Journal of Studies in Humanities and Educational Sciences

Algerian-Maghreb relations expanded after independence, and Algeria was linked to many countries through diplomatic relations, especially the regional and neighboring countries. This was also helped by the emergence of Algeria’s sincere intention to break out of the limited frameworks in which the country was placed after the occupation, on the one hand, and the desire of the regional countries to have their own distinguished relations with Algeria, especially the Maghreb. Which occupied an important strategic position and a prominent economic situation represented by the presence of oil and other minerals, in addition to the efforts of the Maghreb countries to maintain their connection with Algeria for many factors, including the unity of religion and language and good neighbourliness, as well as solving the border problems with Morocco and the problem of Western Sahara and others.Successive governments in Algeria, especially during the era of Chadli Bendjedid, sought to open up to the Maghreb countries. They succeeded in establishing friendly relations and cooperation with their regional surroundings and sought, with their neighboring Arab countries, to establish the Arab Maghreb Union and end the rift with Morocco. During the era of President Chadli Bendjedid, Algeria witnessed relative stability, especially during his first presidential term (1979-1984). As for subsequent times (1985-1992), the country witnessed political, economic, and social turmoil, the results of which were the occurrence of a popular uprising in 1988. It was necessary to work on carrying out political and economic reforms, which culminated in the issuance of the 1989 constitution, but this did not please the army leadership, especially after the victory of the Islamists in the elections (1990-1991), and then the army forced President Chadli Bendjedid to resign in 1992, which led to the collapse of the country. In a real crisis, represented by the outbreak of a kind of civil war between the Islamists and the army. Here it can be said that the term of President Chadli Bendjedid’s rule is considered one of the turbulent, tense and unstable times in the history of contemporary Algeria.

The problem of terrorism is one of the most serious problems facing many societies today, including Iraqi society. Terrorism targets human life and daily activities in all aspects. Its danger is clearly evident in the large numbers of innocent citizens killed, wounded, and missing every day, as well as the destruction and devastation it causes to societal institutions. This is not to mention the loss of a sense of security caused by these acts. The implementation of terrorist operations has increased and diversified significantly at the present time, from car bombs to explosive devices and explosive belts, in addition to suicide attacks that leave behind large numbers of orphans, widows, and bereaved families. Terrorism is spreading widely in society due to the fact that the victims are innocent bystanders. Furthermore, the recurrence of terrorist attacks has left members of society in a state of anticipation, confusion, fear, panic, and terror about what is to come. In a society suffering from the spread of terrorist operations, people remain haunted by doubt. Constant anxiety and tension plague the individual, who anticipates committing further terrorist acts, even if the period between one terrorist act and the next is prolonged. This leads the individual to experience psychological and mental conflict due to the vagueness of the vision before him. He hopes that the matter is nothing more than a mere incident, even if it is a terrorist act. Just as he calms down and regains his composure, he is surprised by the occurrence of a terrorist act more severe and violent than previous terrorist acts, causing significant damage. He then returns to his previous state of anxiety, fear, and anticipation, with signs of fear evident in his behavior due to the resulting destabilization of security and stability in society.

The Anglo-Saxons had a notable stretch over the remarkable history of England, and the cultural aspect was so overwhelming to the extent that it spread almost over the literary works of the period. This topic of Anglo-Saxon England has attracted considerable scholarly attention due to its significance in understanding and appreciating the cultural construction of this historical period. An interesting aspect of Anglo-Saxon literature is its representation of social, political, and religious influences through the use of Old English poetry. The best way of knowing the cultural construction is by examining the pieces of literature that actually survived from that period, represented by Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People and the four remaining manuscripts, especially the Nowell Codex manuscript. These selected texts which include the Book of Judith, the poem of Juliana, and the epic of Beowulf provide insight into the cultural and societal norms of Anglo-Saxon England while shedding light on topics such as individual roles, religious beliefs, and the concept of heroism. Through a comprehensive analysis of these texts, we can gain a deeper understanding of the cultural nuances and values that shaped Anglo-Saxon society. Ultimately, this investigation aims to illuminate the dynamic interplay between literature and culture, highlighting the ways in which Old English poetry reflects and shapes the cultural construction of Anglo-Saxon England.

The aim of this research is to identify (the effect of the instrumental enrichment strategy on the acquisition of Islamic concepts among fifth-grade literary students). The researcher adopted one design, which is the experimental design with two equal groups, to suit the nature of the research. The sample consisted of (56) students and they were chosen intentionally. From Hod 6 Preparatory School, it was divided into two groups, one of which was experimental, which included (27) students who studied the Islamic education subject using the instrumental enrichment strategy, and the other was a control group, which consisted of (29) students, who studied the same subject in the usual way, on a random sample.The researcher identified the (12) Islamic concepts, and in light of those concepts, the researcher prepared behavioral objectives that measure the processes of concept acquisition (definition, distinction, application).
The researcher relied on testing the results of the variables in this research to acquire Islamic concepts, which consisted of (24) models of the type of multiple tests, and their validity, stability, and distinction were verified. The researcher conducted statistical analyzes of several paragraphs, and began analyzing and applying the experiment on 2/27/2023, and the experiment period ended. On May 4, 2023, the results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the test for acquiring Islamic concepts