Modern Sport

The research aimed to measure the emotional intelligence of deans and its relationship to the degree of professors' sense of job alienation in their work environment. The study was conducted on a sample consisting of 10 deans and 200 professors working at Salahaddin University in Erbil.

The study yielded several results, the most notable of which are as follows:

The findings indicated that the deans possessed an above-average level of emotional intelligence.
Among the five dimensions of emotional intelligence, the dimensions of "utilization of emotions" and "perception of emotions" achieved the highest scores.
The results also showed a low level of job alienation among professors.
Lastly, there was a significant correlation between the deans' emotional intelligence and the professors' job alienation.
The study provided several recommendations, including:

Incorporating emotional intelligence measures into evaluation tests for leadership positions to ensure a high level of harmony and interaction between supervisors and subordinates.
Developing training programs to enhance emotional intelligence for employees at all administrative levels in colleges. It is essential not only for supervisors to possess a high level of emotional intelligence to understand their subordinates' circumstances and feelings but also for subordinates to have a high level of emotional intelligence to understand the circumstances and emotions of their supervisors, especially in cases of unsatisfactory behavior in certain situations.
Reducing professors' sense of alienation by deepening their social belonging within the workplace and fostering a type of cooperative and integrated social connection among professors within the framework of a single college

The Game of Volleyball is one of the team sports that has garnered the interest of many enthusiasts and has achieved prominence in terms of its widespread adoption in many countries around the world. This game relies on fundamental skills as an important foundation for progress, and mastering all these skills is necessary for advancement in the game. Therefore, it is important to focus on learning these skills by exerting the appropriate effort from both key components of the educational process (student–teacher).

The use of teaching aids is crucial, as it facilitates the processes of teaching and learning simultaneously. It brings concepts closer to the learner on one hand and makes the educational material easier to understand on the other. A major concern for most physical education teachers is finding the best methods and approaches to facilitate the learning process. Due to individual differences, there is no single method or approach that suits everyone to achieve the same level of learning. One of the teaching methods in skill acquisition is the reciprocal style. The study sample included 60 female students from the College of Physical Education for Women, second stage, University of Baghdad, for the academic year 2010–2011.

The importance of the research lies in attempting to use the latest types of visual aids, specifically "mind maps," which are important educational tools that deliver skill-related information to the learner in the form of a mind map using the reciprocal style.

The researcher embarked on a new attempt in this field to examine the effect of the reciprocal style, utilizing mind maps for individuals with cognitive fields of tolerance and intolerance of ambiguity, in learning some basic volleyball skills.

The research problem stems from the existing weakness in learning some basic volleyball skills, attributed to the lack of diversity in using various teaching methods.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the reciprocal style using mind maps on learning the volleyball serving skill for individuals with cognitive fields of tolerance and intolerance of ambiguity.

The research hypothesis posits that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test for learners with cognitive fields of tolerance and intolerance of ambiguity using the reciprocal style with mind maps in learning the serving skill.

After analyzing the data using appropriate statistical methods, several conclusions were reached, the most significant of which is the high effectiveness of the experimental teaching method using the reciprocal style and mind maps for individuals with cognitive fields of tolerance and intolerance of ambiguity in learning the serving skill. Additionally, the reciprocal style with mind maps was found to be suitable for learners with intolerance of ambiguity in learning the technique of the overhand forward serve in volleyball.

Therefore, it is essential to focus on using visual educational tools, including mind maps, in the learning process due to their clear and effective role in skill acquisition. It is also important to consider the cognitive styles of students to employ and utilize them optimally to serve the educational process. Furthermore, it is necessary for teachers and instructors to familiarize themselves with cognitive styles so they can identify the most appropriate teaching methods to apply in educational units

The research consisted of five comprehensive chapters, aligning with the necessary research, scientific, and field procedures.

Chapter One:
This chapter included the introduction and significance of the research, emphasizing the importance of using depth jumps (varied) with weights and loads for athletes with disabilities (T46) in the long jump event. These were implemented using boxes and hurdles.

The problem of the research lies in finding appropriate solutions to develop and improve explosive power and speed-strength through the optimal use of varied jumping exercises to enhance special strength and achievement levels in this event.

The research objectives included:

Determining the impact of using hurdle and box heights (30 cm, 40 cm) to develop special strength.
Identifying the most effective additional weights in jumping and bounding exercises for varied jump training.
The research hypotheses were based on achieving these objectives using the proposed methodology and tests.

The scope of the research was defined as follows:

Human scope: Athletes with disabilities in the (T46) category, under 21 years old.
Time scope: From July 12, 2011, to September 18, 2011.
Place scope: College of Physical Education in Baghdad, Shaab International Stadium, and the University of Diwaniyah Stadium.
Chapter Two:
This chapter covered all theoretical and scientific materials related to the research title in a comprehensive and clear manner, including:

The concept of disability.
Special physical attributes.
Key methods used in varied jump training, among others.
Chapter Three:
This chapter addressed the research methodology and field procedures, including:

The research sample.
Tools and equipment used.
The proposed training program.
Pre- and post-tests.
Statistical methods utilized.
Chapter Four:
This chapter presented the results, analysis, and discussion based on statistical values derived from the test results. These were discussed scientifically, supported by relevant references, and logically analyzed to derive meaningful conclusions.

Chapter Five:
This chapter highlighted the key conclusions drawn from the research, which demonstrated the effectiveness of varied jump training in developing special strength for long jump athletes with unilateral upper limb amputation.

The first chapter of the research included an introduction to handball, the research problem, and the research objectives, one of which was to identify the level of psychological endurance among players of the Al-Jaish and Al-Karkh handball clubs. The research hypothesis was that "there are statistically significant differences in psychological endurance strength between the players of the Al-Jaish and Al-Karkh handball clubs." The research sample consisted of 32 players from the Al-Jaish and Al-Karkh handball teams in the Iraqi Elite League for the 2011-2012 season.

The second chapter included theoretical studies related to the research topic, while the third chapter focused on the research's field procedures. The fourth chapter covered the statistical treatments used in the study.

The fifth chapter included conclusions, such as: "The players of the Al-Jaish handball club in the Iraqi Elite League for the 2011-2012 season exhibited varying levels of psychological endurance." It also provided recommendations, such as: "Coaches in the Iraqi handball league should pay greater attention to the psychological well-being of players, addressing the challenges and pressures they face during training and competitions to enhance psychological endurance

The development of female students' ability to process information through understanding, recall, and perception, relying on various forms such as classifying this information, analyzing it, storing it, and retrieving it when necessary, according to the systems of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) they possess (visual, auditory, kinesthetic). This shapes their unique method of receiving knowledge, information, and experience, organizing and structuring this information, recording, encoding, retaining it, and then recalling it when needed.

Due to the importance of this, and since the current educational curricula for teaching handball do not include these crucial strategies for processing information, and there is a lack of attention to the NLP systems (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) that the student possesses, the researcher decided to explore better educational alternatives by developing a teaching method for the information processing strategy. This method takes into account the systems of NLP in learning and retaining some of the basic handball skills

The research consists of five chapters. The first chapter includes the introduction and the significance of the research, where it discusses the importance of self-affirmation among students due to its active and influential role in the process of self-actualization. As for the research problem, the researcher observed, through his field experience in teaching, some signs of anxiety, tension, and discomfort during practical lessons. This may be due to the students' inability to perform some difficult skills, which negatively affects their self-identity. The researcher relied on a self-actualization scale for students to study this problem, as it was not available in the field of physical education.

In the theoretical chapter, the concept of self-actualization was discussed, and the researcher also examined Erikson's theory, which was used as the foundation for the study. The third chapter provided detailed information on the research methodology and procedures. The researcher employed several statistical treatments, including Pearson's correlation coefficient and the t-test (for one and two samples). After presenting and discussing the results, several conclusions were drawn, one of which is that students at the College of Physical Education have a high level of self-actualization

Volleyball is a team sport where the phosphagen and lactic systems are predominant due to their significant role in performing the skills of the game. However, this does not diminish the importance of the aerobic system. The researcher observed that coaches often neglect the importance of this indicator as a true guide for assessing the functional systems of the female players' bodies. Hence, the importance of this research lies in conducting an analytical study to evaluate the anaerobic capacity level of female volleyball players.

The problem of the research is that training planning is based on administrative and technical requirements, without considering the physiological indicators of the players, particularly the anaerobic capacity that is dominant in volleyball.

In light of this, the aim of the research is:

To identify the anaerobic capacity level of female volleyball players

The aim of the research is, first, to identify the problems faced by students in the Physical Education departments at the University of Sulaymaniyah from the students\' perspective. Second, to identify the most significant problems among the research sample. The descriptive survey method was used as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The research population was identified as students from the Physical Education departments (Training, Teaching, and Basic Education), totaling 369 students. A sample of 100 students was selected, consisting of 70 male students and 30 female students. For data collection, the researchers designed a tool consisting of 32 items distributed across three main areas: First, the academic area (15 items), second, the educational environment (8 items), and third, the educational and social area (9 items). After establishing the scientific foundations and ensuring the tool’s validity, a pilot study was conducted, followed by the main study. To analyze the results, several statistical methods were used, including Pearson\'s correlation coefficient, reliability coefficient using the split-half method and the Spearman-Brown formula, as well as mean, standard deviation, frequency counts, percentages, Chi-square, severity scores for the problems, and percentage weights.

Several conclusions were reached, including:

One of the major problems faced by students is the language of the curriculum and textbooks, which is not in the students\' native language.
Students\' anxiety due to the uncertainty of their professional future after graduation.
The lack of laboratories for sports physiology, biomechanics, and testing and measurement, which has led to problems for students in understanding what is being explained theoretically in these courses

The idea of using magnets in the sports field is considered one of the modern training methods that rely on the principles of magnetic energy. Magnetic energy penetrates the skin at a specific point and is absorbed through the capillaries found in the skin, stimulating them by increasing the permeability of ions and stimulating blood vessels, causing them to expand. This results in improved blood circulation, creating a balanced environment that helps enhance the body's functional performance.

Therefore, the researcher used a contemporary magnetic training method represented by the magnetic foot pads to develop certain special physical abilities, heart rate, and performance in air pistol shooting. Since shooting is a sport that relies on motor and functional control to achieve better performance levels, the importance of the research lies in understanding the effect of using magnetic pads on some special physical abilities, heart rate, and performance in air pistol shooting.

The problem of the research lies in the training needs, which are among the most important factors that drive training activities to achieve their goals. This can be done by identifying weaknesses and essential limitations in a scientific way, facilitating efforts to improve athletes' efficiency and keeping up with global and digital levels in the sport of shooting. This can be achieved by developing some special abilities for this sport, improving the functionality of the body, and enhancing performance in air pistol shooting.

The aim of the research was to:

Examine the effect of using magnetic pads on the development of certain special physical abilities, heart rate, and performance in air pistol shooting.
The researcher used the experimental method, where the research sample consisted of air pistol shooters, selected randomly for the 2012-2013 season, aged 19-20 years, with a total of 20 shooters. They were divided into two groups: a control group of 10 and an experimental group of 10. The magnetic foot pads were used on the experimental group during three training sessions per week for four consecutive weeks, with each session lasting 1.5 to 2 hours. The researcher found significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests for the variables under study.

The researcher recommends the use of magnetic tools in different stages of training as a training method for physical abilities and improving functional efficiency in air gun shooting in general, and in other sports specifically

The study aimed to identify the personality traits and performance level of volleyball players, as well as to examine the relationship between personality traits and the performance of volleyball players. To achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of 25 players selected randomly through a lottery, all of whom are certified by the Central Volleyball Federation. The sample chosen represents 5.2% of the research population, which is an appropriate and accurate percentage for representing the research community. The researcher used Cattell’s personality test and a performance level test for the players. The descriptive method was used, which is suitable for the nature of the research, and statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, percentage, and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied. The results showed that the largest proportion of players had a "Good" performance level, with 60%. It also showed that 40% of the players had an "Acceptable" performance level. No players were found in the "Weak" or "Very Good" performance levels

Physical variables and functional indicators are among the most important traits needed in fencing, as a fencer competes in several matches on the same day. This requires high endurance to repeatedly perform offensive and defensive skills, allowing them to continue competing efficiently without fatigue or performance decline.

Therefore, the aim of the research was to examine the effect of endurance training at different durations (30 seconds and 60 seconds) on some physical variables and functional indicators in female fencers.

The experimental method was used on 12 female fencers from the Baghdad Fencing Club, who were randomly divided into two groups. The first experimental group (6 players) practiced endurance training with 30-second intervals, while the second experimental group (6 players) practiced endurance training with 60-second intervals. After ensuring homogeneity and equivalence in the pre-tests, a training program using endurance exercises at different durations was developed. The first experimental group followed the 30-second interval training, while the second experimental group followed the 60-second interval training. After completing the training program, post-tests were conducted, and the results were analyzed statistically using the SPSS system.

The researcher concluded that endurance training at different durations has a positive effect on developing certain physical variables and functional indicators in female fencers. Additionally, significant differences were found between the 30-second and 60-second endurance training in improving some physical variables and functional indicators in favor of the group that used 60-second endurance training.

The researcher recommends adopting endurance training at different durations to develop physical variables and functional indicators in female fencers

The research consists of five chapters:

Chapter One: The importance of the research lies in establishing correct scientific foundations through the use of specialized exercises with auxiliary tools according to distance and regular time to control the rate, frequency, and length of rhythmic strides and improve long jump performance. The problem of the research is to find specialized exercises with auxiliary tools aimed at improving the required level to achieve tangible results in serving athletics.

Research Aim: The aim of the research is to prepare and identify the effect of specialized exercises with auxiliary tools according to distance and regular time to control the rate, frequency, and length of rhythmic strides and improve long jump performance.

Research Scope:

Human Scope: A group of fourth-year students from the Faculty of Physical Education, Al-Mustansiriya University.
Time Scope: From 1st October 2012 to 30th December 2012.
Chapter Two: Includes the theoretical studies related to the research.

Chapter Three: The research methodology and sample. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group (10 students) and the control group (10 students). Homogeneity and equivalence in the research variables were ensured.

Chapter Four: Contains the presentation of the results and their analysis.

Chapter Five: Contains the presentation of the conclusions and recommendations:

The specialized exercises with auxiliary tools according to distance and regular time led to the development of speed rate, frequency, and length of rhythmic strides and improved long jump performance. The experimental group showed a better rate of development.
Recommendations:

Emphasizing the use of specialized exercises and conducting other exercises and similar studies with auxiliary tools to develop the rate, frequency, and length of rhythmic strides and improve long jump performance for different age groups and both genders

The aim of the research is to define the professional athlete and determine the parties of the professional contract according to the Iraqi Labor Law. It also seeks to define the legal classification of the professional sports contract according to the Iraqi Labor Law.

The researcher used the descriptive method, and the sample of the study included 152 legal professionals (judges, public prosecutors, and lawyers), representing 42% of the total population of 350 in the Court of Justice in Baquba. As for the statistical methods, the researcher used percentages. A high percentage of 95% indicated that the professional sports contract is considered an employment contract.

The main conclusions were that the professional sports contract is an employment contract, and disputes arising from it can be addressed according to the provisions of this law. The researcher recommended utilizing the labor law when drafting regulations for professional sports contracts

The development of handball requires attention to multiple intelligences due to their importance in some psychological skills related to the game. Therefore, the researcher aimed to examine the relationship between multiple intelligences and certain psychological skills in handball. The researcher used the descriptive method on a sample of third-year students from the Faculty of Physical Education, Diyala University. The researcher concluded that there is a correlation between intelligence and certain psychological skills in handball

The current research is an attempt to investigate experimentally the influence of using a jigsaw technique in teaching ESP for graduated student o their speaking achievement. This technique is intended to improve students' speaking skill through providing them with opportunities to choose their material, express information, describe pictures, comment on the information, argument… and giving opinions.
The sample of the research is M.A students at College of Physical Education for Women, University of Baghdad of the academic year 2012-2013.
It is hypothesized that there are no significant differences between the pre test (includes three observations) and post test (included three observations).
To fulfil the aim of the research an experiment has been designed with one group of (20) chosen in purpose from the M.A students.
The researcher herself is taught the group. The first course of the study is included three observations. While the second course of the study is applied jigsaw technique with the same group. The experiment lasted four months. In this period, there are six observations. Three observations are in pre tests as well as in the post tests. It has used the observation tool for collecting and scoring the speaking skill of the sample. For the reliability of the observation, it has applied rating sheet, Baker (1989) criteria, recording the observations.
After analyzing the results statistically, iIt has been found that there are significant differences between the pre and post tests. This indicates that using jigsaw technique in teaching speaking skill is more effective than using the traditional method. Accordingly the null hypothesize has been rejected.
Finally, College of Physical Education are recommended to use a jigsaw technique in teaching speaking skill. And other studies are needed for modern methods and techniques in teaching English language as a foreign language