URUK FOR HUMANITIES

Political thought has addressed political stability since ancient times, defining it as a condition of continuity and regularity in the functioning of political institutions, based on legitimacy, respect for the rule of law, and a high degree of public acceptance of the ruling system, ensuring continuity in political performance and balanced state management. Intellectual literature has also explored political stability in terms of its causes and consequences, as classical philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle emphasized its necessity, while Aristotle argued that inequality represents a major cause of political instability. In contrast, Marx viewed class strife as unstable until economic and social differences were resolved. Unemployment affects many facets of public life, making it one of the biggest economic and social issues of this era. Despite its significance, political stability promotes security and development, but fear of the future, uncertainty, and instability foster extremism and hardline discourse, encouraging extremist groups. The study concludes that adopting inclusive policies strengthens stability within the political system and supports the peaceful management of conflicts by ensuring that diverse voices are heard, represented, and respected in political life, while promoting social cohesion, trust, dialogue, and cooperation peacefully.

This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change on water erosion in the Tanjero Valley basin, northeastern Iraq, by applying the Gavrilović Erosion Potential Method (EPM) and examining long-term climatic trends (1990–2023). Rainfall, temperature, slope coefficient, soil erodibility, vegetation protection, and erosion development factors were integrated to calculate the erosion intensity coefficient (Z) and annual soil loss volume (W).
The results indicate that the basin generally falls within a moderate erosion category, with higher values concentrated on steep mountainous slopes. A temporal comparison between two climatic periods (1995–2005) and (2006–2023) reveals an increase in mean annual rainfall from 244.57 mm to 359.01 mm, accompanied by a slight rise in mean annual temperature. Consequently, the annual erosion volume (W) increased from 328.1 to 484.7, representing a 47.8% rise. These findings demonstrate a high rainfall-driven responsiveness of the basin’s morphodynamic system, highlighting precipitation variability as the dominant climatic driver of enhanced erosion processes during recent decades.
The study confirms that climate change effects in the basin are primarily manifested through intensified rainfall dynamics and increased runoff energy, suggesting greater erosion susceptibility in mountainous basins of northern Iraq under ongoing climatic trends.

Education is considered one of the fundamental pillars of societal construction and human resource development, given its effective role in preparing and qualifying individuals to contribute to comprehensive development. Primary education represents the main foundation upon which subsequent educational stages are built, as it contributes to consolidating social values and developing pupils’ cognitive abilities. However, many regions in developing countries, including Iraq, suffer from multiple problems in the education sector, largely due to weak planning and the failure to adhere to approved planning standards.
This study aims to analyze the reality of primary education services in Al-Warka District by examining the size of educational institutions, their geographical distribution, and their functional efficiency in relation to population size, as well as identifying current and future needs. The study is based on two main axes: the first addresses the spatial distribution of primary schools, while the second focuses on analyzing functional efficiency using educational and demographic indicators.
The findings reveal a clear deficit in the efficiency of educational services, reflected in high pupil-to-school and pupil-to-class ratios, in addition to a shortage of school buildings and inadequate basic services. The study emphasizes adopting a future planning vision based on approved standards.

This research examines the martyrdom of scholars in Iraq as a pivotal structural event reshaping social relationships and psychological frameworks for families and society. Applying a sociological approach, it posits that scholars represent cognitive, symbolic, and moral capital in the Iraqi collective imagination; thus, their loss transcends physical absence to trigger complex dynamics of re-evaluating meaning and status. The study analyzes martyrs\' families amidst systematic targeting of intellects, revealing a dialectic of loss where eroding household cognitive roles intersect with escalating social symbolic value. It explores status shifts, expanding support networks, and emerging leadership roles, particularly for women, alongside the transition of family identity toward a symbolic legacy. Psychologically, the research traces the trajectory from trauma to meaning reconstruction, identifying resilience as a culturally and religiously framed social practice. Finally, it establishes these sacrifices\' role in forging a cross-generational collective memory that restores national identity and social cohesion during crises.

This research aims to identify the mental speed of university students and the significance of differences in mental speed among students at Wasit University according to the variables of scientific and humanities specialization and gender (male and female). The research population consists of students at Wasit University enrolled in morning studies during the academic year 2025-2026, totaling 13,977 students, divided into males and females. The number of males was 6,469 (47%), and the number of females was 7,408 (53%). In terms of specialization, they were divided into scientific and humanities specializations. The number of students in the scientific specialization was 7,788 (56%), while the number of students in the humanities specialization was 6,189 (44%). The sample was selected using stratified random sampling with equal distribution, where the researcher divided the research population according to the variable of scientific and humanities specialization The scientific stream included students from the faculties of Dentistry and Engineering, while the humanities stream represented the faculties of Law and Basic Education. The sample was selected based on gender (male and female), comprising 400 students (200 male and 200 female). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale and defined its main domains based on the reference framework. The researcher prepared four domains for quick thinking, defining each concept: mental readiness, cognitive readiness and perception, psychological readiness, and effective use of the mind.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 gave rise to numerous newly independent republics, among them the South Caucasus states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. These republics hold significant political, economic, and geographical importance, which has made them a focal point of interest and a field of competition for several major and regional powers. Because the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the neighboring states of the Caucasus region and a key party in the competition there, it has sought to preserve and strengthen its power and security.
This study therefore sheds light on Iran’s foreign policy toward the Republic of Georgia, examining its significance and objectives based on the logic, concepts, and circumstances of bilateral relations between the two countries, as well as the nature and conditions of their regional and bilateral ties. The Iranian government has endeavored to build stable bilateral relations with the Georgian government, despite facing numerous challenges that have given its policies multiple dimensions.
Although Iran’s foreign policy during the presidency of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani adopted a new approach based on pragmatic realism rather than ideology, and aspired to establish a specific dynamic toward Georgia characterized by deep relations and advanced forms of cooperation, it nevertheless encountered regional and international obstacles that limited its possibilities and capacities.

This study provides a concise analysis of “the presence of law in the philosophy of John Locke”, a central figure in social contract theory and natural rights philosophy. It examines the regulatory role of law in structuring the relationship between the individual, society, and the state, emphasizing freedom grounded in responsibility. Using historical and analytical approaches, the study traces the evolution of legal thought and analyzes Locke’s key contributions. It highlights law as a bridge between legal science and philosophical reflection, shaped by societal development. The research also explores the social contract as a transition from the state of nature—defined by equality and freedom—to a political society based on consent to protect rights and property. It concludes that Locke’s philosophy is founded on natural rights—life, liberty, and property—as the basis of legislation, and that government is a limited, accountable institution created by citizens to safeguard these rights and ensure justice.

This research examines the phenomenon of grammatical abridgments as a historical response to the challenge of the complexity and difficulty of learning Arabic grammar. The study aims to analyze the motivations and significance of compiling these abridgments, revealing the methodologies and criteria employed by the authors in their abridgments, and presenting selected examples up to the end of the sixth century AH.
It becomes clear that these abridgments were not merely summaries, but rather systematic projects aimed at reformulating the science in a more focused and accessible manner, serving as an educational bridge between the extensive foundational texts and the student\'s needs. A review of the studied examples reveals a diversity in methodologies, presentation styles, and selection among the various grammatical schools, demonstrating the richness of the simplified approach within the grammatical tradition.
The study also shows that this phenomenon represents an early awareness of the need to simplify grammar and adapt it to learners\' needs. This makes its study practically valuable in developing modern grammar teaching curricula and bridging the gap between the rich heritage and contemporary educational requirements.

The circle has many meanings in Mesopotamian civilisation, as revealed by cuneiform texts studied by researchers. Some of these meanings are related to mathematics, which we will not address in this study as it is a specialised field that has been extensively covered by many researchers. Geometric symbols in ancient Near Eastern civilisations were tools of knowledge and ritual with deep religious and cosmic dimensions. They were not merely abstract shapes, but rather semantic carriers expressing comprehensive conceptions of existence and the cosmic order. Among these symbols, the ‘magic circle’ stood out as a highly meaningful geometric shape associated with concepts of protection, completeness and order. Within the Mesopotamian civilisation, which flourished on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and embraced the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians, the circle acquired a symbolic meaning connected with holiness, divine power and the subjugation of the forces of chaos, within a cosmic vision that saw the world as an organised structure subject to the will of the gods. On a practical ritual level, the ‘magic circle’ was associated with practices of protection and expulsion of evil entities. The priest would draw a circle around the patient or around himself while performing incantations, to form a symbolic barrier that prevented harmful forces from penetrating the sacred space. Cuneiform texts discovered in the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh reveal incantations that include the designation of a sacred space that must not be crossed, confirming the boundary function of the circle as a symbolic separator between the profane and the sacred. Other concepts are related to magical and social issues and other concepts that we will address in this research.

The use of educational indicators in evaluating the performance of educational systems has become a global trend among educators, policymakers, and decision-makers, who emphasize the necessity of employing educational indicators at all levels of educational systems. This research examines the educational indicators of primary schools in the Al-Deir district. The study involves collecting data on indicators related to students, classes, and teachers (as human resources), then analyzing these indicators and identifying weaknesses and shortcomings in the distribution of these institutions compared to planning standards. The study yielded a number of conclusions, including a failure to consider the actual distribution of schools in relation to the population size of the district, and to align with the educational, demographic, and spatial indicators established for this service sector. Specifically, there is an overabundance of schools in the Al-Shafi and Al-Mustafa sub-districts, with (9,11)schools respectively. This is attributed to the policy of constructing schools based on available land outside the Al-Deir district center, and the failure to implement planning standards in education policy. The study also revealed that educational, demographic, and spatial indicators varied, with some falling below the standard threshold while others exceeding it.

The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of a proposed program based on Mar Zanoa\'s learning dimensions for developing creative teaching skills among middle school biology teachers. The research problem was defined by the main question what is the effectiveness of a proposed program based on Mar Zanoa\'s learning dimensions for developing creative teaching skills among middle school biology teachers? To achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher used the experimental method on the research sample consisting of (65) teachers from intermediate schools in government schools affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate in the first semester of the academic year (2024-2025). The sample was chosen randomly, consisting of (30) male and female teachers, who were trained on the skills of the program based on the Mar Zanoa learning dimensions for a period of twenty-four hours distributed over eight meetings. The study tool tested the observation card for creative teaching performance, consisting of (20) paragraphs representing creative teaching skills distributed over (4) axes, which are (behaviors facilitating creativity, educational skills, teaching for the sake of understanding concepts, and evaluation for the sake of student learning). The results of the research were the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the teachers in the research sample on the observation card for creative teaching in the pre-application and their average scores in the post-application in favor of the post-application. The researcher\'s recommendations were that the Ministry of Education or the General Directorates of Education focus on creative practices among male and female teachers in classrooms and training, and the necessity of activating modern and developed strategies and preparing a classroom environment suitable for creativity and development.

The findings of the study indicate that the highest temperature was recorded at the Basra station, reaching 29.35°C, while the lowest mean temperature was observed at the Mosul station, at 21.71°C, followed by Rutba at 22.25°C, Regarding total rainfall, the Mosul station recorded the highest cumulative precipitation during the study period, amounting to 2946.2 mm, whereas the lowest rainfall total was recorded at Rutba station, with 722 mm, followed by Diwaniyah station at 783.1 mm, After applying the COVDA index, the results revealed that Mosul station exhibited consistently high humidity conditions (wet) across all years. The highest value was recorded in 2013, reaching 2.60, while the lowest drought index value at the same station was observed in 2009, at 1.14, In contrast, Baghdad station showed variability in drought conditions, ranging from highly dry to dry, semi-arid, and semi-humid. The lowest value was recorded in 2011 at 0.01, whereas in 2010 the index reached 0.58, corresponding to a semi-humid classification, At Khanaqin station, drought conditions ranged from wet to semi-humid and humid. The years 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018 recorded wet conditions, with index values of 1.68, 1.35, 1.65, 1.16, 1.74, and 1.29, respectively, At Rutba station, the results of the index application ranged between dry and semi-arid conditions. The highest semi-arid values were recorded in 2010 and 2013, both reaching 0.44, while the highest dry condition was observed in 2009, with a value of 0.10, Finally, the stations of Al-Hayy, Najaf, Diwaniyah, Samawah, and Basra—due to their location within the desert climatic region—generally recorded dry to semi-arid conditions. However, exceptions were noted in 2013 and 2018 at Samawah station, where semi-humid conditions were recorded, with values of 0.60 and 0.68, respectively.

Population characteristics are key demographic indicators that reflect the nature of the population structure in terms of size, density, growth rate, geographical distribution, and age and gender composition. They contribute to explaining social and economic transformations within societies, especially those related to females as a pivotal element in human development. Population indicators, as a quantitative and qualitative measure, provide an accurate scientific database that contributes to analyzing the population characteristics of females by studying age distribution, marital status, educational level, and economic activity. This reflects the reality of women and their role in society and supports population planning efforts and achieving sustainable development locally. The areas west of the Tigris River in Baghdad Governorate acquire special importance due to the spatial variation in social and economic characteristics among its administrative units. The research adopted the descriptive analytical geographical method and concluded that the population growth rate for females reached (2.52%). The districts of Al-Mansour and Al-Ma’moun recorded the highest percentage of females, at (13.17%, 29.85%) respectively, in the research area. The percentage of females in urban areas also increased to (79.18%) compared to (20.82%) in rural areas for the year 2024.

This paper undertakes a comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence (AI) applications through an integrated technical and ethical lens. It aims to achieve a deep scientific understanding of the AI concept and its foundational technologies, to illuminate practical deployment across key sectors — most notably population studies, healthcare, and education — while rigorously examining the multifaceted ethical challenges that these applications engender at both local and international levels.The research departs from a dual core problem: on one hand, theoretical understanding of AI in Arab academic circles remains inadequate relative to the field\'s rapid advancements; on the other, the grave ethical challenges engendered by AI continue to receive insufficient systematic treatment in our scientific literature. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology for literature review and a comparative approach for evaluating international regulatory frameworks.The paper is divided into two main sections: the first addresses the theoretical and technical framework of AI, covering its conceptualization, historical evolution, and principal technologies; the second examines practical applications across three sectors alongside a detailed analysis of ethical challenges and international governance frameworks, including an original comparative assessment of five global regulatory instruments.
The study concludes that AI is a multidimensional field in which transformative potential intersects with real ethical and legal risks, foremost among them algorithmic bias, privacy violations, and digital power concentration.

This study aims to analyze the prevalence of coronary artery disease in Iraqi governorates in 2023 and to reveal spatial variations in incidence rates based on official health data. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and a spatially comparative methodology to analyze the geographical distribution of cases and determine incidence rates per 100,000 population or patient visits. Data were based on official health records, including cases registered at health centers, outpatient clinics, and hospital admissions.The study focused on explaining spatial variations in disease prevalence through a range of direct factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity, as well as indirect factors including population density, the level of healthcare services, health awareness, and socioeconomic and environmental conditions.The results showed a clear disparity among the governorates. Dohuk, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Baghdad, Erbil, Babylon, Najaf, and Karbala recorded relatively high prevalence rates, which is linked to the prevalence of risk factors, large populations, and the availability of specialized healthcare facilities. In contrast, Diwaniyah, Muthanna, Maysan, Dhi Qar, and Diyala governorates recorded relatively lower rates. The study also showed gender differences, with infection rates being higher among males in most governorates, while there was a convergence or relative increase among females in some areas as a result of changing lifestyles and the increased prevalence of chronic diseases.

Urbanization represents one of the most prominent global demographic shifts. In Iraq, this phenomenon acquires exceptional significance due to the profound political, security, and economic transformations between 1997 and 2025, which have resulted in sharp spatial disparities in population growth across urban centers. This study relied on official data to analyze the growth rates of 12 major cities. The findings revealed a massive demographic gap; cities in the Kurdistan Region (Sulaymaniyah and Erbil) emerged as exceptional growth poles, while other cities recorded sluggish growth. The Hot Spot Analysis indicated a lack of statistically significant spatial clustering, confirming that high growth patterns are localized phenomena driven by city-specific dynamics rather than regional expansion. Furthermore, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model demonstrated the spatial non-stationarity of the driving factors; security stability acted as a crucial pull factor for population growth in cities like Sulaymaniyah, outweighing economic variables. The study concludes that unified, one-size-fits-all urban policies are ineffective in the Iraqi context, recommending the adoption of customized spatial strategies tailored to address the varying developmental disparities of each specific region.

This study aims to analyze the spatial variation of population structure and distribution patterns in Al-Muthanna Governorate by examining the influence of natural and human factors in shaping these patterns. The governorate is the second largest in Iraq by area and is characterized by extensive desert landscapes and wide dry lands, which clearly affect population distribution and density. Most residents are concentrated near water resources, particularly along the Euphrates River in the districts of Samawah, Rumaitha, and Al-Khidhir, while density is much lower in Al-Salman District because of harsh environmental conditions and limited services. The study adopts an analytical geographical approach linking climate, topography, and water resources with economic activity, infrastructure, and transport networks. Findings indicate that water availability is the main factor attracting and stabilizing settlements, whereas desert conditions limit expansion, highlighting development disparities and the need for balanced planning supported by modern Geographic Information Systems technologies.

English is perceived as a neutral tool for worldwide communication among International Arab postgraduate learners. However, English is perceived as a systematic \'controlling\' power that influences their academic success and cultural identity. The basic difference between dominance and control functions as the theoretical fulcrum of this study, turning it from just an observation of linguistic patterns into a critical investigation of power relations. \"Control\" suggests a systemic and active power that restricts speakers\' choice, whereas \"dominance\" is sometimes exposed as passive or neutral. This study focuses on the views of eighteen Arab postgraduate learners toward English as a significant \"controlling\" power. The results show a multifaceted debate in which students perceive English as an fundamental professional need while concurrently opposing its effect on their national identity. Qualitative research gathers data. Eighteen foreign Arab students from the University of Utara Malaysia were interviewed. This research examines students\' views of English as a \"controlling\" factor, its effects on Arabic, and their attitudes about its usage.

The importance of this research stems from its examination of the jurisprudential rulings on personal status within the Ja\'fari school of thought, with a focus on studying relevant Iraqi legislation. This includes comparing religious texts with contemporary legal practices, relying on jurisprudential and legislative sources, as well as legal opinion, to understand the foundations of compatibility between Sharia and civil law in regulating the lives of individuals and families. The research problem lies in clarifying the nature of the relationship between the Ja\'fari legal code and the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. (188) of 1959, particularly in light of the legislative amendments made to it, and the possibility of adopting the jurisprudential codes of the various schools of thought in regulating personal status matters.
This research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to present the fundamental concepts related to the Ja\'fari Code and the Personal Status Law, explaining their origins and jurisprudential and legal sources. It also employed a comparative approach by studying the provisions of the Ja\'fari Code and comparing them with those of the Personal Status Law No. (188) of 1959, aiming to identify points of agreement and disagreement between them and analyze their implications and effects in practical application. The research concluded that the relationship between the Ja\'fari Code and Law No. 188 is one of integration and regulation, not contradiction or abrogation, and that both systems strive to achieve family justice and protect societal stability, while taking into account sectarian particularities and social realities.

Belief in God and the noble Messenger (peace be upon him) has many signs. The levels of faith begin with the heart\'s conviction, which calls for acknowledging and affirming what is known and true, then acting in accordance with that belief. When these elements are combined and continuously renewed, one\'s faith increases, leading to a state of security and peace in this life and the hereafter. This is the tranquility of true faith. The essence of faith is following the truth with conviction and certainty. Faith is the designation of the actions of the heart and limbs, along with verbal affirmation. The content of faith is obedience to the Creator, may He be glorified and exalted, and knowing Him, along with the evidence pointing to Him, whether rational or transmitted, in the Glorious Quran and the purified Sunnah. Contradicting these matters is disbelief. Obedience to God, may He be glorified and exalted, is a true sign of faith for every person in whom the meaning of the word \"human\" is realized, as God Almighty says, \"We have certainly created man in the best of stature\" [95:4]. These signs have forms in which true faith is realized; these are the outward signs. The inner connection between the worshipper and the worshipped, may He be glorified, is manifested in the obligatory acts and their proper performance, as stated in the verse: “And establish prayer and give zakat” [1, Al-Baqarah: 43], and in the saying of Imam Ali (peace be upon him): “There is no worship like performing the obligatory acts” [56, 68/ 208/H20]. Another connection lies in realizing the meaning of the verse: “And obey God, the Messenger, and those in authority among you” [1, An-Nisa: 59]. Imam Al-Husayn Al-Askari (peace be upon him) pointed to this connection and its signs when he said: “The signs of a believer are five: performing the fifty-one rak\'ahs of prayer, visiting the shrine of Imam Hussein on the fortieth day after his martyrdom, wearing a ring on the right hand, prostrating with the forehead touching the ground, and reciting ‘Bismillah Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim’ aloud.”

This research attempts to shed light on the issue of excess power and its impact on reshaping patterns of international interactions. The international environment in our current era is witnessing a state of continuous change, and the continued accumulation of power may lead these international actors to try to employ that excess, which may exacerbate the state of international chaos. Therefore, this paper works to deconstruct the assumptions related to excess power by presenting two different viewpoints. The first is based on the hypothesis of power concentration and how it can contribute to reshaping patterns of international interactions by measuring indicators of power concentration and how it can contribute to shaping those patterns and which countries are the most concentrated in power. The second hypothesis is based on power diffusion and the consequences of the shift to new patterns of international interactions that may contribute to narrowing the chaos gap.

Joseph Nye is considered one of the most influential political thinkers in shaping the foreign policy of the United States through his geostrategic ideas, particularly the concepts of soft power and smart power. These concepts have become fundamental to American policymakers since the 1990s. This research examines Nye\'s academic and political background, which clearly contributed to his intellectual leanings, and sheds light on the nature of his geostrategic ideas and their impact on shaping American foreign policy. It also explores the extent to which these ideas are applied to achieve American national interests and maintain its global dominance. To achieve the research objectives and reach conclusions, the researcher divided the study into three sections, preceded by an introduction. The first section addresses Nye\'s academic and political background, the second focuses on his geostrategic ideas, and the third examines the application of Nye\'s geostrategic ideas in American foreign policy. The research concludes with a number of findings and a list of sources. The most important conclusion is that the central concepts of Joseph Nye’s geostrategic ideas are (soft power-smart power), which outlined the vision of the United States of America in achieving its interests, using a balanced approach between soft and hard power, to maintain its global dominance.

This study examines the problems of railway transport extending within the administrative boundaries of Basra Governorate. These railways serve as a fundamental pillar of the infrastructure in the study area, due to their potential to reduce transportation costs and reflect the developmental level of the governorate. This mode of transport is distinguished from other land transport means by its safety and comfort. Moreover, railways have contributed to a qualitative shift in the geographical constraints of projects, reducing time and distance. However, they suffer from obstacles that have limited their role in transporting goods and passengers, particularly the issue of accidents, weak infrastructure, encroachments by residents of informal settlements on the railway right-of-way, and other violations that have reduced the efficiency of railway transport. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing accident data, operational movement, and evaluating tracks, signals, and stations, in addition to relying on official data issued by government agencies. The results revealed substantial obstacles that have negatively affected transport volumes compared to designed capacities. The research further confirms that studying railway elements as an integrated system is an essential prerequisite for developing the sector and ensuring its sustainability.

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon refers to the increase in land surface temperatures within urban areas compared to their surrounding environments, leading to various environmental and climatic challenges due to spatial variations in temperature intensity across the city. This study aims to model Urban Heat Islands in Samawah City and investigate their relationship with vegetation cover using Landsat-9 satellite imagery acquired on July 15, 2024. Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS) and remote sensing techniques were employed to analyze Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
The research problem stems from the lack of a clear understanding of the spatial distribution of Urban Heat Islands and their relationship with vegetation cover within the city. The study involved extracting Land Surface Temperature from the thermal band (ST_B10) and calculating NDVI using the standard NDVI equation. The relationship between the two indicators was then examined through the generation of 1,000 random sample points, followed by Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses .The results revealed a clear spatial variation in Land Surface Temperature, ranging from 38°C to 60°C, while NDVI values ranged from -0.003 to 0.38. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a negative relationship between the two variables, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of (r = -0.4167) and a coefficient of determination of (R² = 0.1736), confirming the significant role of vegetation cover in reducing land surface temperatures and mitigating Urban Heat Island effects.
The study recommends adopting environmentally oriented urban planning strategies, expanding green spaces, and utilizing building materials with high thermal reflectance (high albedo) to reduce the intensity and impacts of Urban Heat Islands in Samawah City.

This research examines monasteries and temples in Southeast Asia as religious and cultural centers reflecting the development of societies in that region, including
The Erdene Zuu monastery is one of the historical monasteries of Mongolia. The Erdene Zuu Monastery was founded on the ruins of the ancient capital of Mongolia, Karakorum in 1586 and is located 380 km from Ulaanbaatar.
Preah Vihear Temple is one of the most prominent religious and historical landmarks in Southeast Asia. It is a wonderful example of ancient Khmer architecture and represents an important axis in the history, politics and culture between Cambodia and Thailand. Monasteries and temples were no longer just places of worship, but were active elements in building civilization, which makes studying them essential for understanding the history of the region and its civilizational development. The most important findings of the research were that the establishment of temples was linked to overlapping religious and political factors, as they were used as religious centers and a symbol of the prestige of the East Asian state and its regional influence. The issue of the temple revealed the importance of maps and historical documents in determining regional sovereignty, and their influential role in border disputes between states.

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Mineral resources are among the most important natural resources influencing land-use patterns and guiding economic and investment projects. This study aims to highlight the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques in detecting iron oxides during the early stages of mineral exploration by applying false color composite and spectral band ratio techniques. The analysis was based on Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellite imagery acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor and processed using ArcGIS 10.8 and ERDAS software.
The results revealed the spatial distribution of clay minerals and iron oxides. The (2/4) band ratio highlighted the concentration of iron oxides in the northern part of the study area, whereas the (6/5) band ratio identified a wider spatial extent of iron oxide distribution. These findings correspond well with the locations of iron deposits exploited by cement factories, indicating differences in the sensitivity of the two spectral indices for detecting the surface distribution of iron oxides.