Journal of University of Babylon

The principle of using expansive agents has been recommended to manufacture shrinkage ‎compensating concrete provided that an adequate wet curing is carried out. On the other hand, ‎shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) in the concrete mixes, has been more recently suggested to reduce ‎the risk of cracking in concrete structures caused by drying shrinkage.‎
This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of complex modifier in the form of ‎superplasticizer, shrinkage reducing admixture and expansive agent CaO- MgO-based on the fresh ‎properties, hardening processand restrained shrinkage of Self-Compacting-Shrinkage-Compensating ‎Concretes. The combined addition of shrinkage-reducing admixture with expansive agent has been ‎found to be successful in producing shrinkage-compensating concrete. It should be noted also that the ‎shrinkage reducing admixture slightly improve the workabilityof the fresh concrete mixtures but, it ‎slightly reduces the early compressive strength of concrete.‎

A mid-span deflection of concrete beam strengthened by FRP bars has been anticipated. A case of ‎simply supported beam loaded by two point loads has been simulated by using artificial neural networks ‎‎(ANNs) which are involved in MATLAB package, version 9.0.0.341360 (R2016a). The proposed model ‎presupposes 60 beam specimens to collect the required data for the neural pattern. A set of 8 input ‎variables was selected to construct the proposed neural pattern; these are, beam dimensions, concrete ‎specifications, and FRP properties. While the mid-span deflection at the ultimate load, will be the output ‎inconstant. The use of 9 nodes in the hidden layer is active in predicting the mid-span deflection. A ‎comparison between the gained results and the past experimental data shows that the proposed neural ‎pattern gives a reasonable anticipation with an overall error of 8.2 %.‎

In this work, Micro- and Nanofabrication technology was used to fabricate and demonstrate a simple ‎Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) field effect transistors (FETs) which is constructed on Si/SiO2 substrate. Simple ‎photolithography technique was used for patterning the photoresist using a mask and a UV LEDs. Thermal ‎evaporator was utilized to deposit coper metal on the substrate. After liftoff, electrodes of 5 μm width and spacing ‎of 3 μm were achieved. Deilecrophrisis technique was adopted to fetch the CNTs towards the fabricated electrode ‎fingers. The fabricated CNT-FETs exhibit high electron mobility, around 10000 cm2/Vs. Current transfer ‎characteristic observed that the device has p-type semiconductor properties, which can be attributed to the oxygen ‎molecules absorption of CNTs oxygen from the testing environment. ‎

‎ The single – walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi – walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) ‎embedded into resin matrix with different weight concentrations ranging about (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 wt. %), the ‎nanocomposites are synthesized by casting method. The main applications of this nanocomposites are in the ‎sensors, actuators, radar. Mechanical tests were done for this study such as: tensile test, bending test and ‎hardness test. Also many examinations were utilized to define the microstructure like scanning electron ‎microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results of this work showed that obviously ‎an improvement in mechanical properties of the processed nanocomposites such as young’s modulus, ultimate ‎tensile strength, bending strength and Shore hardness. Also the micrographs of SEM demonstrated that ‎SWCNTs and MWCNTs homogeneously dispersed into epoxy. On the other hand Raman spectra and XRD ‎revealed that same results for SEM.‎‏ ‏Finally all the results for mechanical properties and microstructure ‎evaluation show that SWCNTs give extremely higher values and properties than MWCNTs.‎

The traditional procedure of the secondary injection test includes splitting the secondary ‎winding of current transformer from the test circuit. This work investigates whether the presence of the ‎current transformer secondary winding inside the test circuit affects the accuracy of the test results or ‎not. Matlab/Simulink has been used in this paper for modeling and simulating the tested circuit. Paper ‎results show that the accuracy of the test is not affected when the secondary winding of current ‎transformer presence inside the test circuit.‎

Cellular Manufacturing (CM) is a production philosophy that operates in view of the Group ‎Technology (GT) morality. CM offers a positive impact in the terms of enhancing the quality and ‎increasing the productivity. One of the earlier and essential stages in the CM is known as a Feasibility ‎Assessment (FA). FA considers as an evaluation stage and its results consider as a prediction results for the ‎next design stage called Cell Formation (CF). The output of the FA includes the predicted number of ‎machine cells, the decision of applying or not the CM and the quality of the expected solution. Most of the ‎previous studies focused on studying the influence of the real life production features on the second stage ‎‎(CF) and recorded significant results. However, an attempt was carried out in the current paper to study the ‎influence of the real life production features on the first stage FA. For this purpose, 19 data sets, two ‎Similarity Coefficients (SCs) based on the real life production features known as production volume and ‎batch size were selected. The results of these two features compared with the results of one well known ‎General Purpose Similarity Coefficient (GPSC) known as Jaccard. Jaccard works based on using only (0,1) ‎matrix as an input data. The output of the current research referred that there is no significant influence of ‎the real life production features on the FA, where 84% of data sets produced the same number of machine ‎cells by using all the three different types of SCs. However, (16%) of datasets created different solutions ‎Thus, Datasets based on (0,1) matrix and (GPSC), (Jaccard) are sufficient to use in the FA to predict the ‎number of machine cells.‎

Nowadays, a lot of waste glass produced through different sides of life. Applying sustainability has ‎been widely used in different construction materials and flexible pavement was contained different ‎crushed materials through different studies. Crushed glass, where it is nonmetallic and inorganic, it can ‎neither be incinerated nor decomposed, so it may be difficult to reclaim, has been used as filler, fine and ‎coarse aggregates in the asphalt base course. In this study, various standard asphalt tests, such as stability, ‎flow, density and air voids, have been conducted on reference mix asphalt and mix asphalt with different ‎percentages of crushed glass when it has been used as filler, fine and coarse aggregates in the base course. ‎Generally, the results show good indication, especially when using 10% of the crushed glass instead of ‎coarse aggregate with 40-50 asphalt grades. This percentage improves most characteristics such as strength ‎retained index which indicates better performance than reference mix. ‎

In this paper, the tuning design of SSSC and PSS was examined in increasing the damping of ‎system oscillations and improve the stability of the power system during disturbances. The design problem ‎of the SSSC controller and PSS is designed as problem of optimization and the technique uses (PSO) ‎technique to find for optimal control parameters. By minimizing the objective function based on the speed ‎deviation and time domain, which deliberately deviates at the oscillation angle of the alternator rotor to ‎improve performance of transient stability of the system. The proposed controllers are tested on the ‎system of weak bonding ability exposed to severe disturbance. Nonlinear simulation results are presented ‎to demonstrate the proposed controller's effectiveness and its ability to give efficient damping. It is also ‎noted that the proposed controllers of SSSC and PSS greatly improves the power system stability.‎

This study has been undertaken as an attempt to examine the use of different super plasticizer‏ ‏dosage (0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1.2) percentage of the weight of cement on the performance of the concrete ‎and estimate the best ratio of super plasticizer. The laboratory experiments for both plastic and hardened ‎properties of concrete for concrete mix grade 25 were determined and the effects were contrasted against ‎normal concrete mixture. The tests performed for this study are slump test and compressive strength test ‎‎.The findings demonstrate that with the raise of superplasticizer dose in concrete will lead to an ‎improvement in the properties of concrete.‎
The experimental calculations display a significant increase in the rate of compressive strength in ‎comparison with the normal mix. The compressive strength increased about (47.43) % in comparison with ‎the normal mix. Also, the experimental results showed the optimum ratio of the superplasticizer is (0.7)% ‎of the weight of cement.‎

As results of using water for irrigated lands in a random manner in a time of shortage main water ‎resources, Experimental work carried out to study the effect of continuous and intermittent ponding depth ‎on the leaching processes. Sandy soil used, sourced from Hilla / Al-Jameeya, at Hilla city. Sieve analysis ‎and hydrometer testing used to identify the properties of the soil. A model used with dimensions of 30, 30 ‎and, 70 cm, with two different heads of water. Shatt-Al-Hilla River samples used in the leaching process. ‎Chemical tests carried out before the leaching process to identify changes in the proprieties in both water ‎and soil.‎
Leachate collected from two soil columns drained into boxes and tests carried out every 30 ‎minutes. After the leaching process was complete, the soil was re-tested. Chemical tests on soil samples and ‎the collected water applied after leaching for 47.5 cm and 52.5cm heads. From the results،,‏‎ it can be notice ‎that electrical conductivity for the outlet discharge from soil samples decreased faster with time, then ‎slowing down until the end of leaching process. The same pattern can be seen for all soil properties.‎
In continuous leaching, a large quantity of water is required over a short leaching period, the inverse ‎true for intermittent leaching. All parameters reduce with time in continuous leaching in comparison to ‎intermittent leaching but when the water level in the soil column compared, it can inferred that increasing ‎the head will reduce all the parameters for soil.‎
In both continuous and intermittent leaching processes, all parameters tested decreased with time. ‎When comparing continuous leaching with intermittent leaching, it can be noticed that the two heads, ‎increasing the head size results in a faster decrease across all parameters (ph, SO3, TS S, CL, CaCO3, EC ) in ‎both continuous and intermittent leaching processes

The city was formed historically as a node for human activities. Its formation depends on the ‎resources and relations in areas of production and distribution; therefore, it was divided into special ‎zones with different economic activities that depend on them (industrial, recreational, commercial, ‎residential areas and other uses of land). The physical and functional features of the city reflected ‎imposed social and digital systems. The Technological advances have expanded the role of knowledge ‎in everyday life that established the concept of knowledge networks. ‎
This study deals with the concept of knowledge networks as an updated multidimensional ‎strategy which imposes its ways to deal with the historic urban system as a part of the larger one, where ‎the developed technology imposes its needs of the organizational vision of the city as part of the ‎global system.‎
This study hypothesis that the knowledge networks is a concept not separated from the historic ‎space networks in cities. The study also hypothesis that these historic networks, which were formed ‎from nodes and links impose the strategic vision to adopt and promote the knowledge networks into ‎urban level. ‎
This study aims to clarify the concept of knowledge networks as an updated strategy for the ‎urban growth, shows the role of nodes, and links which had grown historically in cities to adopt and ‎promote strategies for the knowledge networks.‎
This research adopted a method to achieve its aims, through studying the cognitive network ‎mechanism and the role of urban characteristics as guidelines to strengthen these networks in a ‎number of global examples, and then use the global experience to build a vision for network strategy in ‎the Iraqi city to produce a new urban pattern.‎
The main conclusion is that the historic urban ties act as a mutual force along with the global ‎mechanism of knowledge network so that each city would show its special response to the network ‎pattern.‎

‎ The power supplied by any solar array depends upon the environmental conditions as weather ‎conditions (temperature and radiation intensity) and the incident angle of the radiant source. The work ‎aims to study the maximum power tracking schemes that used to compare the system performance ‎without and with different types of controllers. The maximum power points of the solar panel under ‎test studied and compared with two controller's types. The first controller is the proportional- integral - ‎derivative controller type and the second is the perturbation and observation algorithm‏ ‏controller. The ‎associated converter system is a microcontroller based type, whereas the results studied and compared ‎of greatest power point of the Photovoltaic panels under the different two controllers. The ‎experimental tests results compared with simulation results to verify accurate performance.‎

Friction stir welding (FSW) is proved as a promising welding technology for joining dissimilar ‎aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloys are used extensively within the aerospace industry for ‎applications such as fuselage and wing skin panels due to their high strength to weight ratio. Therefore, ‎an effort is made to optimize the process parameters of FSW using Al 6061 and Al 7075 alloys by the ‎Minitab 16 program in order to enhance tensile properties such as elongation (E), yield stress (YS), and ‎ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Grey relational analysis (GRA) based on the Taguchi method is applied ‎using two factors tool rotational speeds (TRS) and welding speed (WS) with four levels. Results show ‎that the variables, namely the tool rotation speed and welding speed have a significant effect on yield ‎stress, ultimate tensile strength and elongation. Results also show that the Taguchi based grey ‎relational approach improved properties of output response of welded Al 6061 and Al 7075 aluminum ‎alloys.‎

The capacity of the data channels is often reduced due to noise and distortion of the ‎transmitted signals. Noise reduction is used in various areas (where from noise and distortion the ‎transmitted signals cannot be isolated): speech / speaker recognition, image processing, mobile ‎communication systems, medical signal processing, radio and radar systems, etc. This paper illustrates ‎the problem of the presence of noise in speech signals. A model of additive white Gaussian noise is ‎considered and adding it to the speech signal – modeling of noise process. The main features of ‎wavelets, which used in noise reduction, are described. The main algorithm of the noise cancellation ‎process using wavelet analysis techniques is considered. Carried out the practical implementation of ‎noise reduction. The graphs of the original, noisy and cleaned signals are plotted. An analysis of the ‎results of noise cancellation was carried out using different families of wavelets, graphs of the cross ‎correlation of noisy and clean speech signals are plotted. Noise reduction carried out using Matlab ‎programing.‎

Metal matrix composites have attracted a lot of attention in the recent years due to their ‎excellent properties in different applications. In this study, aluminum metal matrix composites ‎reinforced with different weight percentage(1,2,3,5,7,10%) from alumina and silicon carbide have ‎been preparing by using stir casting. A finite element modeling using ANSYS software is used to model ‎aluminum metal matrix composites. Image processing and image analysis are used based upon image ‎J program to transform the image into engineering geometry that is used in the finite element modeling ‎of metal matrix composites. Static and thermo mechanical analysis have been done for each models ‎to know the response of mechanical stresses and thermal residual stresses on prepared composites.‎

In this paper, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained on the patterns of the normal ‎component to tangential component ratios at the time of slippage occurrence, so that it can be able to ‎distinguish the slippage occurrence under different type of load (quasi-static and dynamic loads), and then ‎generates a feedback signal used as an input signal to run the actuator. This process is executed without ‎the need for any information about the characteristics of the grasped object, such as weight, surface ‎texture, shape, coefficient of the friction and the type of the load exerted on the grasped object. For ‎fulfillment this approach, a new fingertip design has been proposed in order to detect the slippage in multi-‎direction between the grasped object and the artificial fingertips. This design is composed of two under-‎actuated fingers with an actuation system which includes flexible parts (compressive springs). These ‎springs operate as a compensator for the grasping force at the time of slippage occurrence in spite of the ‎actuator is in stopped situation. The contact force component ratios can be calculated via a conventional ‎sensor (Flexiforce sensor) after processed the force data using Matlab/Simulink program through a specific ‎mathematical model which is derived according to the mechanism of the artificial finger.‎

‎ The treatment of PVA with concentrated hydrochloric acid using a reflex technique for several ‎days to transfer some of PVA to PVC as co-polmer. Black material formed with very high ability to ‎absorb water (approximately 220%) which indicates large voids formed in the new structure which ‎confirmed by many tests. The new structure is a good water storage which is interested in agriculture ‎applications ‎

This study presented an experimental and theoretical study on the effect of hole on the ‎behavior of rectangular hollow steel columns subjected to axial compression load. Specimens were ‎tested to investigated the ultimate capacity and the load- axial displacement behavior of steel ‎columns. In this paper finite element analysis is done by using general purpose ANSYS 12.0 to ‎investigate the behavior of rectangular hollow steel column with hole. In the experimental work, ‎rectangular hollow steel columns with rounded corners were used in the constriction of the specimens ‎which have dimensions of cross section (50*80)mm and height of (250 and 500)mm with thickness of ‎‎(1.25,4 and 6)mm with hole ((α*80)*80)mm when α is equal to (0.2,0.4,0.6 and 0.8). Twenty four ‎columns under compression load were tested in order to investigate the effect of hole on the ultimate ‎load of rectangular hollow steel column. The experimental results indicated that the typical failure ‎mode for all the tested hollow specimen was the local buckling. The tested results indicated that the ‎increasing of hole dimension leads to reduction in ultimate loads of tested column to 75%. The results ‎show the reducing of load by 94.7% due to decreasing the thickness of column while the hole size is ‎constant (0.2*80*80). The buckling load decreases by 84.62% when hole position changes from ‎Lo=0.25L to 0.75L. Holes can be made in the middle of column with dimension up to 0.4 of column's ‎length. The AISC (2005) presents the values closest to the experimental results for the nominal yielding ‎compressive strength. The effect for increasing of slendeness ratio and thickness to area ratio(t/A) ‎leading to decreacing the critical stresses and the failure of column with large size of hole and (t/A) ‎ratio less than 0.74% was due to lacal buckling while the global buckling failure was abserve for ‎column with small size of hole and (t/A) ratio above than 0.74%. The compersion between the ‎experimental and theoretical results showed a reasonable agreement and the difference was in the ‎range (1.28-14.88)%.‎ ‎ ‎

Suspended spans generally occur in subsea pipelines as a result of the irregularity of seabed. ‎Additionally the suspended spans mostly result from the scouring phenomena around the installed ‎non-buried pipeline. So as to discuss the hydrodynamic surrounding the pipeline and determining the ‎significant deflections and associated stresses of the subsea pipeline in unsupported part, therefore, it’s ‎very necessary to study the hydrodynamic surrounding the pipeline in detail. A two main aims have ‎been done in this study, first assess the stresses at free span section and the second one was the effect ‎of soil characteristics in contact area between pipeline and the seabed soil. A combined model of ‎stresses/lateral displacement has been made. An ANSIS model has been built on the offshore pipelines ‎as a consequence of the combined hydrodynamic loads such as wave/current effects. The calculations ‎have been computed by using the finite element method for the free span to describe the surrounding ‎environment in more accuracy. The pipeline stresses intensity increases with closing to free span center. ‎This is attributed to the fact that UY and UZ have more maximum values at these region.‎

‎ An experimental and computational analysis of temperature and velocity distribution in an office room ‎have been studied. Office room of dimensions (3m x 1.75m x 3m) with two cross sectional types of supply air duct ‎in the experimental part and three different cross sectional types of supply air duct in the theoretical part is usual as ‎a tested model. The RNG k-ɛ turbulence model was employed to solve the governing equations numerically and ‎validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. The impinging jet concept has been proposed ‎as a new ventilation strategy for use in office and industrial buildings. The present work focuses on evaluating the ‎performance of a new impinging jet ventilation. In a theoretical study three types of supply air duct are adopted ‎which are square supply air duct (Type-I), semi-elliptic supply air duct (Type-II) and rectangle supply air duct ‎‎(Type-III) for two cases of air outlet terminal height from room foot level, 0.14h (case-I) & 0.1h (case-II). The third ‎type (rectangle duct) gives lowest effective and discomfort conditions when compared with the other two types. ‎This study investigated a number of factors influencing draught discomfort and temperature stratification in an ‎office environment equipped with impinging jet ventilation IJV. The factors considered to be: shape of the air ‎supply device, supply airflow rate and supply air temperature. Acceptable Air Distribution Performance Index ‎‎(ADPI), effective temperature, and ventilation efficiency obtained that the square cross sectional area of supply air ‎duct at 0.1h (case-II) height from foot level gives more acceptable indoor air quality and human thermal comfort ‎when compared with the other types. Also, this type gives good air distribution system not only promotes a ‎comfortable and healthy environment for occupants, but also contributes to energy conservation.‎

Autoclaved aerated concrete (ACC) or thermostone is now becoming increasingly used in ‎constructions, building and partition works due to its properties such as a highly thermal insulating ‎concrete-based material used for both internal and external construction, light weight and large size. ‎However, its low compressive strength and high porosity affected its use.‎
In this research‏ ‏the experimental part focused on mixing an autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) in ‎the form of powder with different ratios of window glass wastes powder, then study the influence of these ‎additives onto properties of thermostone in terms of physical (absorption, porosity, density), mechanical ‎‎(compressive and hardness), and thermal properties (thermal conductivity and thermal shock). The bulk ‎density increased to about (1562Kg/m3), porosity and water absorption have been decreased to about ‎‎(39.8 %, , 23.44%) respectively with the addition ratio (30) %‎‏ ‏‎ by weight. of glass. Also the compressive ‎strength has been getting good result (26.27 N/mm2) and hardness, improved (13.88) at the percentage of ‎waste glass (30) % by weight compared to the sample with no-additive. Finally, thermal conductivity with ‎the result (0.5311 watt/m.◦c) at the same percentage of waste glass, while thermal shock showed well result ‎with the additives (10, 20, 30) % by weight at temperature 250 ◦C for 1 h, but failed at temperature of 350 ‎‎◦C for the same time. ‎

In this paper, the general behavior of reinforced concrete hybrid box girders is studied by ‎experimental and numerical investigation. Experimental work is included casting monolithically five ‎specimens of box girders with trapezoidal cross section and testing it as simply supported under two point ‎loading. Two specimens were cast as homogenous box girders (full normal strength concrete (NSC) (about ‎‎35 MPa) and full high strength concrete (HSC) (about 55 MPa)) and three specimens were cast as hybrid ‎box girders (HSC in upper flange only, HSC in upper flange and half depth of webs, and HSC in bottom ‎flange and total depth of webs). Experimental results showed significant effects of concrete hybridization ‎on the structural behavior of box girders specimens such as: cracking loads, cracking patterns, ultimate ‎strengths, and failure modes. The ultimate strength of Hybrid box girders increased by 23% as average ‎when compared with the homogenous box girder (full NSC) and decreased by 9% as average when ‎compared with homogenous box girder (full HSC). In numerical investigation, the tested specimens were ‎modeled and analyzed using three dimensional non-linear finite element analysis. The analysis was carried ‎out by using a computer program (ANSYS V16.1). The numerical results showed an acceptable agreement ‎with the experimental work with difference about (3.12% and 9.588%) as average for ultimate load and ‎deflection, respectively. ‎

In this paper, the performance of multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access ‎‎(MC-DS-CDMA) in fixed MC-DS-CDMA and Mobile MC-DS-CDMA applications have been ‎improved by using the compensations of space time block coding and Discrete Fast Fourier transforms ‎‎(FFT) or Discrete Wavelets transform DWT. These MC-DS-CDMA systems had been simulated using ‎MATLAB 2015a. Through simulation of the proposed system, various parameters can be changed ‎and tested. The Bit Error Rate (BERs) of these systems are obtained over wide range of signal to noise ‎ratio. All simulation results had been compared with each other using different subcarrier size of FFT or ‎DWT with STBC for 1,2,3 and 4 antennas in transmitter and under different ITU multipath fading ‎channels and different Doppler frequencies (fd). The proposed structures of STBC-MC-DS-CDMA ‎system based on (DWT) batter than based on (FFT) in varies Doppler frequencies and subcarrier size. ‎Also, proposed system with STBC based on 4 transmitters better than other systems based on 1 or 2 or ‎‎3 transmitters in all Doppler frequencies and subcarrier size in all simulation results. ‎

In the current work included the production pressure distribution through moved elliptic fuel ‎tank. The work included two aspects, in the first Finite Element Method with control volume has been ‎created as by ANSYS software.‎
In the second aspect, experiment model has been constructed to be tested in wind tunnel. The ‎results of both theoretical and experimental aspects show that the distribution of the pressure showed ‎that the increase being observed on the front cover and decayed through the longitudinal shell until ‎reversed to be on the outward direction at the back cover. The comparison both the theoretical and ‎experimental results indicated an accepted difference.‎

The major objective of this paper is pediment a new equation which can be used to obtain the ‎total dissolved salts in the sand. This equation enables us to obtain the total dissolved salts by finding ‎density of the watery solution resulting from dissolve any sample in distilled water. This equation ‎shows very good results, so in this paper a new method is proposed to find the total dissolved salts by ‎applying this equation which derived in this research without the need to use usual methods in finding ‎those total dissolved salts. In this study, the proposed method uses the density variation between ‎distilled water and the watery solution which is taken from the sand sample dissolved with distilled ‎water.‎
‎-‎ This proposed method will make the test of total dissolved salts more easily and quickly applied.‎
‎-‎ The proposed method is equal or exceed in its reliability on other testing methods.‎

This work presents the experimental investigation of double effect evaporative cooling unit with ‎approximate capacity 7 kW. The unit consisted‏ ‏of two stages, the sensible heat exchanger and the ‎cooling tower composing the external indirect regenerative evaporative cooling stage where a direct ‎evaporative cooler represent the second stage. Testing results showed a maximum capacity and lowest ‎supplied air temperature when the water flow rate in heat exchanger was 0.1 L/s. The experiment ‎recorded the unit daily readings at two airflow rates (0.425 m3/s, 0.48 m3/s). The reading shows that ‎unit inlet DBT is effect positively on unit wet bulb effectiveness and unit COP at constant humidity ‎ratio. The air extraction ratio effected positively on the unit wet bulb effectiveness within a certain ‎limit where maximum COP recorded 11.4 when the extraction ratio equal to 40%.‎

In the past few years, there has been an increase in the demand for polymer blends to obtain ‎the desired properties that it could not obtain from individual polymer. And to obtain surface or local ‎polymer blends and in a specific place on the surface of the matrix for the purpose of improving the ‎different characteristics required and according to the specific use, an attempt was made to ‎manufacture binary polymers blends [(HDPE:PVC), (HDPE:PP) and (HDPE:SAN)] by using the ‎friction stir processing (FSP) method on the surface of the matrix ( HDPE ) at depth 3 mm from the ‎surface and with different percentages (10, 15, 20 and 25 %) for each of (PVC),(SAN), (PP) polymeric ‎materials added to the matrix (HDPE). From the mechanical tests which included bending and impact ‎tests it was obtained values indicating a marked increase in mechanical properties at percentages (85% ‎and 34%) from the results achieved for the polymer blends (85%HDPE: 15%PP) and (85% HDPE: 15 ‎‎% PVC) Respectively. Based on the results obtained, and this demonstrate the success of the FSP ‎method to preparation of different polymer blends and most of these polymers have high efficiency ‎and without have any internal or external defects.‎

The present study includes an experimental and theoretical investigation of reinforced concrete ‎deep beams containing tensile reinforcement lap splices at constant moment zone under static load. ‎The study included two stages: in the first one, an experimental work included testing of eight simply ‎supported RC deep beams having a total length (L = 2000 mm), overall depth (h= 600 mm) and width ‎‎(b = 150 mm).‎‏ ‏The tested specimens were divided into three groups to study the effect of main ‎variables: lap length, location of splice, internal confinement (stirrups) and external confinement ‎‎(strengthening by CFRP laminates).‎‏ ‏The experimental results showed that the use of CFRP as external ‎strengthening in deep beam with lap spliced gives best behavior such as increase in stiffness, decrease ‎in deflection, delaying the cracks appearance and reducing the crack width. The reduction in deflection ‎about (14-21) % than the unstrengthened beam and about (5-14) % than the beam with continuous ‎bars near ultimate load. Also, it was observed that the beams with unstrengthened tensile ‎reinforcement lap splices had three types of cracks: flexural, flexural-shear and splitting cracks while ‎the beams with strengthened tensile reinforcement lap splices or continuous bars don’t observe splitting ‎cracks.‎‏ ‏
In the second stage, a numerical analysis of three dimensional finite element analysis was ‎utilized to explore the behavior of the RC deep beams with tensile reinforcement lap splices, in ‎addition to parametric study of many variables. The comparison between the experimental and ‎theoretical results showed reasonable agreement. The average difference of the deflection at service ‎load was less than 5%.‎

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising technique to improve the mechanical properties of ‎the polymer blends surface with retainment of bulk properties, in this work an attempt was done to ‎add different ratios of polypropylene (PP), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as ‎a second material to the matrix plate high density polyethylene (HDPE). Mechanical properties were ‎estimated for hardness and tensile tests were carried out to assess the performance of friction stir ‎processed to prepared the binary polymers blends (HDPE‏:‏‎ PP), (HDPE‏:‏‎ SAN) and (HDPE: PVC) at ‎depth 3 mm from the surface of (HDPE) plate. The results of the tests showed that the best values of ‎the tensile strength, young modulus and hardness, it was obtained when adding the ratio of (15%) of ‎the (PVC) to matrix (HDPE). The friction stir processing technique was successfully used to improve ‎the mechanical properties of polymer surface. In view of the foregoing, it can be concluded that the ‎friction stir processing technique, can be utilizing to repair the cracks and imperfections that are ‎formed in polymeric materials.‎

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) classified as one of the most important classes of next generation ‎networks that developed in recent years rapidly for vehicles and road transmissions. It can help in implementing a ‎large set of applications related to vehicles, traffic light, traffic jam, drivers, passengers, ambulance, police, fire ‎trucks and even pedestrians. Routing is the most prominent problem in the transmission of information in VANETs ‎and there are many modes of dissemination: unicast, broadcast, multicast and geocast. In this paper, we will focus ‎only on the multicast that is referring to a process of sending information from one node (called source vehicle) to a ‎group of nodes that found in different locations (called destination vehicles). The purpose of this paper is to study ‎the existing multicast routing protocols in VANET and produce good survey about them and determine the ‎advantages and disadvantages of each one as well as classify them into different categories based on some ‎effected parameters such as quality of service, vehicle trajectory and etc. After analyzing these routing protocols we ‎concluded that there is persistent need to produce efficient multicast routing protocol in this network to decrease the ‎resource consumption and improve the overall performance. ‎

It is good to disposal the byproducts of bricks factories because of pollution of the environment. ‎But the big challenge is to use these byproducts while imposing the properties of construction material and ‎keeping pace with materials technology progress. So, in this study a byproduct (fly ash) of Al Aslaah bricks ‎factories in the south Iraq is used to evaluate the effects for physical properties of the Portland cement ‎mortar. Mortar cubes of 7cm were cast with fly ash partial replacement of cement weight (5%, 10%,15% ‎and 20%) and compared against standard cement mortars cubes. The investigations involved the ‎compressive strength, setting time, heat of hydration and density. While the results illustrate that the ‎increasing of fly ash replacement percentage has significant increase in initial and final setting time and ‎reduces the early and peak temperature of hydration. Also the density got proportionally less values with ‎increasing the fay ash replacement. However, at early ages, 3days the compressive strength values were ‎declined for all the fly ash percentages, but the situation changed for percentage 5% and 10% fly ash ‎replacement at later age and the compressive strength were passed the standard cement mortar values at ‎age 28days.‎

In many situations, drivers if certain of the absence traffic monitoring system tend to shorten ‎their driving paths and travel time across intersections. This behavior will be encouraged if the ‎geometrical design suffers from mistakes, or the geometrical design and road conditions make it ‎harder for drivers to follow the correct routes. Sometimes the intersection arrangement is confusing ‎for the driver to distinguish the right from the wrong track.‎
In this study, two sites with large number of driving mistakes were noticed. One site is a ‎roundabout within the university of Duhok campus. The other is the intersection just outside the ‎University of Duhok eastern main gate. At both sites, the geometry is very confusing and encourage ‎driving mistakes.‎
The university roundabout which was the first site investigated, was not properly designed ‎encouraging wrong side driving. Many traffic accidents took place at this roundabout. Wrong side ‎driving reaches 32 % at peak hour in one approach. This was reduced to 6% when temporary ‎divisional island was installed. The other approach has a 15% wrong side driving and no remedy could ‎be done to it.‎
At the intersection near the university gate, wrong side driving reaches 56% of the traffic ‎emerging from the main gate at peak hour. This was reduced to 14% when drivers are guided through ‎direction sign. This percentage was reduced further to 9% with standing policeman.‎

The assessment of new and old structures requires spending money to recognize ‎the actual state for safe using them and to satisfy that the using of nondestructive ‎testing become a favored tool to be applied for the function and quality control for the ‎structures. One of the most effective and least costly methods is using Ultrasonic Pulse ‎Velocity (UPV) method. The target of this paper is to find a mathematical relationship ‎between the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and the compressive strength of concrete. ‎Therefore, the important variables which have a sensible effect on this relationship shall ‎be investigated. These parameters include the test type of UPV testing method (direct, ‎semi direct, indirect), concrete strength.‎
To achieve the goal of this paper, an experimental study has been conducted to ‎preparation six different concrete mixtures (from C20 to C45) at casting the specimens ‎which consist of 6 concrete blocks of dimension 40×40×100 cm and for each one 9 ‎cubes are cast of size 15 cm which has been tested at ages of 7, 28, and 60 days. For the ‎obtained results, a statistical experimental program has been carried out in order to ‎establish a fairly accurate relation between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and the concrete ‎compressive strength using both MathLab and Microsoft Excel programs for extracting ‎and plotting the final relationship models. ‎
From the obtained results, the relationships between the direct UPV, semi direct ‎UPV, and indirect UPV in the concrete blocks and cubes with the compressive strength ‎of concrete were found. It is found that the type of an equations is exponential type ‎which has the similar trend of given a relationship of ACI committee 228so these results ‎indicate that direct, semi direct, and indirect model methods can be used to assess the ‎actual state of in-situ structures.‎
The direct UPV is 5% and 8.7 % higher than the average semi direct and indirect ‎UPV respectively. Moreover, the small UPV paths give higher overestimations of ‎concrete strength. Finally, the suggested equation in this paper is compared with the ‎other researcher's equations to indicate the accuracy using a verification study.‎