Psychological Science

Abstract
The present research aims to identify:
1- The vitality of conscience among university students.
2- The significance differences in the conscience vitality according to the gender variable (male - female) among university students.
3- Moral awareness among university students.
4- The significance differences in moral awareness according to the gender variable (males - females) among university students.
5- The nature of the correlation relationships between the conscience vitality and the moral awareness among university students.
To achieve the aims of the study, the researchers chose a sample consisted of 400 (male and female) students from Tikrit University for the "Morning Study" only during the academic year (2020-2021) according to the stratified random sampling method with normal distribution by adopting Al-Sultani (2005) conscience vitality scale, and Al-Azzawi (2016) moral awareness scale. The researchers also, conducted a statistical analysis of the items and verified the psychometric properties of (validity and reliability), where the apparent validity was extracted by presenting the criteria to a jury member and specialists in the field of psychology and psychometrics to show their opinions about the correctness of the items. As for reliability, it was extracted in two ways: the retest method has a value of (0.90) for the conscientious vitality variable, and (0.86) for the moral awareness variable, and the other method was via Cronbach's alpha method for the conscientious vitality variable which was (82.0), and the moral awareness variable was (0.85), and after verifying the validity of the tools through indicators of validity and reliability, and applying these tools to the research sample and then collecting and processing data statistically, the present research reached the following results:
1- The university students have conscience vitality at a good level.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between (males and females) students in the vitality of the conscience.
3- University students have a good level of moral awareness.
4- There are statistically significant differences between (males and females) students in moral awareness and in favor of females.
5- There is a positive, statistically significant correlation relationships between the conscience vitality and the moral awareness among university students.
In light of these results, which were reached in the current research, a set of recommendations and recommendations were developed.

Abstract :
Cyber-bullying has dangerous effects on adolescents, and its negative effects, such as the high level of anxiety among adolescent students, in addition to the spread of manifestations of depression, lack of self-confidence, self-neglect and the growth of feelings of anger and hatred, leading to disturbance in their mental and social development. After reviewing the literature and previous standards, the researcher adopted the Al-Shennawi scale 2014 and it consists of (26) items. The research sample reached (112) male and female students of the fifth year of middle school in its scientific and literary branches. The researcher confirmed the psychometric characteristics of apparent honesty and discriminatory honesty, and it became a scale consisting of ( 24) Paragraph in its final form 'The researcher also extracted the stability by the internal consistency method (Alpha Crombach) and by the split-half method, and the stability coefficient was, respectively, (0.79) and (0.84).
The researcher reached the following results:
1. Middle school students have a high level of bullying.
2. Males are more bullying than females.
3. There are no significant differences between students of the scientific and literary branches.
In light of the findings of the research, the researcher recommends the following:
1- Develop counseling programs and educational courses to educate students about bullying and its negative effects on both the bully and the victim.
2- Legislative institutions and relevant institutions should work on enacting laws and regulations that protect the user of social networking sites and criminalize all abnormal behavior.

Abstract:
In response to the exacerbation of the violence's phenomenon in our schools, the researcher considered the need to prepare an educational curriculum (suggested) in the light of the viewpoint of middle school teachers so that it would have an integrated role in its basic components In:(Objectives, Teaching Methods, Teaching tools,Content, Activities, and Evaluation) to reject violence among students, And in light of the following two research goals: 1- To identify the role that the educational curriculum can play in its components to reject violence among students by determining the level of each component of the curriculum.,2-Recognizing the significance of the difference in the gender variable (teachers-teachers) in the levels of the educational curriculum’s role in its components to renounce violence among students. The research identified a sample of middle school teachers for the morning study in the city of Mosul for the academic year (2021-2022), a total of (209) as (109) female and (100) Male teachers for the purposes of preparing the research tool and identifying the results of its application. The following results:-1-The role of the educational curriculum in rejecting violence among students was diagnosed from the teachers’ point of view in its components : general educational and educational objectives consisting of (15) items, teaching methods consisting of (12) items, teaching aids consisting of (8) items, constituent consisting of (9) items, educational activities consisting of (11) items, evaluation consisting of (12) items, and a total of (67) items.2- There is a high relative equivalence in the level of the average degrees of severity and the percentage weights of the items that express the role of the educational curriculum in rejecting violence, and this reveals the existence of complementarity among them with the aim of rejecting violence among middle school students.3- Male teachers outperform female teachers with a significant difference in their view of the role of the educational curriculum in rejecting violence. In light of the results, the research recommended the Iraqi Ministry of Education to adopt the current research tool to emphasize the role of the educational curriculum to be an enhanced curriculum for the formal curriculum in rejecting violence for middle school students, especially in boys’ schools. The current research for other academic stages.

Abstract:
Research abstract ;The current research aimed toidentify the intellectual humility of graduatae students,according to the variables of gender (males –females),specialization (humanistic sciences)and stage(Masters and PHD)for the academic year 2020 -2021 The for according to the theory of knowledge of virtue (Ern est Sosa,1980)'and the scale was subjected to procedures of honesty and stability,and the scale was applied to asample(400) male and femahe students from the University of Baghdad ,and the results of the current research showed thah the graduate students have High intellectual humility in relation to the individuals beliefs andworld views

Abstract:
Sport is characterized by its superior ability to develop the spirit of work, cooperation, and collective participation in children, especially in the early childhood stage. Because he feels joy while helping others, as well as pleasure because he believes that he has become a part of the whole, then his selfish spirit will disappear and he will become a social person through his next stages of development.
Several studies in the field of children’s sports indicated that most children in the primary school stage hated playing most sports as a result of forcing parents to practice them, and this is what prompted children not to enjoy it, but rather to hate its name and aversion to practicing it at the age they reached.
For that, the researcher sought to reveal the level of sports enjoyment among kindergarten children, as she built a scale consisting of (17) items, and then extracted the psychometric properties for it from the coefficients of discrimination, validity and stability, as the items of the scale were applied to a sample consisting of (300) A boy and a girl, and asked the teachers to answer the items of the scale by being the closest to the child in kindergarten, and the research results showed the following:
1- Kindergarten children do not have sports enjoyment while playing sports.
2- There is no effect of gender and stage on the level of kindergarten children's possession of sports enjoyment.
The researcher, after presenting the results of the research, also made several recommendations and suggestions, in line with the findings of the current study.

Abstract:
The aim of the present study is to identify superstitious beliefs among Baghdad university instructors and recognize the differences between males and females, and scientific specialization. A random sample of (100) University instructors has been selected (47males and 53 females), and (62-scientific, 38 humanitarian) specialization. The superstitious beliefs scale developed by the authors to measure this construct, consists of (26 items), responding according to 5-likert scale ranging from( strongly agree-5 to strongly disagree-1). The results of the research showed that the research sample are characterized by a low level of superstitious belief, and that there are no statistically significant differences between males and females In superstitious beliefs, and there are no statistically significant differences between scientific and humanistic disciplines in superstitious beliefs.

Abstract:
The current research aims to know the level of personal proficiency and the level of job performance, then to identify the relationship of personal proficiency with job performance among primary school teachers for the gender variable (males - females). The current research was limited to primary school teachers / Kirkuk Education Directorate for the academic year (2020). 2021). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers constructed a personal proficiency scale according to the definition of "Peter Signi", and built a measure of job performance, and after applying my research performance and statistically analyzing the data using the following statistical methods: The second one-sample test, T-variance analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, the researchers reached the following results: 1- Low degree of personal proficiency among primary school teachers. 2- Decreased level of job performance for primary school teachers. 3- There is a statistically significant relationship between personal proficiency and job performance level. 4- There are statistically significant differences for the gender variable in the degree of personal proficiency and the level of job performance among primary school teachers and in favor of males, and based on these results, the researchers presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the five yaat strategy in taming the skill of metalworking, and the problem of searching for the following question crystallized: is there a role for the five yaat strategy in developing the skill of metalworking among students of the College of Basic Education, the research sample included 60 students, as for the conclusions reached Research - a strategy that contributes to increasing the motivation towards learning, because it provides an interactive atmosphere that breaks the deadlock Positively reflected in the results of the current research, the five yaat strategy contributed to improving the motor performance and the technical performance of the skills of forming metal works. Recommendations were made for the necessity of emphasizing teachers to use the five yaat strategy because it is one of the modern teaching strategies in the acquisition in general, and the formation of metalwork in particular .

Abstract:
The current research seeks to know the level of preoccupation with learning and methods of teacher treatment of gifted students, and in light of the foregoing, the researcher identified the research objectives as follows: Identify:
1- The level of preoccupation with learning among gifted students.
2- The differences in the average degrees of engaging in learning according to the gender variable among gifted students.
3- The level of the teacher's treatment of gifted students.
4- The differences in the average scores of the teacher's treatment methods that the student realizes according to the gender variable among gifted students.
5- The relationship between preoccupation with learning and methods of teacher treatment among gifted students.
The basic research sample consisted of (40) male and female students from gifted schools, and the sample was chosen by a stratified random method with an equal distribution of (4) stages, and the logical, apparent and structural validity of the measures was verified, and the stability was extracted by the method of the alpha-Cronbach equation coefficient of internal consistency (for the scale of indulgence). By learning), and re-testing the teacher’s treatment method scale. The results of the current research showed the following:
1- After calculating the arithmetic mean of the research sample’s scores on the learning preoccupation scale, it reached (18.11) degrees and with a standard deviation of (10.96) degrees and by comparing it with the hypothetical arithmetic mean (15) degrees, and after calculating the t-value (8.112) a degree with statistical significance in terms of the value ((p) The probability of (000.0) means that gifted students have a preoccupation with learning higher than the hypothetical average.
2- The significance of the difference in the students’ scores on the learning engagement scale according to the gender variable at the level (0.001), as the arithmetic mean of male students was (7.37) and with a standard deviation of (5.37), while the arithmetic mean for females was (7.52), with a standard deviation of (5.32) The calculated t-value was (3,113), which is a function of the probabilistic p-value of (0.000) in favor of females.
3- After calculating the arithmetic mean of the research sample scores on the scale of teacher treatment methods for gifted students, the calculated T value for two groups of methods (democratic - authoritarian) (0.320) is less than the tabular value (1.96), meaning there is no difference between the practitioner with them the democratic method, and the authoritarian method in Preoccupation with learning, as for the dimension with methods (excess care - neglect) that the calculated T value for two groups (excess care - neglect) (2.326) is higher than the tabular value (1.96), that is, there is a difference in following the methods of this dimension and it was in favor of excess care
4- The significance of the difference in the grades of gifted students on the teacher’s treatment methods scale according to the gender variable at the level (0.001), and the arithmetic means and standard deviations of the research sample members were extracted in the teacher’s treatment methods, as the results showed that there are no differences between males and females
5- The relationship between engaging in learning and methods of teacher treatment among gifted students. The correlation was reached using the Pearson correlation coefficient (0.81), which is a function at the level of significance (0.05), where the probability p-value was (0.000).

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the unrealistic optimism among university students, as well as to identify the significance of the difference in unrealistic optimism according to the gender variable (male - female). The researcher applied the scale electronically to a sample of (150) male and female students who were randomly selected from Baghdad University students for the academic year 2020-2021, and the results showed the following:
1- The research sample of university students have unrealistic optimism.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between (males - females) in the unrealistic optimism of university students.
The researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions in the light of the research results.

Abstract:
The current research aims to know:
1. The struggle for accuracy among university students.
2. Are there statistically significant differences in the struggle for accuracy among university students according to the variables of gender (male/female) and specialization (scientific - human).
3. Effective open thinking among university students.
4. Are there statistically significant differences in effective open thinking among university students according to the variables of gender (male/female) and specialization (scientific - human).
5. The correlation between the struggle for accuracy and effective open thinking among university students.
The current research sample amounted to (400) male and female students from Al-Mustansiriya University for morning studies, and scientific and humanities. The scale of the struggle for accuracy was adopted by (Al-Kurdi, 2017), which was built according to the theory of the habits of the mind (Costa & Kallick, 2008) in defining the concept of the struggle for accuracy, due to its relevance to the nature of the sample, which consists of (56) items, and the scale of reasoning The effective open-mindedness of ((Stamovich & West, 1997)), which adopted the definition and theoretical framework of (Baron, 1988), which consists of (41) paragraphs after its translation into Arabic, and after analyzing the data using statistical methods Such as the one-sample t-test, the two-independent t-test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
The following results were obtained:
1. University students have the habit of striving for accuracy.
2. There are statistically significant differences in the struggle for accuracy among university students according to the variables of gender (males and females) and in favor of females, and there are no differences according to the variable of specialization (scientific - human).
3. University students have an active open mind.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in the effective open thinking of university students according to the variables of gender (male/female) and specialization (scientific - human).
6. There is a positive correlation between the struggle for accuracy and effective open-minded thinking.
In light of the research results, the researcher recommended some recommendations,. He suggested a set of proposals represented in.

Abstract
1- knowledge management of University Students.
2- the statistically significant differences in knowledge management in accordance with gender and specialization variables.
To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher adopted scale (Sulaikhi, 2015) scale for managing knowledge.
among the sample. As for the study sample, a sample of (450) students were collected randomly from Baghdad university.
1- the findings of the study revealed that students have a high level of know ledge management.
2- There is no significant difference in knowledge management interms of gender (male, female), specialization variable (scientific field, humanities field), the interaction between male and female.
Finally, the study came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The current research paper aims at:
1. The average score of the irrational thoughts supporting doubt among the students included in the research is (104.66), and by comparing this average with the hypothetical average of the scale amounting to (105), it shows that the students have an average level of irrational thoughts supporting doubt.
2. Identifying the differences in the irrational thoughts that support doubt among female high school students according to the variable of academic achievement (father, mother) and economic status (good, poor, average).
The current research was limited to female high school students (fourth and fifth classes, literary and scientific branches) in the center of Basra Governorate, and the scale was applied in its final form to (200) distributed into (100) female students from the fifth class and (100) female students from the fourth. The data was analysed using SPSS, and the results showed the following:
1. There are no thoughts supporting doubt in female high school students at 0.05 level of significance.
2. There are no statistically significant differences according to the variable of economic status.
3. There are no statistically significant differences according the variable of academic achievement of the father.
4. There are no statistically significant differences according the variable of academic achievement of the mother.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the marital satisfaction of the female employees of AL-Mustansiriya University , and to Know the differences in Marital Satisfaction according to the type of job (permanent owners of contracts). Validity and reliability and appropriate statistical means were used and the results showed that the female employees of AL-Mustansiriya University have marital satisfaction, and there are significant differences in marital satisfaction according to the type of job and in favor of the permanent owners

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the scientific integrity of graduate students (Masters and Ph.D.), and the research sample consisted of (210) male and female students from the Faculties of (Ebn Rushd) and (Mixed Sciences) of the University of Baghdad, and they were chosen by a proportional random method.
The researcher has prepared a tool to measure scientific integrity. and find its psychometric characteristics (discrimination, validity and reliability). A number of statistical treatments were used to answer the research objectives, including the (T-test) for one sample and two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the sample members have scientific integrity. And that there are statistically significant differences in the scientific honesty according to the variable of specialization and in favor of the scientific and according to the variable of the degree and in favor of the doctorate, and the results showed that there were no differences according to the variable of gender (males, females).

Abstract:
This study aims to identify the psychological immunity of a sample of educational counselors in Anbar province. To verify the objectives of the study, the researchers built a psychological immunity scale. The scale of Psychological Immunity consisted of (56) items, the researchers distributed the scale to a group of experts and arbitrators to determine the appropriate eness of the paragraphs to the variable, then the researchers conducted an exploratory study on (20) counselors (male and female) to identify the extent of the clarity of the paragraphs and instructions. In order to verify the psychometric properties of the scale, the researchers applied their instrument to a sample consisted of (180) male and female counselors in the morning government schools affiliated to Anbar Directorate for the academic year 2021-2022. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach and after extracting the psychometric properties of the scale and analyzing the data, the study reached the following results:
1- Educational counselors have a good level of psychological immunity.
2- There are statistically significant differences between males and females in psychological immunity in favor of males.
3- There are no statistically significant differences between the years of service in the level of psychological immunity.
Based on the results, the research reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The research aims to identify organizational confidence and its relationship to creative behavior among high school principals in Iraq and the researcher used the analytical descriptive curriculum and to achieve the objectives of the research The first two questionnaires were used to measure the level of organizational confidence and the second was to measure the level of creative behavior and the research sample was formed(300) The data for the two questionnaires were analysed for results using the statistical analysis programme (spss) and statistical treatments were used, including (Percentage relative weight, Kronbach Test, Pearson Link Coefficient, T Test) The research has reached several results, the most important of which is
That the sample members showed great approval at a relative weight (88%) in the level of organizational confidence among high school principals in Iraq
That the sample members showed great approval of a relative weight (75%) in the level of creative behavior among high school principals in Iraq
A positive correlation between the average responses of the study sample to the level of organizational confidence of secondary school principals in Iraq and their responses to their level of creative behavior

Abstract
The current research aims to identify personal hardness and tragic optimism of university students, to know the differences in relationship depending on the gender variable. The current research sample included 200 students of both sexes of languages and humanities at Kermienne University. A measure of personal rigidity with sequomatic characteristics has been built and the tragic optimism measure of Naji, 2021, has been adopted When analyzing the data statistically, it was found that the research sample had personal rigidity and there were no differences depending on the sex change.