Psychological Science

Abstract:
The current research aimed to identify the two variables of fear of Coronavirus and supplication to God, in addition to identifying the nature of the correlational relationship between them in a sample of Iraqi society, The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, and due to the lack of availability of the two scales, they were built and applied to the research sample that was chosen randomly and consisted of (2507) men and women, with (1200) men and women for the construction sample and (1307) men and women for the application sample who were chosen from the original research community, {In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher built the two measures of fear of Coronavirus and pleading to God}, and the face validity of the two scales was extracted, The data were analyzed with the help of the (SPSS) program and the stability was extracted by using Alpha Cronbach for internal consistency and the researcher used a number of appropriate statistical means, and it was concluded that the research sample had no fear of Coronavirus, and the research sample had also a low level of supplication to God, while the study showed the existence of a positive correlation between fear of Coronavirus and supplication to God.

Abstract:
Since the spread of Covid 19 at the beginning of 2020 in the city of Wuhan in China and its transmission to other countries, big social and psychological changes have been made in the whole world as a large number of governments have applied curfew and closure in addition to very strict mitigation and protection measures. As a result, China succeeded in reducing the number of people infected by Covid while some countries are still recording daily and increasing number of infections among their people.
Studies confirmed Covid effect of the people mental health and in return, this will affect their attitude during the pandemic. The research addresses the Shyness as a psychological issue that appears in social situations and how it affects adherence to precautionary measures during the mourning ceremonies that witnessed a great change in the world and in Syria, the place of study.
The study included a sample of 170 individuals from Damascus, where two scales were used, one for shyness and the other for adhering to precautionary measures. After the comparison, it was found that there is a slight inverse correlation between average shyness among individuals, adherence to precautionary measures and spatial distancing during the

Abstract:
The current research on people who have recovered from the Corona virus in Diyala Governorate / Baquba District and for the year 2021-2022, where the total of the research community reached (400) recovered people, and the psychological effects scale was applied to a sample consisting of (200) people recovering from the Corona virus. It was based on the (effects) scale on which it was built and apparently based on the scale after it was presented to a number of specialists and arbitrators in psychology, measurement and evaluation, who confirmed the validity of the application of the scale, which was developed from the apparent validity of the scale. Data parameter of the common data equation (common data parameter)
Implementation of an indicative program in the manner of immunization against the anti-effects to reduce the effects of the Corona virus.
Using the measure of psychological effects on those recovering from Corona.
A comparative study showing the extent to which men and women know.

Abstract:
The research aims to
- Identify children’s communication skills in light of the Corona pandemic
- There is no statistically significant difference in the communication skills of children (males and females).
- There is no statistically significant difference in the communication skills of children (kindergarten / pre-school)
- Identifying the most prominent communication skills of kindergarten children
By identifying the communication skills of children, it is clear that there are
- Many of the motor skills of children are almost weak due to immobility and sitting for long hours in front of the computer or mobile phone.
- Listening and listening skills of children aged 4-6 years arevery weak compared to older children
- Skills for males are distinguished from those in females, such as motor skills (climbing stairs, and motor skills such as imitation and muscle growth). Females are distinguished by listening, listening, speaking, speaking, reading and writing.
The researcher recommends a set of recommendations related to the research in this fiel

Abstract:
Individuals face many challenges and pressures because of the Corona virus, as a result, responses of individuals to these pressures differ. to failure, and this is what is called psychological resilience, and achieving psychological resilience in light of the challenges of the Corona pandemic requires the individual to be able to agree between himself and his desires, and to adapt to the environment in which he lives, with all its requirements and difficulties, and from changing his behavior and if he is unable to bring about this change increases. And he avoids performing difficult tasks, and this makes him fall victim to stress and depression, and few are able to cope with the pressures of the Corona pandemic crisis.
Despite all the difficult health conditions in the world, which have become known to everyone, we find that the university student is still able to succeed and excel, as these difficult conditions became the catalyst for studying for some students, but despite that, they need social support and support from parents, friends and professors.
The current research aims to know:
The level of psychological resilience among university students.
The perceived level of social support among university students.
The correlation between psychological resilience and perceived social support among university students.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers built a psychological resilience scale and translated and adapted the perceived social support scale. The psychometric properties of the following tools were extracted: (psychological resilience and perceived social support), and the two researchers applied the tools to the research sample of (400) First and fourth grade university students.

Absreact :
The current research aims to know:
1- Self-confidence among university students in light of the Corona pandemic.
2- Positive behavior of university students in light of the Corona pandemic.
5- Identifying the correlation, if any, between self-confidence and positive behavior among university students in light of the Corona pandemic.
The two researchers relied on the descriptive research approach, the method of correlational relations, because it is the appropriate approach to achieve the goals of the research, and in order to achieve these goals, two tools were necessary, the first to measure (self-confidence among university students), and the second to measure (positive behavior) among university students, and after informing the two researchers On the literature and previous studies related to the topic of the research, as they adopted the self-confidence scale (Ali, 2016) and after conducting all the psychometric properties of honesty and stability, as the apparent honesty was achieved by presenting its paragraphs to a group of arbitrators in educational psychology, measurement and evaluation, as the arbitrators agreed. On the acceptance of all items, the stability was verified through two methods (half split, Alpha Cronbach), the stability of the scale reached (0.83), and the internal consistency coefficient of the scale (Alpha Cronbach) reached (0.81). As for the second research tool for positive behavior research (Soraka, 2015), the two researchers reviewed the standards related to this concept and previous studies, and the researchers adopted the Suraka scale. The psychometric properties of the scale were created, as the apparent validity was achieved by presenting the paragraphs of the scale to a group of arbitrators in educational psychology, measurement, and evaluation. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale (Alpha Cronbach) was (0.87).
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers applied the two tools to a sample chosen by the stratified random method of equal distribution, amounting to (120) male and female students from the university.
The researchers used the appropriate statistical and computational means to achieve the objectives of the research, which are: percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and variance, t-test for one sample and two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient.
The two researchers reached the following results:
1 - The university students have self-confidence.
2- The university students are distinguished by a positive behavior.
3- There is a direct positive correlation between self-confidence and positive behavior among university students in light of the Corona pandemic.
In light of the research results, the researchers recommend the following:
1- Directing various institutions to enhance self-confidence and positive behavior.
2 - The need to take care of the educational environment that encourages learners to positive behavior, develop self-confidence, and enhance curricula for educational implications of positive behavior.
3- Stimulating the dissemination of a culture of positive behavior at all academic levels at the university.
To complement the aspects of the current research, the two researchers suggest the following:
1 - Conducting studies similar to this study on other samples and societies, such as (university professors, doctors, judges, teachers).
2 - Conducting a correlative study dealing with the relationship of positive behavior with other variables such as (decision-making skills, positive thinking).
3- Conducting a correlative study dealing with the relationship between self-confidence and self-esteem among students.

Abstract
Technological development, the diversity of Internet services, and the instructions issued by the official authorities have led to a complete dependence on electronic communication between teachers and students in general, and primary school students in particular under Corona pandemic. This study aims to identify the educational effects of e-learning for primary school students from the point of view of parents under Corona pandemic. The research is limited to primary school students, research sample consists of (100) people from the students' parents. The researcher make sure there is a problem questions posed to parents through an electronic questionnaire, by research tools, consists of a set of questions distributed to the research sample, which consisted of 20 positive and negative paragraphs for the educational effects of e-learning, and after analyzing the data statistically using statistical means (Frequency, percentage, standard deviation, arithmetic mean) It is found that the negative educational effects of e-learning for primary school students from the point of view of parents got the first place, while the positive educational effects got the second rank of e-learning for primary school students from the point of view of parents .
In the light of these results, the two researchers made a number of recommendations, including:
1- Activating the role of educational and social counseling for students in light of e-learning.
2- Attention to addressing the negative effects resulting from the use of educational platforms in e-learning.
The researcher also made a number of suggestions, including:
1- Conducting another study to find out the positive and negative effects of using e-learning on the academic achievement of students of other academic levels.
2- Conducting another study to know the social and psychological effects of using e-learning on university professors under the Corona pandemic"

Abstract:
The stage that includes children between three and six years of age is considered one of the most important stages of life and the most dangerous and influential in the future of the human being, as it is a formative stage that has a decisive impact on building the personality of the individual and his growth. The family in the first place constitutes the legitimate biological relationship Between spouses, where children are produced, social unity is established, where the child interacts and responds with his parents and brothers, and the child is saturated through them with the patterns of social behavior in this environment Where psychologists have noted that the care that a child receives from his parents, and from his mother in particular, is the main factor in the formation of the child's psychological and mental health, especially in the first five years of a child's life Therefore, we find that the parents’ separation is ominous for the children’s lives, after he used to live in a cohesive family where security and happiness prevail and in the arms of his parents, he became unstable, far from sympathy and tenderness, which causes him psychological trauma and instability, and this prevents him from adapting to the surrounding environment and its components as he enters a life full of pressures Psychological and conflicts and expose him to psychological and educational disorders Hence, we find that children are the first victims of divorce. They are the embodied innocence and hope for the future and its construction. They are the children. Perhaps being the first victims and most affected by divorce is the incompleteness of their psychological, social, cognitive and physical development. From childhood life and feeling sad and bored, and even resentment against other children who enjoy the bosom of their parents, as it negatively affects the cohesion and cohesion of society Therefore, this research focused on objectives, including knowing the level of divorce in Wasit Governorate and identifying the most important educational and psychological repercussions of divorce on children in light of crises. (2801) and the researchers took a sample of the community and the language of (150) from the separated, and the selection was done by random method, and the researchers built a scale based on previous books and studies As the final scale picture reached (30) items divided into two areas, and each paragraph has five alternatives. Their requirements, but the most important thing recommended by the current research is to activate counseling courses on how to deal with marital problems and activate the role of the media to reveal the damages of divorce on children, and the current research suggests conducting a study on divorce and its relationship to the academic achievement of spouses. From this standpoint, the researchers are preparing to reveal the negative psychological and educational repercussions on children. By answering the following question
(What are the psychological and educational repercussions that divorce leaves on the lives of children)

Abstract:
The aim of the research is to identify the educational and psychological problems that teachers and students face when they use the Classroom educational platform. The descriptive and analytical research was used, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for the study, and the questionnaire for teachers and students contained 22 items, compared to five alternatives to the degree of approval, with scores (5, 4, 3, 2, 1), and it was applied to a sample of teachers at the University of Anbar, which amounted to (69). Of them (60) male and female teachers, and (9) female teachers with the rank of professor, and assistant professor, while the sample of students amounted to (453) male and female students, including (279) male students and (174) female students. The appropriate statistical means were used and the results showed that there were problems that accompanied the use of the Classroom education platform, and the differences were not statistically significant in the answers of the teachers and students according to the gender variable, but the differences appeared between the students’ scientific and human specialization and in favor of the scientific specialization.

Abstract
T. S. Kuhn spoke about the change in the Paradigm Shifts; the paradigm shifts that take place in the field of science, which can be described as revolutions when new, alternative intellectual frameworks are adopted. The distinctive thing about these propositions is that it linked the cognitive, human, social, and cultural aspects. On the one hand, cognitive models help to distinguish and color our lives with certain colors and shapes, and on the other hand, our daily lifestyle helps to form our cognitive models. Therefore, our cognitive systems for ourselves, society, and the world in general are constantly changing, shaped, and evolving. The current research attempted to investigate whether there was a Paradigm Shifts during the Covid-19 pandemic for a sample of (227) respondents through the use of Google Forms due to social distancing measures, as a questionnaire prepared for this purpose was distributed via the Internet, and the results showed a change In the knowledge system of the research sample towards some basic issues, the results also revealed the presence of negative emotions accompanying this change process.

Abstract
The current research aimed to identify:
1- Professional psychological pressure among health personnel.
2- Identifying the significance of statistically significant differences according to the gender variable (males, females)
3- Identify the significance of the differences that are statistically significant according to the nature of the profession variable.
To achieve this, the researchers chose a sample of their research in a stratified random manner, which numbered (175) male and female health personnel in the city of Baghdad. The data was processed by statistical means using the statistical package (SPSS) in the procedures and data analysis of the current research.
The research found:
1- The research sample enjoys professional psychological pressure.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in occupational psychological stress, according to the gender variable.
3- There are no statistically significant differences in occupational psychological stress, according to the nature of the profession variable.
To complement the research, the two researchers came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
Most of those who have been exposed to Covid-19 have suffered from a weakness in the functional organs, which is one of the effects of the virus including the respiratory and circulatory systems. Therefore, the researcher decided to choose a sample of those recovering from Covid-19 in fection and subject them to a rehabilitation program in order to raise physical fitness and functional efficiency to restore the body organs
Capabilities to their normal function. Twenty position (20) recovered persons were chosen and divided her into two equal groups (experimental and control). The rehabilitation- program lasted 8 weeks, with 32 training units.
Through the dependent variables and indicators in the research, the researcher concluded that there is an effective role for the rehabilitation program for those recovering from Covid-19
to restore the efficiency of functional organs. The exercises prepared in the rehabilitation program include oxygen exercises, and ravsing the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory system. In addition, the training loads, the method of distributing stress, and offering comfort in
The training unit have a great role in restoring the efficiency of vital-organs.
Which was reflected in the positive responses in increasing the maximum consumption of oxygen and aerobic and physical capacity

Abstract:
The world in general and Iraq after 2019 witnessed health crisis as a result of the spread of Corona pandemic, which posed a threat to the population of Iraq, and required government health institutions and civil society organizations to intervene in saving individuals inaddition to reduce the danger that was besieging the infested. Getting sick , raises many problems, which can vary greatly from one patient to another even with the same patient. To understand and respond to these problems, infected peaple create representations of their disease, influenced by the individual's personal experience , or with diagnoses similar to other individuals.
The research aims to identify the relationship between awareness of illness and psychological recovery among those infected with Corona virus among students of the kindergarten department.
The research sample amounted to (150) female students from the Kindergarten Department at the College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad. They were chosen by the stratified random method with equal distribution.
The two researchers built a disease awareness scale, where the scale consisted of (26) items and was presented to a group of arbitrators in the field. As for the psychological recovery scale, the two researchers adopted the psychological recovery scale for (Shaker, 2020) consisting of (32) items and after extracting honesty and stability Applying the two scales to the research sample and analyzing the results statistically, the research reached the following results:
- The female students of the kindergarten department have a weakness in the awareness of the disease.
- The kindergarten students enjoy psychological recovery.
- There is no correlation between the awareness of illness and psychological recovery, as the kindergarten students’ enjoyment of psychological recovery does not indicate their awareness of the disease.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the coping strategies focused on the problem and the emotion in a sample of the community, as well as the differences in the coping strategies focused on the problem and the emotion according to the gender variable, and the differences in the coping strategies focused on the problem and the emotion according to the age variable,The researcher relied on adopting a scale (Lazarus & Folkman 1984), The scale consists of (63) items, of which (17) items are Problem focused strategies, and (46) items are emotion focused strategies, The scale was distributed in its final form to a sample of the Iraqi society, which numbered (200) individuals of both sexes (males and females) and of age groups (20 and less, 21-30, 31-40, 41 and over) for the academic year (2020-2021), The researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions to complement and develop the current research.

Abstract
The current study aims to identify the psychological impact of the corona pandemic on a sample in Baghdad city, as well as the psychological impact of the corona pandemic in terms of field and the significance of the difference in the psychological impact of the corona pandemic according to the gender and age. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers have designed a scale to measure anxiety, fear, depression, and obsessions. The scale was applied to a sample of (250) individuals, consisting of (115) males and (135) females were randomly selected from Baghdad city for the academic year 2020-2021. The researchers adopted the electronic application method to collect the needed data. The results of the study revealed that there is a psychological impact on individuals under the corona pandemic, where the highest level was in the field of (anxiety), then the field of (obsessive) followed by the field of (depression), subsequently, the field of (phobia). The results also showed there is no significant difference between males and females in the level of the psychological impact of the corona pandemic, while there is a significant difference between individuals in terms of the psychological impact of the corona pandemic and age in favor of (31) year and above. The study came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract :
The current research aims to first - reveal the social repercussions of COVID-19 on women
A - The impact of the epidemiological crisis on the social structure of the family B - Psychological and social pressures that women are exposed to during the Covid pandemic C - Social isolation resulting from the injury of a member
Second - Understanding the health consequences of COVID-19 on women
A- Mechanisms of differentiation in the treatment of Covid-19 treatment, home or hospital
As for the limits of the research, the current research is determined by some private universities of students, female employees and teaching staff in Karkh district, which number eight (Al-Hikma, Al-Farahidi, Al-Farabi, Tigris, Al-Turath, Al-Rashid, Al-Mashreq, Al-Nusour) for the academic year 2020-2021 AD. The current research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, The research community was limited to all women affiliated with private universities located in the city of Baghdad, including female students, teachers and employees on the Karkh side only, who were withdrawn from (8) private universities, and their number is (20526) women, with a rate of (19298) female students, and (579) An employee, and (649) female teachers for the year (2020-2021), the researchers built a questionnaire for the health and social repercussions of the epidemiological crisis (Covid-19) on women. The researchers are conducting research aimed at studying the mutant covid-19 micron, especially in the current stage, and conducting extensive research on vulnerable groups and covid-19 mutant in the current stage

Abstract
The preventive measures taken by administrative staff regarding Covid 19 guarantee prevention and protection for society and individuals, as the community’s right has the highest priority. The Covid regulations issued by administration are considered the primary means for carrying out its administrative activity, and at the same time they are a source of the rules of law in various fields. Thus, not complying these regulations requires the imposition of administrative criminal penalties against those who violate them, whether deliberate or by a mistake, and this requires, the authorities implementing those regulations or decisions to have the power to impose the aforementioned sanctions, otherwise their actions will not have any deterrent effect unless they have such authority. Many countries during Covid pandemic crisis resorted to declaring a state of emergency and authorizing administrations to impose yrgent measures, without the need to approve them from the judiciary system, in order to be able to face some problems and crises that need quick and decisive solutions that are not appropriate for those followed procedures when enacting laws.