JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

The aim of this research is to study and analyze the evolution of labor productivity in facilities of large manufacturing sector (public sector) in Iraq in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses, and work to address weaknesses and strengths. recognize the reality of the manufacturing industry in Iraq by some indicators, the relative importance in production , employment GDP.
The main conclusions are is a weak competitiveness of manufacturing products through weakness of most indicators , including low contribution value added of manufacturing in (GDP) during the study period (2000-2011) , as it was within (0.7% , 2.5%) , the ratios are positive, except for the year 2000 was to contribute a negative because of the high value of production requirements is greater than the value of production, on the whole they are ratios are low, and this shows how weak suffered the manufacturing sector, as well as the evolution of productivity not consistent with the evolution of wages in facilities manufacturing sector large (public sector), and this clearly indicates the weakness of the relationship between wages and labor productivity and lack of linkage between the two, and that increases in the rate of wage but is increased to be rewarded rise in the general price level and covers the cost of living for workers caused height. perhaps in the rate of wage increases may not compensate for the rise in prices.

The study aims to find the best set of variables that can be used to predict and to distinguish between the provinces of Iraq and the suffering or not suffering from the problems of livestock in Iraq for the purpose of identifying the conditions of those provinces in the early, allowing interested parties and regulatory authorities to intervene to take corrective action appropriate at the time . I have been using the style analysis of discriminatory analysis to find the best set of indicators that can be used to build the model and thus can distinguish between the provinces that suffer from problems before they occur has been to rely on the style of cluster analysis as a first step in order to reach an optimum number of groups which can be distinguished Iraqi provinces and according to the research variables and of the most important problems of the livestock in Iraq as (lack of manpower, lack of fodder, fluctuating prices, lack of treatment, quench animals, bad genetic factors, others) and the level of the (cattle, buffalo, Sheep, goats, camels)

The dairyt factory in college of agriculture is an educational productive project for the department of food science . It operates according to self financing system within the activities of higher education fund in the college with limited capabilities and capacities ,Economic efficiency criteria were not used in the context of factors of production optimum usage , The objective of this research was to calculate the project profitability for the production season 2010 by auditing all accountancy records for the project and also to study the reality of production since the beginning of factory operation in 1999 until 2009 .
The result showed that the project achieved good profits of about ID 106 millions, the calculation of average cost of both fixed and variable revealed that variable cost occupied the largest percentage of total cost of about 88% ,while the fixed cost were 12% of total cost . the results also showed that 49% of higher education fund was financed by the project which reveals its importance in those resources and consequently its contribution in supporting the college budget and also its contribution in financing the higher education fund resources in Baghdad University and in the ministry of higher education of about 15% of total profits . The study hat recommended the necessity of financial support for the project by these authirities in order to expand the project and increasing its production lines within the goals of higher education ministry represented by the development of the higher education enterprises in order to contribute in supporting the productive sectors of society.

The present study aims to shed light on Iraq's attempt to join the World Trade Organization, and to identify positive and negative aspects of this attempt, Iraq submitted a request for joining the organization in 2004 and this requires that the Iraqi government shoucel to provide all the data on the Iraqi economy in addition to the issuance and cancellation of legislation that not inconsistent with the policy of the Organization, In order to enrich the research was to use the experience of the Kingdom of Jordan, which was admitted as a member in 2000 where he was studying a number of economic indicators which such as GDP, inflation and unemployment, foreign trade, the agricultural sector, foreign investment, before the date for joining and after the date of for joining was indicated most of these indicators to a significant improvement in after the date of joining the study found that the question on impact of Iraq into the world trade organization inevitable, but procedures for doing this for joining for Iraq requires working in earnest of the government agencies and legislative bodies in order to create the right environment and reduce damage that can cause some economic sectors or certain activities and to take advantage of the benefits that can be obtained from the World Organization.

Organizations faced through past period and still many of determinants, and in the forefront of the absence of a clear perception of the performance management system, the fact that the organization in the public sector no suffer performance as much as the way of its administration, This study seeks to determine the role of performance management in achieving levels of excellence performance for organizations through chosen method of study is analytic study in order to identify the nature of the relationships that control variables, which effect on performance management and excellence, data were collected for the study through official reports and records of the researched company and personal interviews, as well as the questionnaire has been designed to solicit opinions and measurement of trends and actions responses to attitudes,
The conclusion of the study included a set of recommendations, related senior management in the researched company and the need to adopt the concept of performance management approach and content in the exercise of its performance in the management of the company as a method or a scientific approach to achieve continued success of the company and ensure its survival in a sector which is expected to witness more challenges and competition.

This study aimed to examine the impact of applying information technology on improving the competitive advantage in Jordanian public shareholding companies listed at Amman Stock of Exchange, The unit of analysis consisted of (188) companies. Two sources of information and data collection were adopted: the metadata and secondary data. The study utilized central tendency measures and measures of dispersion, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) applied to test the hypotheses.
The study concludes that there is an impact of the adoption of information technology and advanced technological platform (the physical elements, code elements, common databases, substantive and technical support teams, networks, efficient systems, skill use, and integrative system) on improving the companies’ competitive advantage (cost reduction, quality of processes and outputs, timeliness, innovation and renewal). In light of the study results, a number of recommendations were suggested including: the adoption and application of information technology with advanced technological platform to have a clear impact on improving competitiveness in corporations.

The Impact of Knowledge Partner in Marketing Share Enhance
Analytical Study for Opinions of Small Size Sellers Organization owner in Mosul city
The current study trying to determine the relationship between knowledge partener and marketing share by the owner of small sales organization in mosul city .
Its Known that every organization have a marketing performance which can be evaluated marketing share .
This share can appeared in the ability of organization to achier its objectives which relay on the ability of organization to give a production that compliance customer needs .
An inquiry were designed and distributed to 150 sales organization , 163, inquiry were received in (90,5)percentage . and by using SPSS program data were analyzed to show the relation and the effect .
The study give three hypothesis which tested by using statistical methode to analyze data. The study concludes that there is a relationship and effect for information partner in marketing share enhance.

This research discusses the levels of tension and its variables , and also the organizational loyalty .
This research tries to connect the level of tension and the sections that related , including the organizational loyalty . This research aims at discovering the relation between these two variables and measuring it according to a number of hypotheses , some of them are relating to tension variables and is different levels , and the nature and the type of relation between tension and organizational loyalty by using a questionnaire . The questionnaire contains reliable measures to estimate each variable, and distributed among (30) managers in both central and direct administration in the sector of industry . Some statistical methods are used to reveal the results in order to enhance the hypotheses and the targets of research , and to determine the conclusions and recommendation .

The lack of the Iraqi markets currently to the typical local products, to which the society is used for decades until they became a part of its daily uses at both residence and work places, pushed the researcher to make the Company General of Electric Industry "the place of his research" for its being distinguished in its production of several typical products at the first of which was the product of Al-Naseem ceiling fans which he chose as a case study through it he sought to identify closely the real reasons made the typical product lose its market place in the minds of consumers and breakdown its production decisions from fulfilling their economic goals. The study problem represented by the accumulation of this product with large quantities in the company stores was the beginnings of searching those causes including two hypotheses of how to treat them:
1. The continual development of the product of Al-Naseem ceiling fans.
2. Designing a marketing strategy unrestricted to the administrative command or dictatorship.
Yet, the study results came to prove the invalidation of those two hypotheses, and contributed in laying a collection of recommendations through which the company can regain the product place of Al-Naseem ceiling fans and make its production decisions lead to fulfilling the economic goals as a result of adopting them.
As to the most prominent recommendations the research arrived at, they were:
- removing the administrative restrictions or decreasing their administrative weight and giving the freedom to the managers in their choices and conceptions of how to face their daily work problems.
- The necessity of being interested in making the special molds or reengineering them concerning Al-Naseem ceiling fans, as well as working at the uses diversity of these molds so as to give the fan more than one specification upon the market demand.
The necessity for the company to promote its typical products in order to remind the society individuals and the various state institutions and offices by the reproduction of Al-Naseem ceiling fans.

This study aimed at identifying the extent of quality of relationships among parties of the supplying chain in Jordanian Companies Manufacturing Drugs, and the effect of these relationships on the performance of this chain, The unit of analysis consisted of (78) directors and heads of departments of this companies. The study has concluded a number of findings, most importantly show that the quality of relationships among the parties of the supply chain have a positive and direct effect on its performance. In light of the study results, a number of recommendations were suggested including: the continuation of the Jordanian Companies, which manufacture drugs, in adopting and applying the principle of the quality of relationships with their partners from the parties of the supplying chain .

The study involved the relationship between each of the theory of creative solutions TRIZ and (six sigma) methodology and how that hiring methodologies together working to develop a mechanism of action between tools both methodologies can achieve achievement of excellence in reducing costs and achieve competitive advantage represented leadership in cost on the grounds that the tools solve problems Creative Theory (TRIZ) can be used to reduce costs and improve quality as you do methodological tools (six sigma) and research work to formulate a logical relationship between the initiatives to reduce costs and employ tools Theory creative solutions to problems (TRIZ) through systematic (six sigma) and clarify the effect on initiatives to reduce costs that the importance of Search and there is a need to use innovative methods in the process of analyzing the causes of increased cost elements and deal with problems arising from them and the search mode model proposed to reduce costs employing tools methodologies together, and recommended research study aspects of the application methodology Therese with methodology DFSS (Design methodology (six sigma), especially since the design process According to this approach is a new process and not a list and the need to develop and it relies on the concept of re-engineering

The integration of value engineering with target costing tool is important for any Entity aims to add value for itself by achieving a competitive advantage and satisfy its customers, at a time determined technical costs of the target allowable costs for the production of a commodity or service in the product design phase, the importance of value engineering stand out from the through analysis and product functions with high costs to be able to reduce these costs while maintaining the quality of function and efficiency of the performance of the product, and as a result of the use of systematic target costing in the analysis and extraction index value for each component of the color TV produced by electronics industry has been shown that the three components of costs high amount (50000) dinars, compared with color TV importer and these components are (screen, remote control, the equipment of the Interior) as the index value of more than one (1) which requires the reduction of costs and also make analysis of the value of functions with the cost of components and concluded that some components of the television it needs to re-design using value engineering to reduce cost and become the level of costs the cost of competitors.

Deceiving and cheating in the use of Accounting methods and that what is called Creative Accounting Practices, lead to improve the company status during the short term, but this causes destructions for these companies during the long term. This requires that the Accounting observer should have a full knowledge in the deceitful Accounting practices behaviors that accountant may depend on, under the supervision of the administration, to reduce these behaviors that lead to cheating in financial reports along with reviewing the Accounting Policies applied to achieve the aims of the company and then reaching the financial reports that are trusted and empty of cheating. This, later, enables the accountants to introduce a neutral opinion related to the accuracy of the financial lists.
This study aims at shedding light on the notion of Creative Accounting and analyzing the factors that have led to its emergence and showing its effects. Focus has also been made on the role of the account – observer and the activities which he perform to reduce the practices of Creative Accounting in Companies. This paves the way to reach the financial reports that have Financial information empty of deceit and express the company financial states equally.

For the importance of the water, researchers studying human need of the water , researchers interested in studying the human need of the water using scientific method ,one of these methods is the analysis of time feries which build predictive model to
Represented the data with minimum errors , and then using these models in planning and managing the expected uses of the water in our research we estimate the following models
*ARMAX
*SARIMA
*Harmonic regression analysis
These model were estimated using data represent the product of water in Baghdad for the internal 2000-2004 from the comparison between the above model we found. That the Harmonic regression models is the best one .

Our research aimes to study a range of key variables related traffic accidents to determine the relationships between them and find out the degree of association with each other so that we can control the traffic accidents by focusing on variables that have high correlation. The data that were used in this research is data from the statistical report of traffic accidents recorded for the year 2006., Where we took the full details of the nature of the incident in terms of being (collision, coup, run over, other incidents) and its relationship with other variables such as(causes of the accident, class road).the research found that the driver is the main reason of the accident, the class of luminance (daytime) is class parent of special items ,the class of the main road is the highest percentage among cultivars road ,and drivers of the age groups(24-29) and(30-35) accounted for the highest percentage among the rest of the groups, and that the saloon is the most caused in traffic accident compared to other types of media.

Visible and audible mas media became a variable in constituting the mass consciousness and their attitude toward the issues presented in the Visible and audible mas media day and night. These days the importance of the media springs up from their dependence on the visible and audible mass media more than in the past .
The importance of each of these Visible and audible mass/ media (television) lies in the way it effects the consciousness of the tourists through it characteristics and merits .
The impact of the Visible and audible mass media is clear on the religious tourism because the mass media sheds light upon the religious tourism as the important type of tourism, the demand for tourism is a response to the spiritual and religious motives ,and the religious tourism is everlasting tourism and through the whole year , with or without an occasion .Besides , the religious tourism provides an income through its direct or indirect outcome.
The evolvement of the tourism consciousness about the religious tourism through the various Visible and audible mass media is considered as one of the most important subjects for it clarifies the importance of the religious tourism ,the investment of its earnings ,and eliding its negative effects ,it also creates the suitable atmosphere for a special society of religious tourism who is conscious of its values to achieve as big earning as possible ,for instance the states in the Islamic world pay attention to the different dimensions of the tourism consciousness :the economic , the social , the cultural , etc.
In order to clarify the impact of the mass media on the development of tourism consciousness of religious tourism in holy city of kerbala , the mass media used the implications that deal with the subjects of religious tourism through broadcasting and publishing the news of the religious tourism and through sheding light upon its importance ,identifying the different places of religious tourism like the shrines and together with the activities the visitor practice in their places ,they also encourage the citizens and the tourists to visit the attractive places of the religious tourism to enjoy the spiritual and the moral implications these places are endowed with the mass media also present programs and various artistic forms that suit the diversity of the tourism information , services , and facilities , each of these media has its own forms and programs.

Merciful and compassionate God distinguished our beloved Iraq , country with famous natural, cultural and religious places at the international, Arabic and local levels, one of which is Maelain touristm compound that connects between these components, so we will try in this study to bring out these components and attempting to put into view what the compound must to be at in the future.

The financial systems can be classified into two types . The first is the market- oriented , while the second is the bank – oriented .
This study tries to reach the most suitable choice between the two Alternatives Above , through investigating the Determinant of the type of financial system . so , the study divided into two sectors .
The first one dualt with the determinants of financial system type , while the second sector devoted to displaying Economic , institutional , and social factors in Iraqi Environment , to conclude the suitable financial system for Iraqi Economy .