The study found that PE teachers demonstrated varying levels of environmental awareness. It also concluded that physical education lessons require a specialized curriculum to integrate environmental awareness effectively into sports activities.

This research aims to identify the self-teaching method and its impact on students' learning of Management and Organization at the College of Physical Education, University of Diyala. It also aims to develop an achievement test for students in Management and Organization, as the discussion-based approach to teaching Management and Organization relies on transforming the classroom into aninteractive space where students and teachers exchange opinions The concepts of management (such as leadership, planning, and decision-making) are explored to foster a deeper understanding and develop critical and analytical thinking skills. This is achieved through open-ended questions, dividing students into small groups for in-depth discussions, and guiding the dialogue towards practical solutions to management problems, while emphasizing active listening, composure, and respect for others' viewpoints to achieve the objectives The lesson was prepared in advance by defining the discussion objectives. The researcher used the experimental method with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample consisted of (20) students. Through data processing using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the study concluded that discussion is the transition from merely exchanging opinions to forming a shared vision based on The study emphasizes analysis, logic, and cooperation, along with acquiring thinking and decision-making skills, which prepares the student to face the challenges of administrative work effectively and efficiently. The study also recommended the necessity of using diverse teaching methods by professors within the classroom, including the dialogue method, due to its ability to attract the student's attention and increase their effectiveness and self-confidence

It has become imperative for athletes to cooperate in combating and reducing environmental pollutants, especially after their widespread prevalence in both team and individual sports, reaching a significant negative phenomenon that jeopardizes the very essence of sports, entertainment, which collectively embody a wide range of educational and social values in sports fields are a scourge. The research problem is that environmental pollutants are a problem that the sports community has suffered from and continues to suffer from due to a lack of attention to this issue. Despite advancements in various natural sciences, solutions to these problems remain fragile, especially given the increasing impact on athletes and fans alike, which can reduce opportunities for achievement and results. The positive aspect for athletes is that this necessitates placing a distance between the pollutant and the sports fields, as stipulated in the Official Gazette in 2011. Hence came the interest in studying the relationship of environmental pollutants to sports facilities by studying the environmental determinants in order to identify them and develop appropriate solutions to this problem. The research aimed to identify environmental pollutants and their relationship to the six sports facilities in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The researcher used a descriptive approach with correlational analysis and the SPSS statistical package. The results showed that environmental pollutants are a direct factor influencing the decline in the performance of athletes in the governorate. The absence of one of the most important elements in stadiums, which is the cleanliness factor, due to its impact on the occurrence of environmental pollution. One of the most important recommendations was to emphasize, before the establishment of the sports facility, the required distances that the sports facility must be away from the environmental pollutants stipulated in Environmental Specifications No. (3) of the year (2011).

The researcher compared the players of the national team who participated in the last West Asian Championship. The researcher divided the main players into two groups, each containing five players. Group A used nutritional supplements before the match and between halves, while the other group used a normal solution containing nothing for four consecutive matches in order to find out whether these supplements were effective in increasing the players' physical performance during the match, as well as the rate of calories consumed during the match, in order to determine the extent to which taking certain nutritional supplements contributed to increasing physical performance during the match. The results showed statistically significant differences in the distances covered and energy consumed in favor of Group A. The researcher concluded that nutritional supplements had a clear positive effect on some physical achievements and had an impact compared to the other group

This research aims to explore the interactive relationship between learning styles, thinking styles, and the level of achievement in the headstand skill within artistic gymnastics, regarded as a fundamental skill that integrates balance, neuromuscular control, and precision of movement. The study employed the descriptive–analytical method using the correlational approach, as it best suits the nature of the investigated phenomenon by examining the type and strength of associations among cognitive, psychological, and motor variables.The research population comprised second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, with a randomly selected sample of 35 participants. The instruments utilized included Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI), Sternberg’s Thinking Styles Inventory (TSI), and a technical performance test of the headstand skill aligned with the standards of the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) Findings revealed statistically significant correlations between learning styles, thinking styles, and the level of motor performance, emphasizing that the integration of cognitive and motor dimensions fosters higher efficiency in motor learning. The study recommends adopting interactive instructional strategies grounded in learners’ distinct cognitive and stylistic profiles to optimize skill achievement in artistic gymnastics and to enrich the educational process through a contemporary psychomotor perspective.Keywords: Learning styles, Thinking styles, Artistic gymnastics, Motor performance, Headstand, Motor learning.

Physical training constitutes the foundation of the coaching process through its various methods, owing to its effectiveness in developing specific muscle groups that can be targeted and isolated, particularly in individual sports. This is especially crucial given the significant exertion athletes endure and the full duration of matches or bouts, which amplifies the physical strain placed upon them. The research problem was identified through the researcher's observation of several clubs in Wasit Governorate, collaboration with coaching staffs, and analysis of matches held within the governorate. It was noted that training programs are largely confined to rehabilitation protocols or the use of physiotherapy modalities, leading to numerous issues for fencers, including injuries, fatigue, and significant joint restrictions. Furthermore, a deficiency in general physical fitness components was observed, compounded by pain experienced by athletes during training or competitions. This weakness may also stem from a lack of focus in the exercises administered within the training units provided by the coaching staff. Therefore, this study aimed to develop therapeutic rehabilitation programs incorporating modern training modalities, such as electrical stimulation, and to observe their impact on the physical and functional efficiency of fencers. The research aimed to investigate the effect of exercises combined with (therapeutic) electrical stimulation and selected therapeutic modalities on: the physical variables of fencers, and the physiological variables of fencers. One of the most prominent findings was the effectiveness of exercises combined with NMES electrical stimulation in developing physical abilities and selected physiological variables in fencers

The importance of this research lies in attempting to uncover the nature of the relationship between these anthropometric and physiological indicators and the level of offensive performance effectiveness among basketball players, thus contributing to the development of the training process and raising the competitive level. This research aims to identify the values of some anthropometric indicators (height, weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage) and some physiological indicators (anaerobic threshold, VO2max, and vital capacity VC) among basketball players, and to identify the correlation between these anthropometric and physiological indicators and the level of offensive performance effectiveness among basketball players. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive method. The research population consisted of (27) young basketball players from clubs in Diyala Governorate, using a purposive sampling method. The researcher then identified the variables of the anthropometric indicators, which were (height, weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage), and the physiological indicators, which were (anaerobic threshold, VO2max, and vital capacity VC). The researcher assessed the level of effectiveness of offensive performance through objective observation. After obtaining the results, the researcher adopted the statistical program (SPSS). The researcher concluded that there is a significant correlation between anthropometric and physiological indicators and the effectiveness of offensive performance. She recommended focusing on developing the maximum aerobic capacity (VO₂max) and the anaerobic threshold within training programs because of their direct impact on raising the effectiveness of offensive performance among basketball players

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The study aims to identify the effect of neuromuscular integration on enhancing offensive effectiveness among Greco-Roman wrestlers. Offensive effectiveness is considered one of the most important determinants of success in wrestling bouts, as it depends on speed of initiation, accuracy of executing offensive techniques, and proper timing of attacks. Achieving such effectiveness does not rely solely on physical abilities; rather, it requires a high level of coordination between the nervous and muscular systems, which contributes to improving technical performance and reducing movement errors.The research problem lies in the observed decline in offensive effectiveness among some wrestlers despite possessing adequate physical capabilities. This deficiency is attributed to insufficient neuromuscular integration, resulting from the reliance of traditional training programs on physical components while neglecting neuromuscular aspects. The researchers employed a set of tests to measure the study variables, including the Change of Direction Test (T-Test), the Y-Balance Test for dynamic balance, the Agility Ladder Test for neuromuscular coordination, in addition to the Offensive Effectiveness Test during a training bout and the Accuracy of Offensive Techniques Test.The results revealed statistically significant relationships between neuromuscular integration and offensive effectiveness, indicating that dynamic balance, speed of direction change, and neuromuscular coordination contributed to improving the accuracy and speed of executing offensive techniques and increasing the number of successful attacks. The study concludes that neuromuscular integration is a fundamental factor in developing offensive performance among wrestlers and recommends incorporating balance, coordination, and change-of-direction training into wrestling training programs, along with conducting periodic assessments to monitor the development of offensive effectiveness.

Undoubtedly, in order to investigate the effect of the PQ5R strategy on cognitive achievement and the learning of offensive skills in foil fencing among students, it is necessary to employ the experimental method on a sample of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The sample consisted of thirty (30) students, equally distributed between the experimental and control groups. Following the implementation of the instructional units over a period of eight (8) weeks, both groups were subjected to pre- and post-tests. The collection and statistical analysis of data led the researcher to the following key conclusions: the use of the PQ5R strategy proved to be more effective than the traditional method in enhancing academic achievement. This effectiveness is attributed to the strategy’s systematic organization of instructional material, dividing it into sequential steps in accordance with its methodological framework. The PQ5R strategy contributed to enhancing the effectiveness of the educational process by positioning the learner as its central focus, in alignment with contemporary pedagogical approaches. Furthermore, the findings revealed the superiority of the experimental group, who learned through the PQ5R strategy, over the control group, who followed the traditional method, in acquiring offensive skills in foil fencing.The researcher recommends the following: adopting the use of metacognitive strategies that position the student as the central focus of learning, including the PQ5R strategy, in teaching other fundamental skills in fencing for both male and female students. Furthermore, it is advised that faculty members in colleges of physical education and sport sciences conduct additional research and studies employing modern strategies that emphasize the learner-centered approach across all subjects.

This study aims to investigate the effect of motor educational exercises based on the Stevens model on improving agility, balance, and the skill of heading the ball in football among students. The research problem emerged from field observations showing students’ weakness in some motor abilities, in addition to a clear deficiency in mastering the skill of heading the ball in football. This highlighted the need to employ a modern educational model to address this deficiency. The researchers adopted the experimental method using the equivalent groups design. The study population consisted of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year 2020. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling from two classes, after excluding a number of students for irregular attendance. The researchers concluded that employing motor educational exercises according to the Stevens model is effective in developing motor abilities, improving agility and balance, and enhancing the learning of the skill of heading the ball in football among students. Consequently, it is recommended to adopt the Stevens model in football teaching methods within the curricula of colleges of physical education and sport sciences .

This research aimed to identify the relationship between body type components and several offensive basketball skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The sample consisted of 104 students, representing 56% of the student body. The sample was selected after completing the academic year dedicated to learning the skills. The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach, deemed suitable for the nature of the research. The population comprised first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul. Skills tests were conducted, including free throws, shooting from under the basket, passing accuracy and speed, and dribbling. Prior to the tests, the anthropometric measurements of the research sample were taken. After data entry, the data were statistically analyzed, presented, and discussed. The researcher concluded that there was a correlation between body types and the studied skills, but with varying degrees of correlation.

The present study aimed to identify the relationship between motor performance anxiety and the accuracy of jump shooting among junior players of Al-Rumaitha Handball Club during the sports season (2024–2025). The importance of this study lies in highlighting the role of psychological factors, particularly anxiety, in influencing the performance of fundamental skills in handball. Psychological readiness is considered an essential component alongside physical, technical, and tactical preparation, especially for junior players who are more susceptible to emotional and psychological pressures during competitions. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey and correlational method, as it is suitable for identifying relationships between variables without manipulating them. The study sample consisted of (20) junior players from Al-Rumaitha Handball Club, who were selected intentionally to represent the research population. The players were relatively homogeneous in terms of training background and competitive experience, which helped ensure consistency in the results. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used two main tools: a jump shooting accuracy test and a motor performance anxiety questionnaire consisting of (26) items. The shooting accuracy test was designed to measure the players’ ability to perform jump shots accurately toward specified target areas in the goal. Meanwhile, the anxiety questionnaire was administered to assess the level of motor performance anxiety experienced by the players prior to competition. The data collected were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient.The results revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between motor performance anxiety and jump shooting accuracy. The findings indicated that players with higher levels of anxiety demonstrated lower shooting accuracy, whereas players with lower anxiety levels achieved better performance in jump shooting. These results confirm that psychological factors, particularly anxiety, play an important role in determining the level of skill performance among junior handball players. The study concluded that reducing motor performance anxiety can contribute to improving the accuracy of jump shooting and overall performance in handball. Therefore.

The importance of the present study stems from its focus on agility and balance as fundamental physical variables that significantly affect the quality of skill performance in team sports, particularly volleyball, which requires rapid changes of direction, precise body control, and the maintenance of balance during the execution of defensive and offensive skills. The study aimed to design (Compound) exercises to develop agility, balance, and the accuracy of performing the setting and serve reception skills in volleyball, as well as to identify the effect of these exercises on improving the aforementioned variables, The research population consisted of advanced players of Al-Daluiya Sports Club in volleyball for the 2024–2025 sports season, totaling (14) players, who were selected intentionally. The libero player was excluded due to non-participation in offensive skills, in addition to excluding (3) players who participated in the pilot study. Accordingly, the research sample comprised (10) players representing both the experimental and control groups, Field research procedures included conducting experiments and tests, namely agility and balance tests, as well as accuracy tests for the setting skill and serve reception skill. The training program was applied for a period of (8) weeks at Al-Daluiya Sports Club, with a frequency of (3) training units per week, resulting in a total of (24) training units, Based on the results obtained, the researcher concluded that Compound exercises contributed effectively to the development of agility and balance, which was positively reflected in the level of skill performance in volleyball. The training program applied to the experimental group achieved comprehensive improvement in all Compound -related research variables, whereas the improvement in the control group was limited and incomplete. The researcher recommends adopting Compound exercises within training curricula due to their positive impact on developing integrated player performance, and emphasizes the importance of developing special physical abilities directly related to basic volleyball skills, particularly agility and balance, when designing educational and training programs.

The study aimed to identify the impact of using illustrative diagrams as a strategy on learning some basic tennis skills among students. The researcher adopted the experimental method with an equivalent groups design. The study population consisted of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Al-Ain University, for the academic year (2025–2026), totaling (140) students distributed across (3) classes. The experiment was conducted on a sample of (28) students representing two classes (B and D), with (14) students per class. Using random selection by lottery, class (B) was chosen as the experimental group to be taught using the (illustrative diagrams) strategy, while class (D) was designated as the control group, taught according to the method followed by the course instructor. Additionally, a pilot study sample of (12) students from class (C) was included. The instructional curriculum consisted of (6) educational units, with one unit per week for each group, each lasting (90) minutes. Subsequently, post-tests were conducted. The researcher utilized the statistical software (SPSS), through which appropriate statistical methods were applied, most notably the (t)-test for related samples and the (F)-test for analysis of variance. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most significant of which was the superiority of the experimental group (illustrative diagrams) over the control group in learning some basic tennis skills among the students.

The study aimed to identify the impact of the blended learning strategy on improving the technical performance of the discus throw for female students. The experimental method, with a two-group design (experimental and control), was employed due to its suitability for the research objectives. The study sample consisted of a group of female students, where the experimental group followed an educational program that integrated on-field practical instruction with interactive electronic media (analytical videos and learning platforms), while the control group continued with the traditional method. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in the level of mastery of the technical stages of the discus throw (from the ready position to the release). The researchers concluded that blended learning contributed to providing continuous visual feedback, which helped the students overcome common technical errors and develop the required motor coordination.

The rate of injuries increases if sports training is conducted in an unscientific way or using inappropriate sports equipment. The incidence of injuries among athletes rises with the intensity and prevalence of sports competitions, especially injuries to the musculoskeletal system, as sports practice places stress on the joints, ligaments, synovial sheaths, muscle tendons, muscles, and all bone vertebrae, particularly for basketball players. The research problem lies in preparing a knee rehabilitation program after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery, which includes resistance band strength exercises for the muscles acting on the knee joint after completing treatment under the supervision of the operating physician, lasting 30 days. The study was applied to a sample of injured basketball players for the 2023-2024 sports season. The researcher used the experimental method and implemented a rehabilitation program for 12 weeks, with three sessions per week (Saturday, Monday, and Wednesday), taking into account the principles of sports injury rehabilitation. The researcher reached the following conclusions: Identifying the injury and the level of pain helps the muscle receive the applied effort. Strengthening the muscles around the joints increases their efficiency after rehabilitation. The maximum strength of the knee muscles (the quadriceps and the hamstrings) has improved.

The current research aims to identify the role of intermingled and reciprocal training methods in developing physiological responses (heart rate, aerobic and anaerobic capacities) among fourth-stage football students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher employed an experimental approach on a sample of (30) students, randomly divided into three equivalent groups (ten students each). The first group applied the reciprocal training method, the second used the intermingled training method, while the third (control) group followed the traditional curriculum. The training program lasted for (4) weeks, consisting of (12) training sessions. Statistical results, following physiological tests (Foster test, vertical jump, and running in place), showed a significant improvement in the two experimental groups compared to the control group, with a clear statistical preference for the intermingled training method in enhancing overall functional efficiency. The study concluded that the organized diversification of physical loads within a single session accelerates physiological adaptation processes. It recommended the necessity of adopting the intermingled training method within educational and training curricula and updating the football course content to keep pace with modern methods for developing functional systems

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of using the Centrum Energy dietary supplement, alongside a training programme, on certain biochemical variables (potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels, as well as vitamins B6 and B12) and anaerobic capacity in advanced basketball players. Methods: The experimental method was adopted. The researchers divided the research sample, which consisted of 16 players from the Al-Mustansiriya University national basketball team, into two groups: Experimental Group One: Received a placebo alongside the training programme. Experimental Group Two: Received the Centrum Energy dietary supplement alongside the training programme. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with pre-tests and post-tests conducted to measure the biochemical variables and anaerobic capacity using the Monarck test. Results: After conducting the pre-tests and post-tests, the data were statistically analysed. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in all biochemical variables and anaerobic capacity in Experimental Group Two, which received the dietary supplement. Experimental Group One showed no statistically significant improvement in the aforementioned variables. Furthermore, the differences between the two groups in the post-test measurements were statistically significant in favour of the second group.

This research aims to identify the impact of using virtual reality technology on learning and training floor gymnastics skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The importance of this research lies in the rapid development of modern technologies, particularly virtual reality, which has become an effective educational and training tool in the sports field, providing an interactive training environment capable of accurately simulating motor performance. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the study. The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year (2025-2026), totaling (80) students. The researcher used a set of tests to measure the impact of using virtual reality on learning floor gymnastics skills. These tests included an evaluation of the technical performance of the floor movement sequence, a skill acquisition time test, and a mental imagery test. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and paired-samples t-test were calculated. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test, favoring the post-test, across all variables under investigation. This indicates the effectiveness of using virtual reality technology in improving technical performance, reducing the time required to learn skills, and developing students' mental-motor visualization abilities.

This research aims to determine the level of self-management and job performance efficiency among physical education teachers in the center of Maysan Governorate, as well as to reveal the nature of the correlation between the two variables. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem and its goals. The research population consisted of physical education teachers working in schools in the center of Maysan Governorate, while the study sample comprised (90) teachers selected using appropriate methods. The research instruments consisted of a self-management scale and a job performance efficiency scale, each consisting of (30) items according to a five-point Likert scale. Both scales underwent validation and reliability testing to ensure their scientific soundness before being administered to the sample. The results indicated that physical education teachers possessed a high level of self-management and a high level of job performance efficiency, with the mean scores significantly exceeding the hypothetical mean scores. The arithmetic means were significantly higher than the hypothetical means. The results also showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, indicating that developing self-management contributes to enhancing the job performance of physical education teachers.

The importance of this research lies in offering a scientific and effective alternative to traditional methods of teaching basic football skills. This is achieved by employing the Cosgrove model, which contributes to improving the skill performance of middle school students. The research aimed to identify the impact of using the Cosgrove model on learning some basic football skills (passing, dribbling, and shooting) among middle school students. The researchers targeted a specific research population consisting of 290 students in grades 4, 5, and 6 at Al-Ithar High School in Al-Rifai district. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling. It consisted of 32 students from the fifth grade (C) class. Four students were initially selected for a pilot study, and two were excluded due to their lack of readiness for physical education classes. This resulted in a final sample of 26 students, representing the experimental group. The sample size constituted 8.96% of the total research population. The researchers concluded that the use of the Kuscroft model significantly improved the basic football skills of middle school students.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between certain motor abilities and the accuracy of the volleyball spike skill performed by players at the specialized center in Wasit . The training phase for these motor abilities is crucial and requires specific exercises to develop them, particularly those related to the accuracy of the volleyball spike. This saves time and effort and serves as an effective teaching method for coaches to achieve optimal results. Based on the researcher's experience in volleyball and his observation of tournaments organized by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, he noted that many coaches do not consider modern methods and techniques in developing motor abilities. This observation formed the core of the research problem, which dictated the appropriate methodology for finding suitable solutions. The researcher employed a descriptive survey approach, deemed suitable for the nature of the study. Among the key findings was a strong correlation between motor abilities and the accuracy of volleyball skill performance, demonstrated by the presence of significant relationships between them. The achievement of high levels in motor abilities (reaction speed, agility, and flexibility) by the players at the specialized volleyball center, coupled with their accurate performance in the spike skill, led to a significant correlation between these abilities and the overall performance.

The importance of the current research lies in examining the effect of Cross Fit exercises on developing a number of physical attributes and special performances of young futsal players in the experimental group. The significance of the current research lies in studying the impact of CrossFit exercises on several physical attributes and the specific performance of youth futsal players. This study aims to identify the effect of a training program based on the "CrossFit" method on a set of physical variables and the level of specific performance among youth futsal players. The researcher utilized the experimental method on a sample of players, applying a series of CrossFit exercises characterized by high intensity and variety (such as strength training, gymnastics, and aerobic endurance). The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests, regarding the physical variables, in addition to a noticeable development in specific skill performance. The study concluded that integrating the CrossFit method into training curricula contributes effectively to preparing players physically and technically in a way that matches the rapid play requirements of futsal.

The research problem included, and through the researcher's work in the field of handball, he noticed that some coaches have weakness and a defect in managing and organizing administrative work when they manage matches randomly, which indicates that they have weak social behavior towards coaches, administrators and players working with them, which negatively affects the players' performance and team results. The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between social behavior and match management for the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method and correlational relationships in order to suit the research problem. The research sample is the coaches of the clubs participating in the Iraqi Elite Handball League for the season (2024-2025), numbering (60) coaches and (15) clubs. The researcher adopted the social behavior scale. As for the match management scale, the researcher built a match management scale for handball coaches and applied scientific procedures to build the scale. The results showed that the field of the coach and player has a positive relationship with all areas of match management competence, and that the field of the player and coach has a positive relationship with areas of match management competence. The match management competence scale prepared by the researcher was adopted as a scientific research tool approved by researchers for handball coaches.

Through the researcher's review, follow-up and observation of the lessons of the arena and field, especially the weight throwing activity, she noticed the lack of the educational process and the teaching curriculum for this activity to use various methods in learning technical performance that help in speeding up learning and bringing students to a better and easier level and within a short period in terms of the number of repetitions and distributing rest times in a manner that is consistent with the repetitions. This is what encouraged and prompted the researcher to introduce the two methods of intensive and distributed exercise in the educational curriculum and to know their effects in learning the effectiveness of throwing weight and their effect in learning technical performance and developing the biomotor abilities for female students. The research aims to: Prepare an educational program using intensive and distributed exercise in learning and developing biomotor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weight for female students.Know the effect of using intensive and distributed exercise in learning and developing biomotor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weight for female students. Knowing which is better in learning and developing biomotor abilities and learning the effectiveness of throwing weight for female students. The most important conclusions were:The results showed the effectiveness of the intensive exercise method in learning the effectiveness of throwing weight and developing the biomotor abilities of female students The results showed the effectiveness of the distributed exercise method in learning the effectiveness of throwing weight and developing the biomotor abilities of female students. The superiority of the intensive method in learning the effectiveness of throwing weight and developing the biomotor abilities of female students.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as one of the most effective modern training strategies, precisely simulating the movement patterns of football matches characterized by constant intensity fluctuations (explosive movements, sprinting, jogging, and stopping). With the increasing training loads associated with HIIT, there is a critical need to enhance recovery and muscular efficiency through scientific nutritional supplements, such as Magnesium Lactate. This supplement plays a dual role: it acts as a chemical buffer to reduce muscular acidity caused by lactic acid accumulation and provides essential magnesium to support neuromuscular functions. The research problem lies in the insufficiency of traditional methods to balance high training intensity with protecting young players from premature fatigue. Therefore, the researcher sought to study the combined effect of HIIT and Magnesium Lactate to determine the effectiveness of this integration in developing physical and skill variables. The study aims to provide a scientific solution that ensures U-19 players can sustain basic skill performance with high accuracy and resist fatigue under high-pressure match conditions. The study aims to identify the impact of HIIT and magnesium lactate on developing performance endurance and key basic skills in football players under 19. The hypothesis posits significant differences in post-tests between the two experimental groups, favoring the second experimental group (which utilized both HIIT and magnesium lactate). The research population was purposively selected from Karbala Football Club players (U-19) for the 2025-2026 season, totaling 25 players. The research sample consisted of 20 players after excluding 3 goalkeepers and 2 injured players. The sample was divided into two experimental groups (10 players each). The researcher concluded that HIIT was appropriate for improving performance endurance in U-19 football players. The study recommends the adoption of HIIT, emphasizing player commitment to training sessions and the precise regulation of training intensities.

The importance of this research lies in finding new teaching methods that help in learning the various types of dribbling skills in basketball, thus reducing the effort and time required to learn this fundamental and crucial skill, which forms the basis for most other skills. This prompted the researcher to study this topic and attempt to find suitable solutions. The research aims to identify the effect of using exercises with adaptive teaching methods on improving dribbling skills (high, low, and variable). For beginner basketball players, the researcher used the experimental method (with equivalent groups). The researcher selected his research sample purposively from the research population, which consisted of basketball players from Al-Kut and Al-Nu'maniyah Sports Clubs, totaling (26) players. The researcher excluded (2) players due to their parents' refusal to allow their participation in this experiment. The sample was randomly divided into two equivalent groups by lottery: an experimental group of (12) players and a control group of (12) players. The educational curriculum was designed for the research, based on learning the three skills under investigation. The duration of the educational curriculum was [duration missing in original text (3) Weeks to learn the dribbling skill. The total number of educational units in the curriculum was (12) educational units, with each educational unit lasting (60) minutes. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to extract the results. The researcher's conclusions are that using assistive devices helps players (especially young ones) to be present and enthusiastic in performing the exercise. The researcher recommends that the relevant authorities provide the necessary tools and resources to facilitate learning basketball skills.

The researcher, through this study, aims to highlight the importance of transforming self-assessment into precise quantitative analysis (with angular/temporal accuracy) to detect hidden errors and person allies the model for each athlete through adaptive algorithms that integrate individual characteristics (such as physical measurements and performance patterns). This, in turn, enhances the effectiveness of correction and reduces the risk of injury. Furthermore, the study seeks to enable real-time feedback during training by means of intelligent diagnostics that translate data into immediately applicable guidance This significance can be summarized as: “Transforming raw data into intelligent training decisions that enhance performance and promote safety”, drawing upon the findings of the Deep Mind study published in Nature, which demonstrated the superiority of adaptive models in complex motor tasks The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of adaptive algorithms based on deep learning in mastering the skill of bar flight on the parallel bars apparatus in men’s artistic gymnastics The researcher employed the experimental method using a two-group design (control/experimental) on a sample of elite artistic gymnasts, with careful control of environmental and individual variables. Through in-depth data analysis, the study demonstrated the superiority of the intelligent diagnostic system, as artificial intelligence algorithms proved highly efficient in detecting subtle biomechanical errors that traditional methods fail to identify. Moreover, they provided real-time, three-dimensional motion analysis within fractions of a second Finally, the study recommended the adoption of the intelligent system in training programmers by integrating the proposed AI model as a core tool in elite gymnastics coaching. This would transform motor correction from a delayed, observation-based process to an accurate, real-time system. The study also advised incorporating this model into coach education programmers, curricula of physical education faculties, and youth training academies.