Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng powdered on some reproductive parameters, histological testis traits and antioxidant status of Japanese quail males. 30 bird (12 week old) were divided randomly into 3 groups, 10 birds each. 1st group were fed with standard ration ( control group ), the 2nd group were fed standard ration containing Panax ginseng (PG) ( 1 g/kg ration ), the 3rd group were fed standard ration containing (PG) ( 2 g /kg ration ) after 4 weeks.
Experimental results indicated that using PG powdered had a significantly increasing(p < 0.05) in testis weight, the Cloacal gland volume (CVOL), Concentration of Testosterone hormone and glutathion level (GSH) in liver and testes tissues , we also reported a significant (p < 0.05) increasing in seminiferous tubules diameter (S.D) and germinal layer area (G.A) On the contrary results PG lead to significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing in body weight (BW), lumen diameter (LD). Seminiferous tubules lumen area (LA) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver and testes tissues. We concluded Panax ginseng improving testes function and its antioxidant status in Japanese quail males.

Key Words: Panax Ginseng, Japanese quail males, histology, antioxidants, Testosterone hormone

The research was Carried out in the Apple orchard CV. "Anna" growth in the Botanical Garden – College of Agriculture – Baghdad University during the growing season 2015,a factorial experiment was carried out by two factors according to the Randomized (complete Block Design (RCBD)) the first factor included applying Nitrogen in three ways (without addition(Control) ,foliar application of 4 g. N l-1 and ground addition 50 g. (N) tree-1) , Second factor included applying chelated Iron Fe-EDDHA in three ways (without addition(Control) , foliar application 20 mg. l-1 and ground addition 20 g. of tree-1).treatments were replicated three times with two saplings for experimental unit.The results showed a significant increase in plant hight , number of leaves,stem diameter,dry weight of stem and leaves and shoot content of carbohydrates when treated with Nitrogen and chelated Iron individually or interaction between them also NSFeS ( treatment of Nitrogen and Iron to the ground )exceeded significantiy an foliar application and control .
Keywords:Nitrogen ,Chelated Iron , Apple .
*Part of M.Sc.thesis of the first author.

The research was Carried out in the apple orchard C.V Anna which was established in the Botanical Garden – College of Agriculture – Baghdad University Campus at Al-Jadriyah during the growing season of 2015, A factorial experiment was carried out by two factors according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) the first factor included Nitrogen applied in three ways (without addition ,foliar application at 4 g N l-1 and ground addition at 50 g N tree-1) and the second factor included applying Chelated Iron Fe-EDDHA in three ways (without addition, foliar application at 20 mg l-1 and ground addition at 20 g tree-1) the aim of this research was to study the effects of Nitrogen and Iron on the absorption of nutrients in apples seedlings. The Treatments were replicated three times with two seedlings per experimental unit. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, total and active iron in the leaves with nitrogen and Chelated Iron treatments individually and with both methods of application, NSFeS ( Nitrogen and Iron ground treatment ) also gave a significant effect in increasing all parameters except for phosphorus content, the Nitrogen and Iron ground added treatments also surpassed the foliar applicated treatments as well as the control in all the traits except for Phosphorus content.
Keywords: Nitrogen, Iron, Apple .
*Part of M.Sc.thesis of the first author.

The effect of sodium toxicity (NaCl) on cellular membranes integrity (MDA, LOX, protein, protease, potassium & sodium contents) as well as some physiological parameters (rooting response, EC, chlorophylls a, b and total, leaf area, transpiration rate and fresh and dry weight ) was studied. Cuttings were treated with different concentration of NaCl (0, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 & 250) meq/L for 24 hours. 75 meq/L was the toxic level of sodium in terms of rooting response. This level causeddamage of cellular membranes and permeability perturbation through increasing of MDA content, LOX and protease activities. Whereas, decrease in protein content as well as increase of Na+ and decline of K+ concentration. In addition, significant decrease of a, b and total chlorophyll, leaf area, transpiration rate, fresh and dry weight were .

Keywords: EC, LOX, MDA, permeability, potassium, protease, protein, sodium, toxicity

Iraq considered the date palm country. It was at the top of the world countries in terms of palm trees number and date production. However, palm sector had a clear deterioration reflected on or decreasing the palm numbers and production of dates. This study was conducted to determine the problems that hindering palm cultivation and the production of dates in Babylon province. Results showed that the more influential problems were : lack of governmental support for the owners of palm groves, weakness of the agricultural department role in the field of developing palm cultivation , lack of services for controlling diseases and insects, lack of agriculture extension services , lack of private associations for dates producers , competition with imported date , lack of demand for dates and its products , lack of manufacturers for date products, primitive methods for dates marketing .
Key word: palm cultivation, date production, date palm problems, Iraq

A Field study was conducted during spring season of 2015. at the field experiments in the field crops science department in Jadiryya – University of Baghdad, to study the effect of spraying three concentrations of Boron (0,250 and 500 mg B L-1) and three concentration of cytokinin (0,50 and 100 mg CK L-1) on growth and seed yield of Mung Been. Asplit piot arrangement in randomaized complete block design (R C B D) with three replicates was used. Result showed that concention of cytokinin have significant effect on all studied traits. 100 mg CK L-1 concentnetion of cytokinin gave shorter plant (56.48 cm) higher number of braches per plant (11.89) higher, number of days from sowing to maturity (92.11), fertility percentage (82.80%), number of pods per plant (81.23), number of seeds per pod (10.24 seed), protein percentage in seed (%29.36) and seed yield (1254.5 kg ha-1). Boron concentrations affected most of studied traits , 500 mg B L-1 of Boron gave higher number of branches per plant (10.11), higher number of days from sowing to maturity (89.22), fertility percentage (82.45 %), number of pods per plant (78.36), number of seeds per pod (10.56), and seed yield (1262.8 kg ha-1). Result showed that Cytokinin and Boron interaction have a significant effect on some triats. Cytokinin with 100 mg CK L-1 and Boron of 500 mg B L-1 gave higher effect on number of days from sowing to maturity (92.33), number of pods per plant(88.17), number of seeds per pod (10.83), and seed yield (1452.2 kg ha-1

This study aimed to determine the effect of aspartame on the dopamine concentration in brain adult rats. For this study 24 adult male rats and 24 adult female rats were used, with age of 60-65 day, and an average live weight between (165-185) gm. The experiment has designed depend on the concentration on the daily dose, where the animals randomly divided into three groups, each group contains 12 animals (six males & six females). And the control group included six males and six females as well. The first group G A gavaged with aspartame concentration of (40 mg / kg/ per day), the second group G B gavage with concentrated aspartame (54 mg/kg/per day) and the third group G C gavage aspartame dosed of (70 mg/ kg/ per day), while the control group dosed with 1ml physiologic solution daily. All groups had their daily dosages through the mouth, and the experiment continued from October 2015- January 2016. After the dosage’s period of time completed, samples of blood were taken to study the concentration of the dopamine in the brain. The results of the study showed that; rats not have significant differences (P> 0.05) in dopamine concentration in animals’ brain from the first group G A comparing with control group. The second group G B, which dosed with concentration dose (54 mg/ kg/ per day), did not show significant differences (P >0.05) when it compared with control group for both sexes. As well the third group dosed with concentration dose (70 mg/ kg/ per day), showed highly significant decrease (P <0.01) in the level of dopamine in the brain comparing with control group and other groups . conclude from study that the high concentration of aspartame lead to decrease the dopamine concentration in brain rats, also conclude that female rats were more sensitive to aspartame than male .
Key words: Aspartame, dopamine , Astrocyte, artificial sweetener, phenylalanine.

This study was conducted at the Poultry Farm Department of Animal Production / College of Agricalture / Baghdad University to study the effect of adding different levels of clomphine citrate to the layer hen diet on performance , eggs quality, humeral immunity and some blood traits . A total of 36 Lohmann Brown laying hens, 48 weeks of age were used in this study. The birds were randomly distributed to three treatments with three replicates (4 hen / pen) for 6 weeks. Experimental treatment were as follows :- T1 (Control) , T2 supplementd 0.5 mlg clomphine citrate /hen/day, T3 supplementd 1 mlg clomphine citrate /hen/day. Results showed that adding clomphine citrate to laying hens diet led to significant improvement (p<0.05) in averge of egg production (H.H.) ,egg mass, feed cnversion ratio, cumulative egg number, yolk weight, albumin weight, albumin index and humeral immunity values for clomphine citrate treatments compared to the control. Clomphin citrate treatments showed no significant differences (p<0.05) in averge of egg weihgt, feed intake, shell weight, egg index, yolk index, Haugh Units, shell percentage weight, albumin percentage weight, yolk percentage weight,blood and meat spot percentage, total protien, albumin, glubuline and blood glucose as compared with the control group.

Keywords: clomphine, productive performance, blood traits

Afield experiment was conducted at the Experimental field of the Department of Field Crops ,Collage of Agriculture – University of Baghdad during 2009 - 2010 season . The aim was to study the effect of spraying Gibberellin ( 0 , 150 , 250 , 350 mg.L-1) and Ethephon ( 0, 100 , 200, 300 mg.L-1) on the yield and its component of rapseed (Brassica napus L.) . Fcatorial experiment in a andomized complte block design with three replication was conducted. The results showed that 250 mg.L-1 concentration of GA gave the highest Plant height 97.9cm ,number of branches per plant 69.5 branches.plant-1 and Oil percentage 44.42%. While the concentration of Gibberellins 350mg.L-1 gave the highest seed yield 2106 kg.ha-1 and highest number of capsules per plant 283.8, number of seeds per capsules 10.30 seed.capsule-1 and1000 seed weight 4.75 gm. The ethephon at concentration 100mg.L-1gave high seed yield 2175 kg.ha-1 respectively due to its significant affect on some yield components such as number of branches per plant and number of seeds per capsules . It was concluded that spray of canola with Gibberellin and ethephon effected on increasing yield and its components .Therefore it recomended to spray Rape with Gibberellin and ethephon to increase economic plant yield.
Key word: rape seed, Gibberellin, ethephon.

This study was conducted in a civil farm of Tagia area in Hilla city. 24 of pregnant Awassi ewes with sucking lambs were used . Ewes were about 3 years old with average live weight of 43-44 kg at the beginning of the experiment .The animals were randomly distributed into four equal groups (6 ewes per each group). Ewes were fed concentrate diet in addition 6 hours/day on grass pastures. This study was lasted from the 3rd month of gestation until weaning of their lambs .Ewes and their lambs were dosed vitamins (B9 and B12) during gestation and lactation. Treatments include the first group (control group) vitamins were not offered to animals. In the second treatment animals were dosed with 5 mg of folic acid (vitamin B9) , in the third treatment animals were dosed with 225 IU of B12 vitamin ,and in the fourth treatment animals were dosed with mixture of both vitamins (B9 and B12) .As for ewes lambs ,the first during suckling period were not dosed with any vitamins (control) . while in the second treatment were dosed with 1 mg of folic acid ,in third treatment lambs were dosed with 125 IU of vitamin B12, and in fourth treatments lambs were dosed with mixture of two vitamins during the suckling period. The statistical analysis of results revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) in the average of body temperature of ewes and suckling lambs between among treatments and highly significant differences (P≤0.01) on respiratory rate and heart pulse per minute among different treatments of ewes and suckling lambs. Results also showed mathematical important in viability rate improved of ewes and suckling lambs among vitamins treatment as compared with control group. Blood parameters showed significant increase (P≤0.05) in the means corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and the accounts of lymphocytes and high significant increase (P≤0.01) in the means of the accounts of red blood cells (RBC) , white blood cells (WBC) , haemoglobin level (Hb), PCV , mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the blood samples of ewes and lambs that treated with folic acid and vitamin B12 as compared with the control treatment . it was concluded that offering folic acid and vitamin B12 signficantly improved the physiological viability traits and blood biochemical characteristics. .
Key words: folic acid, vitamin B12, vital appearances, blood parameters .

In the present experiment has been conducted to evaluate effect two types hulling and bleaching machines on some qualitative characteristics of the cultivar TH, in the laboratories of the Tehran University season in 2015. This research has used two types of machines Satake and Yanmar, under three levels of moisture content of grain 10-12% , 12- 14% and 14-16%,and three levels of clearance between cylinders 0.4 , 0.6 and 0.8 mm. The results indicate that the machine type Satake is significantly better than the machine type Yanmar in all studies traits for both stage two hulling and bleaching. As well as moisture content of grain 10-12% was superior significantly on two levels 12-14%,14-16% in all studied traits for both stage two hulling and bleaching. While clearance o.8 significant superior on two levels 0.4,0.6 mm in all studied traits for both stage hulling and bleaching . The overlap between the machine type Satake and grain moisture content 10-12% superior significantly and also the overlap between the machine type Satake to clearance 0.8. in all studied traits for both stage two hulling and bleaching, as compared with the overlap of the machine type Yanmar with moisture content of grain and of clearance in all studied traits for both stage two hulling and bleaching. The best results have come from the triple overlap among machine type Satake, grain moisture 10-12%, and clearance 0.8 mm in all studied traits, for both stage two hulling and bleaching.
Keywords: Stage Hulling of Rice ,Proportion of Cracked Grain, Percentage of Breakage Rice, Percentage of Whole Grain, Stage Bleaching of Rice ,Proportion of Cracked Grain, Percentage of Breakage Grain, Percentage of Whole Grain, Proportion of Total Extraction.

Considering to the urgent need to manufacture low-fat low calorie Iraqi soft cheese with a highly rheological and sensory properties similar to soft cheese made from full fat . This study was conducted and aimed to use whey protein concentrates (WPC) as a fat replacer and to study its role in improving physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of the manufactured cheese. WPC was added to skimmed milk in different ratios 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 % which reveled to treatments B1, B2, B3, B4 respectively, In addition to positive control treatment C+ which made from whole milk and negative control treatment Cـــ which made from skimmed milk without WPC . The chemical tests that involved the % of moisture, protein, fat, lactose, ash, soluble nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen and the physical tests involved the total acidity, pH, compression and elasticity were made beside the sensory evaluation were conducted after processing directly and during storage at (5 ± 1) º C for 14 days The results indicated that the WPC treatments had a high moisture content than C+ and Cـــ which it was 59.00 and 63.74 % for C+ and Cـــ respectively while it ranged from 64.87 to 66.50 % for WPC treatments, when moisture contents was follow up during storage at ( 5±1) C for 14 days the results indicated a significant reduction for all the treatments values. WPC treatments had a higher protein percentage than the Cـــ treatment. Fat content was decreased significantly in all skimmed milk WPC treatments but the lactose percentage was converged in all treatments. Total acidity percentage is the highest in WPC treatments compared with C+ and Cـــ treatments. WPC addition improved the rheological tests results (compression and elasticity) of produced cheese compared with Cـــ treatment, also the WPC addition increased cheese yeild and improved the sensory properties of low-fat soft cheese the decreased the energy value as well.
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Key words: Low - fat soft cheese ,whey protein concentrates , physicochemical properties
* * cited from PhD Thesis for the first research

This study was conducted to determine the effects of using inulin addition on the physicochemical and sensory properties of fat free low energy yogurt ,inulin was added to skimmed milk in different ratios 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 % which reveled to treatments D1, D2, D3 and D4 respectively, In addition to positive control treatment Y+ which made from whole milk and negative control treatment Yـــ which made from skimmed milk without inulin. The chemical tests that involved the percentage of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, and non-protein nitrogen . The physical tests involved the total acidity, pH, viscosity, spontaneous whey separation and water holding capacity were made beside the sensory evaluation were conducted after processing directly and during storage at (5 ± 1) º C for 14 days .The results indicated that there was increased in moisture content for all treatments made from skimmed milk compared with Y+ treatment. While during storage a simple decrease in moisture contents in all treatments was observed. Fat percentage was low in all treatments made from skim milk compared to Y+ .However, the fat percentage was increased in all treatments during storage, carbohydrates percentage was increased in all inulin treatments compared to Y+ and Yـــ treatments. The percentages of protein, non-protein nitrogen and pH values were converged in all treatments. The results of rheological tests showed that Inulin addition improved the viscosity, spontaneous whey separation and water holding capacity, also the results reveled that the inulin addition was improved the sensory evaluation properties of free fat yogurt , specificaly the treatment with 2.0% inulin.
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Key words: Low energy yogurt , Inulin ,Sensory properties
* * cited from PhD Thesis for the first research

A carbonate minerals precipitation lab experiment was conducted using saline solution of Calcium / Magnesium chlorides in different rates of Ca/Mg at (100/0 ,75/25 , 50/50 و 25/75 and, 0/100 ) in two concentrations of 20,100 mmol.l-1 ,and Sodium bicarbonate as a source of carbonate in two concentrations of 26, 130 mmol.l-1 .precipitation process was contacted following two methodologies , the first one is the direct precipitation method (MI) where high concentrations of bicarbonates were used , the second one is the gradual precipitation method (M2) where low concentrations were used , as they were added as drops in a fixed rate with time . the third treatment was using calcium and magnesium solutions only (M3) to know the effect of atmosphere in the formation of precipitates. After precipitation process was completed, Iron was added in five concentrations of (0,5,10,15, and 20) µg ml-1.ml to study the adsorption isotherms . Results showed that the rate of bonding energy was (2247,1498, and 192) µg.gmsoil-1 of M1,M2, andM3 treatment respectively. Also bounding energy was decreased with time in M1 and M2 treatment where they were 1.9, 1.73, 0.926, 1.34, 0.70,and 0.41 ml. µgFe+2. during periods of 6 , 12 ,and 24 hours restively ,while it has increased in M3 treatment at 0.363 ,0.474 , and 0.570 ml. µgmFe+2. results also showed a decrease in bonding energy rates with an increase in Magnesium rates at (2.49 ,1.93 ,1.40 ,0.76 , 0.43, 1.79 ,1.06 , 0.59, 0.38 , 0.27, 0.68, 0.58, 0.44, 0.37,and 0.28) ml. µgFe+2.Differences in precipitation mechanism affected the rates of released Iron , where it increased in the direct precipitation method rather than the gradual precipitation at 23.3 % and this rate also increased with the increase of magnesium rates in M1 as compared to M2 at (41.8 ,23.3 ,40.9 ,11.8 , and 13.5)% of treatments (100/0,75/25,50/50, 25/75, and 0/100respectively) .
Keywords: Secondary Precipitated, Carbonate Minerals , Behavior of Iron, Calcium / Magnesium ratio

This research was designed in biology depart. laboratories/college of science/Babylon university. The cucumber cuttings were treated by the best concentration of humic acid (0.001%) was used for alleviation of sodium toxicity (NaCl, 75 meq/L). Humic acid was supplied pre & past-treatment or simultaneously with toxicant sodium. The results were revealed that application of humic acid simultaneously with sodium is the best. Effect of treatments (sodium stress & humic acid) on concentration of IAA, GA3 & ABA, as well as, non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH, ASA & proline) & non-enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, APX ) in addition to IAA-oxidase were studied. The results showed that sodium caused significantly decrease of IAA & GA3 contents, whereas ABA content significantly increased. Also, GSH & ASA contents significantly decreased, and proline content increased. Meanwhile, the activity of SOD, CAT & APX as well as IAA-oxidase increased. Whereas the treatment by humic acid caused inversed results, IAA & GA3 contents increased, whereas, ABA content decreased. The contents of GSH & ASA significantly increased & proline content significantly decreased. The SOD, CAT, APX & IAA-oxidase significantly decreased.
Key words: Cucumis sativus, sodium, toxicity, humic acid, IAA, GA3, ABA, SOD, CAT, APX, IAA-oxidase

The study was carried out at the collage food science: Al-Qasim Green unvirsity fore the peroied from 1\7\2015 and up to 20\10\2015 on the frozen Buffalo meat imported for some trade brands in the markets of Al-Hill city to study their suitability for human consumption. Study included (8) types of different trade brands imported by some Iraqi companies. It was clear through reading of the information from Markets buffalo meat Frozen imported at all Markets restricted to Indian resources and shelf_life was sex month under Freezing. .The results of the chemical analysis in all sample have show that there are significant different (p[0.001) at the level proobality in the percentage of Total Mositure while was higher than permitted level, there was also a significant difference in the ratios of carbohydrate for all meat Types in the study while, no significant differences were recorded in the ratio of percentage of protein,Lipids and Ash. the qualitative testing of Meat sample showed significant differences(p[0.001) of Thawing Loss during melting and PH Value which remained within the permissible limits except of Thawing Loss during melting was he were High in the samples. The sensory tests concerining (color,flavor,Tendernce ,jucines, overexapality) show that there are significant different (p[0.001) or Low average to sensory evaluation from traits.The results showed that it is necessary to be subject Meat Frozen imported into of the assessment of chemical,quality and bacteriology to provide meat good nutritional value and suitable for consumption,thus protecting public health.

The macroscopical and microscopical of appendix were investigation of ten adult wild rabbits that collected from AL-Hilla city Markets .and studied appendix it is considered as one of the members of the digelstive tract of mammals category as the rabbits Through this experimental period which continued nearly a month from(5/3/2016 – 5/4/2016) the appendix was recognized the shape , position ,dimensions and studied some characteristics of rabbit (Body weight ,appendix weight ,appendix length ,appendix thickness) The correlation coefficient used in this study Between the traits, as observed no correlation between body weight and appendix weight while observed a strong correlation between the length of appendix with body weight and thickness of appendix with body weight . and analayzed results by Completely randomized design to compared the effect of animal sex(C.R.D) on the studied features means. Showed on significant differences in (P≤0.05).in each all body weight in male and female(1920±1800) , appendix length(8.58±8.06), appendix weight(5.236±7.754), appendix thickness(0.60±0.62). Were studied Anatomically the appendix is a blind-ended tube located at the junction of the small and the large intestine. The average length ranging from 6_9 about 1cm approximately longest in males than females. Microscopically :the appendix in rabbits consist of four layer it is from inside to outside (mucosa, sub mucosa, musculars, serosa) with epithelial contain many of goblet cells and lymphocyte and enteroendocrinecytes in the lamina propria of the mucosa layer .where the tissue lining the mucosa layer from type simple columnar epithelial tissue punctuated many of the goblet cells (glandular unicellular epithelial gland )and contain enteroendocrinecyte which responsible for absorbition and secration functions.
Key word: Appendix, Oryctolagus Cuniculuc , Mucosa layer, Sub Mucosa layer, Muscularis layer.

Factorial field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2015/2016 season in a private farm located in Al-Hashemia (20 km south of Hilla city), to study the effect of phosphorus and potassium as foliar fertilizer on vegetative growth characteristics and yield of broad bean. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial experiment and three replications were used, which included three concentrations of potassium (K2O), K1, K2, and K3 (1000, 2000 and 3000 mg.L-1 respectively) as well as the control K0( spray distilled water only) which represented the first factor, and three concentrations of phosphorus (P2O5) , P1, P2 and P3 (1000, 2000 and 3000 mg.L-1 respectively) as well as the control P0 (spray distilled water only) which represented the second factor . Broad bean seed were seeded on ridges in15/10/2015. The data were analyzed and the averages were compared according to less significant difference(LSD). The results showed that K3 (3000 mg K20.L-1) caused significant increasing in most vegetative growth traits (plant height, branches.plant-1, pod length and pod weight). Spraying phosphorus concentration at 3000 mg P2O5.L-1 (P3) was superior by giving highest rate of plant height, branches.plant-1, while phosphorus concentration at 2000 mg (p2) gave highest rate of pod length and pod weight. The interaction between the factors had a significant effect on all studied traits.
Key words: broad bean, foliar fertilizers , phosphorous, potassium.

A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season of 2015 in Abu Gharaq area (10 km west of Hilla city ) to study the effect of five supplemental nitrogen fertilizer treatments (as whole or split in two parts) and four genotypes of maize on yield and its components. Factorial experiment according to split plot arranged within randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used .Four genotypes of maize (US hybrid , Hispanic hybrid, Euphrates hybrid and popcorn ) placed in sup-plot and the Main-plot included the addition of supplemental nitrogen fertilizer (urea 46% N) in five levels (0 , 100 kg N.ha-1 as whole or split in two parts and 200 kg N.ha-1 as whole or split in two parts). The genotypes were differ in most traits studied. Furat hybrid was superior in total grain yield and gave the highest rate of 8.74 t.ha-1 , biological yield (17.26 t.ha-1) , weight of 300 grain (141.9 g) , and the number of rows per ear (14.48). Popcorn was superior in plant ear number (1.73) and the number of grains per row (37.88). Nitrogen fertilizer levels differed in most traits studied. The addition of 100 kg N.ha-1 (split in two parts) was superior in weight of grain per ear (132.9 g), weight of 300 grain (121.1 g), and the addition of 200 kg N.ha-1 (split in two parts) was superior in grain yield (8.13 t.ha-1) and biological yield ( 16.19 t.ha-1). Nitrogen fertilizer levels had no significant effect on number of ears per plant , number of rows per ear and grain number per row. The interaction of popcorn with the addition of 100 kg N.ha-1 (split in two parts) was superior in number of ears per plant (1.93) and the number of grain per row (40.47). The interaction of American hybrid with the addition of 200 kg N.ha-1 (split in two parts) was superior in weight of 300 grain (163.8 g). The interaction of Furat hybrid with the addition of 100 kg N.ha-1 (as whole) was superior in the average number of rows per ear (15.0) and weight of grain per ear (183.5 g). The interaction of Furat hybrid with the addition of 200 kg N.ha-1 was superior in grain yield (9.30 t.ha-1). The interaction of Furat hybrid with the addition of 100 kg N.ha-1 (split in two parts) was superior in biological yield(17.85 t.ha-1).

The growing Population of the city of Al-Qasim during the past half century, and the daily increase per capita led to income increase the demand for water allocated to industrial and commercial uses and soil as well as and soil increased demand for transportation of various kinds, and that industrial activity is located in the town of Al-Qasim incarnated stations of fuel and gas filling the coefficient of snow and Mills Mjarh cereals, pastry shops and bakeries, electric generators and Scalt construction materials in residential neighborhoods, as are these gatherings all industrial activities discharge of solid waste from residential neighborhoods, while the discharge of liquid waste, including solid and to the tabular denominator and Jerbuaah two bear damage the biggest being the main source of water surface in the city.
Key word: Environmental Pollution, City Of Al-Qasim, Spatial analysis ,Noise

The current study was conducted to describe anatomical & histological characteristics of kidney in Iraqi jerboa (Jaculus jaculus) by taking thirty healthy kidneys from fifteen Iraqi jerboa (Jaculus jaculus). The samples were collected from kidney of the jerboa which live in middle of Iraq in najaf desert. Gross anatomical study revealed that the kidney of the jerboa was small relatively, red to brown in color and both kidney are bean like structure located retro-peritoneal in caudal area of upper abdomen on each side of the sub-lumbar region covering by higly attachment fibrous layer of connective tissue with abundant amount of perirenal fat tissue and the right kidney located more cranially than the left one and relatively at same nearest of the medial plan. The histological results revealed that the kidney of jerboa covered by thin capsule. The parenchyma of kidneys had uniform parenchyma at the demarcation between the cortex and medulla. Although, three types were recognized of nephrons, the cortical type which was less numerous and It locates entirely within cortical area. The midcortical nephrons which are moderate in numbers and the mammalian type or medullary type which have numerous of nephron and had a loop of Henle extended deep into medullary area which was characterized by a presence of bundles of tubules.
Key words: anatomical, histolomorphology, description, kidney, jerboa.

This study aimed to detect the chemical pollution by heavy metals for several food cans common at the local markets. Determination of average concentrations of Lead, Copper, and Cadmium (ppm) for (10) different samples (three for each sample) from the food productions with metallic cans that produced locally or imported, the samples were taken randomly from the local markets of al-Hilla city at summer 2015.The results showed an existence of chemical pollution by heavy metals over the allowed limits in most of the samples, that would make these products not suitable for human consumption because they do not meet the standard.Due the huge exceeding of heavy metals concentrations according to the sequence (copper >lead > cadmium) over the allowed limits (ppm) of WHO and FAO that belong to the United Nations. The highest average of lead concentration in chickpea was (11.44), where the less average was in Altagthiyah lamb cans (1.81), and this value is already higher than the allowed limit for copper (1.5).In addition, there are chemical pollution by cadmium in the food cans that origin from seeds and vegetables (except in the olive cans with concentration of 0.08) according to their sequence of chemical pollution amount as follows:
Tomato syrup >carrots > grape juice > pepsi > peas and soya seeds > chickpea > red beans by their concentrations average as follow: [0.5, 0.36, 0.34, 0.29, 0.23, 0.21, and 0.21 respectively] over the allowed limits for cadmium which is (0.1), while in contrast, the concentration of cadmium in food cans with origin of animal meat has been reached higher value than the allowed limit (0.2) for two types of cans according the following sequence: Altagthiyah lamb > Luncheon lamb, that reached to [0.34 and 0.23 respectively].
Keywords: Chemical Pollution, Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium, Food Cans

A field experiment was carried out in a private field ( Abu-Garaq ,10km west Hilla city) during the autumn season of 2015 in silty clay loam soil. In order to study the effect of interaction between Ethrel and Silicon in the growth of Popcorn (Zea mays ssp.everta.) at cutoff irrigation on vegetative growth .The Split- Split- plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was used, in which irrigation treatments {full irrigation (a0)} and {deficit irrigation applied at the 8-leaf stage (a1) }operated the main plot , while Ethrel concentrations ( applied at the 6- leaf stage) b0 (without spray), b1 (Ethrel concentration of 0.75 ml.L -1), b2 (Ethrel concentration of 1.5 ml.L -1 ) operated the sub-plots and Silicon concentrations ( applied at the 6- leaf stage) c0 (without spray), c1 (0.1 mM), c2 (0.01 mM) operated sub-sub-plots. Seeds of Popcorn variety Surur was planting in 24/7/2015 on ridges in both sides. The data were taken , analyzed and the averages were tested by least significant difference. The results showed that deficit irrigation reduced significantly plant height , LA, LAI, number of leaves and ear height . Spray b2 (Ethrel concentration of 1.5 ml.L -1 ) reduced significantly plant height , LA, LAI, number of leaves ,ear height and Spray silicon at concentration 0.1 mM was significantly superior in the plant height , LA, LAI,ear height . The interaction between the factors studied had significant effect on most studied characteristics .
Key words : maize, Ethrel , Silicon,deficit irrigation , vegetative growth

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Kufa city /Al- Najaf province during growing season of 2014-2015.The aim was to study the effect of spraying with Fenugreek seeds extract at three concentrations( 0 , 5 and 10 ml.L-1 ) and Nitrogen spraying with three concentrations( 0,50 and 150 mg. L-1 )on some vegetative growth parameters and yield of Swiss chard Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicle. Factorial experiment was used in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates for each treatments and comparison was done using Duncan's multiples range test to compare means with probability level of 0.05 . The results revealed that spraying of fenugreek seeds extract with 10ml . L-1 had significantly increased plant height 48.90cm ,leave area 62.74cm2 and yield to 7.21ton.Hactar-1 .the nitrogen spraying with 150 mg . L-1 which increased number of leaves ,dry mater and nitrogen percentage to 12.81 leaf.plant-1,17.21 gm. plant-1 and 2.73% respectively ,while the interaction between the two factors increased most of the growth parameters .
Key words: Swiss Chard, Fenugreek Seeds Extract, Nitrogen fertilizer.

The study extended from April 2015 through January 2016 and included 600 cattle with varying age (1 day to 8 years). It was conducted in Al.Najaf province. Direct and flotation methods were used for the diagnosis of Eimeria infection. PCR and phylogentic tree was done for all isolates. Eimeria infection was reported in 211 out of 600 (35.2 %). PCR permitted the isolation of six Eimeria species. Nucleotide sequence was done and phylogenetic tree was established. The percentage of each species was as follows: E. zuernii (53.1%), E. cylindrical (49.3%), E. ellipsoidalis (34.6%), E. bovis (28.0%), E. auburnensis (22.7%) and E. alabamensis (19.4%). The Eimeria bovis, Eimeria auburnensis, Eimeria cylindrica, and Eimeria zuernii were closely related together. The Eimeria ellipsoidalis appeared less related to other Eimeria species. Whereas, the Eimeria alabamensis appeared significantly different from other Eimeria species and out off tree. For our knowledge this is the first molecular study done in Iraq for identification and characterization of Eimeria species in cattle. Molecular method can be utilized as a powerful, sensitive tool for the diagnosis of Eimeria infection in cattle, and as a superior substitute to the conventional morphologic methods. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the common six Eimeria species has been disclosed in this study to add to the original Japanese study by Kawahra in 2010.
Key words: Phylogenetic tree, PCR, Eimeria

The study was designed to be an observational cross sectional study. The study extended from April 2015 through January 2016 and included 600 cattle with varying age (1 day to 8 years). It was conducted in Al.Najaf province and included four Districts: Najaf, Kufa, Al.Manathera, and Al.Meshkhab. Direct and flotation methods were used for the diagnosis of Eimeria infection. Eimeria infection was reported in 211 out of 600 (35.2 %). Infection rate was significantly highest in young cattle, less than three years of age (41%) (P<0.05). The infection was significantly more frequent in female than male cattle, 42.3% versus 22.6%, respectively (P<0.001). The highest rate of infection was reported during December (75%). Performance of Chi-Square test revealed no significant difference in rate of infection according to district (P= 0.632).

Key words: Eimeria, cattle, Al-Najaf, age, gender, season

The goal of the study was to get acquainted the level of spread seeds types and chemical fertilizer technologies and the recommendations of applying them in al-Mahaweel agriculture department for three seasons 2012- 2014. To achieve this goal, a measure was used for this purpose.
The measure contained (21) recommendations, distributed in on to four axis. Data was collected from random sample of (64) farmers associated to the Mahaweel Agriculture Division using questionnaire and interview approaches. The study found that 56.25 % of respondents describe the spread of this technologies (seeds types and chemical fertilizers) and applying their recommendations as good. The study suggests a set of conclusions including the seeds and chemical fertilizers technologies used was described as good but still restricted and lacked to the enough number, quantity, quality needed, correct application, continuity, and sustainability. Therefore it didn’t meet the farmers needs , as well as high praises and deficit government al support for this technologies, which considered the mains factors in lowering zea mays L. production also, the limited spread was comliued with low application of scientific recommendations. The weakness in extension activity for farmers producing zea mays L. in al-Mahaweel agriculture department, considered as a main factor for limiting the level of spread seeds and chemical fertilizers technologies, and also considered to be important causes an in lowering crop production of and then on low economic output. The researches came out with a set of recommendations, which are provide seeds and chemical fertilizers technologies needed to produce the quantity and quality of zea mays L. in a timely manner in order to meet the needs of the farmers, with proper praises and increase the governmental support of these technologies, and the necessity of fowling and evaluating the people working in a extension programs, and extension activities, with the importance of continuous improving for extension services.

Afield experiment was carried out during 2014-2015 in the field of Rasheed station ard company in yosifia ,to study the impact of use of Biohealth and foliar with the Selabor and the organic nutrient Siapton and their intraction on growth and yield of (Falconstar) the hybrid of cucumis sativus L. This study included nine treatments that were control(T1),chemical fertilizer %100 from the recommended Rate (T2) Biohealth (T3) Selabor (T4) organic nutrient Siapton (T5)and their intracation that were (T6,T7,T8) and the tri intraction Treatment(T9).Randomized complete Block Design was adopted with three replicates. Least significant differences LSD at %5 probability was adopted to compare the means. Results showed that the treatment of tri intracation from between the factors Study (T9) Significantly gave the highst values of the growth indicatore such as plant height,leaf area,Total chlorophyll,(N,P,K %, Fe ,Mn mlg.kg) in plant leaves, ,fruit weight and fruit number per plant, one plant yield and total yield that were (3.04 m,6465.0cm2,11.71mg.g-1,4.42,0.49,4.47%,153.83,129.81 mlg. kg-1dry matter ,195.56 g, 26.00 , 7.68Kg.plant -1,8.45 ton.house-1) compared with the control that was(2.47m,4284.0cm2.7.06mlg.g,3.73,0.15,3.51%112.31 ,53.51 mg.kg-1 dry Matter, 174.73 gm , 24.33,5.48 kg .plant ,6.03 ton house-1) respectively.

This study was conducted at agricultural field in Baaquba-Diyala province-Iraq in the year of 2014 to study wilt and rot on the roots and stem basis of some pepper plants.The results of isolation and indentification of sample of Pepper plant revealed wilt and death symptoms showed that the disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. The results showed that the addition of Azotobacter chroococcum into potato dextrose agar(PDA) at 3 × 106 CFU/ml caused complet inhibition in fungal radial growth compared with zero inhibition in control( without bacteria). The pathogenic fungi inhibition percentage was 70% when adding A. chroococcum to half-petri dishes. The addition of CaSO4 in the concentration (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6) mg/ml to the nutritional environment led to inhibite pathogenic fungi in the following percentage(0, 27, 54, 72, 84, 100%) respectively. Under green hous, the addition of A. chroococcum suspension at 100 ml/pot found to be the more efficient than other treatment for giving hieghest seed germination percentage reached(83.3%) and lowest disease severity reached(22%) compared with 31%, 74.5% respectively in control under greenhouse conditions. While the treatments of CaSO4 and biocont gave the seed germination 75, 71.7% respectively and disease severity 37.5,33.2 respectively.
Keywords: Macrophomina phaseolina , Pepper, Azotobacter chroococcum, biocont, caso4

An experiment was conducted during the Spring seasons of 2015 in private field in Babil province / Al-Hashimia district about 25 km south of Hillah city, to study the effect of Biofertilizer EM-1 and stimulation Hormone (Biozyme) on growth and yield of potato. This experiment was designed according to (R.C.B.D) with three replicates and two factors. The first included two levels of EM-1 ( 0 , 2 ml.L-1) and the second factor was three levels of Biozyme (0, 0.5, 1 ml.L-1). Result showed that using biofertilizer EM-1 and stimulation Hormone (Biozyme) showed a significant effect in growth and yield characteristics. The treatment EM-1 2 ml.L-1 gave highest average in ( plant height, total yield, N% , P%, and K % in tubers) as compared to control treatment which gave lowest average. While the stimulation Hormone treatment Biozyme 1 ml.L-1 gave highest average in ( plant height, total yield, and K % in tubers ) as compared to control treatment which gave lowest average. The duple interaction treatment biofertilizer and stimulation hormone showed a significant increase in growth and yield characteristics. The treatment EM-1 2 ml.L-1 +Biozyme 1 ml.L-1 gave highest average in( plant height, chlorophyll content, leaves number , leaves dry mater % , number of tubers, yield of one plant , total yield and K% ) as compared with control treatment which gave lowest average. In addition to that, the treatment EM-1 2ml.L-1 + Biozyme 0.5 ml.L-1 gave highest average in N% , P% and protein in tubers as compared with control treatment which gave lowest average. while the treatment Biozyme 1 ml.L-1 gave highest average in K% as compared with control treatment which gave lowest average.

This study was conducted at the nursery of certified citrus seedlings production which belongs to the Ministry of Agriculture/ Directorate of Horticulture and Forestry/ Kerbala Province (Hindyia District ) on six months -old lemon ( Citrus limon [ L.] Burm ) transplants grafted on three citrus rootstocks { sour orange ( Citrus aurantium L. (,Volkamer lemon ( C. volkameriana Ten and pas.) and Swingle Citrumelo ( C. paradise X P. trifoliata ) to study the impact of citrus rootstocks and foliar application of NPK –TE and G-GANA and their interactions on some vegetative traits and the nutrients status. Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replicates and test LSD used in order to Compare between means at 0.05 probability.The transplants were sprayed four times ( in 15/4, 15/5, 15/8 and 15/9/2015). Types of rootstock have significant effects on all vegetative traits and nutrients concentration in leaves except diameter stock stem and total leaf area . Volkamer lemon gave significant increase in number of branches, and carbohydrates in leaves, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and leaves number Whereas Swingle Citrumelo had superiority in the traits of plant and length . Foliar application of growth stimulators G-GANA and NPK –TE lead to significantl increase in vegetative and root characteristics and nutrient status compared with control except Mg in leaves. Spraying with 50 mg/l NPK –TE had superiority treatmant Spraying with 100 mg/l NPK –TE gave a significantl increasing in leaf area. Whereas, Spraying with 100 mg/l G-GANA had superiority in the traits of rootstock and scion stem diameter, number of branches and leaves number ,The interaction among rootstocks and growth stimulators G-GANA and NPK –TE have significantly influenced vegetative and root growth. Lemon grafted on Volkamer lemon root stocks sprayed with 50 mg/l NPK –TE gave the highest values in plant height. Whereas , Lemon grafted on Volkamer lemon root stocks sprayed with 50 mg/l G-GANA + 100 mg/l NPK –TE –gave the highest values in number of leaves.
Keywords: Foliar fertilizer ,Fliar application and Lemon

This study provided that all molecular markers inter simple equence repeat (ISSR) succeded with the sixty five Iraqi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars, which collected from Hilla city in Iraq, to determine fingerprinting, polymorphic value, and genetic relationships among varieties of date palm cultivars, and also with the same type of cultivars. This study was used ten of ISSR primers from different sources and showed the average percentage of polymorphism per ISSR-primer was %98.9, primer efficiency was %0.13 and discrimination value was %0.09. This study revealed that high similarity percentage was about %67 to %100 between cultivars belonged to the same variety. Genetic similarty with twenty Iraqi date palm cultivars, using UBC-835 primer as a sample in this study revealed the highest distance was 0.5345 between Breem and each of varieties (Sabb Drrh, Khadrawi, Fom Alraman, shwrthi and Ghanami Ahmer), that means no similarity with these date palm cultivars. On the other hands, the lowest genetic distance was (zero) between Tebrazal and each of (Maktom and Najdi). Also between Sabb Drrah and each of (Khadrawi, Fom Alrman, Shwethi, and Ghanami Ahmer). In addition to that between Hamrawi and each of (Kestawi and Chipchab). There are no gentic distance with Brban and Sukkary. Also between Khadrawi and each of (Fom Alrman, Shwethi and Ghanami Ahmer). Additionaly, no genetic distance between Khadrawi and Chipchab, Maktom and Najdi. Also, no genetic distance between Fom Alraman and each of Shwethi, and Ghanami Ahmer). At the end no genetic distance between Shwethi, and Ghanami Ahmer. No distance between these varieties was observed.

Experiment was conducted to evaluate effect moisture content of grain and speed in some indicators technical to wheat cultivar, Ahwaz 1 in the labrotaries of the University of Tehran to2015. Research include using two types of machines ( Cylinder and Hammer), under three levels from moisture conten of grain (13-15% , 15- 17% and 17-19%),and three levels from speed (0.717 , 0.820 and 0.921 ) . The results indicated that the machine type Cylinder was significantly better on the machine type Hammer in all studies traits. As well as moisture grain 13-15% was superiorly significantly on two levels 15-17%,17-19% in all studied traits . While speed 0.921 significant superiorly on two levels 0.717,0.820 in all studies traits except the percentage of breakage grain which gives result best with the speed level o.717 . The overlap between the machine type Cylinder and grain moisture content 13-15% superiority significantly and also overlap between the machine type Cylinder to speed 0.921 in all studied traits except the percentage of breakage grain . Compared overlap to the machine type Hammer with moisture content of grain and two speed in all studied traits. The best results have come from the triple overlap among machine type Cylinder, grain moisture (13-15%), and speed 0.921 in all studies tirats except percentage of breakage grain which gives the best result with overlap 0.717 to moisture content of grain 13-15% and machine type Cylinder .
Key worde:Production Process, Power Consumeption, Milling Recovery, Degree of Milling, Percentage of Breakage of grain , Milling Efficiency.

This study deals with known different concentrations of Supermethrin pesticide on life of D. pulex after 24 hour when it exposed to different pesticide concentrations, the experiment begun from September 2015 to February 2016, which results appeared that percentage of water flea mortalities were (0 ,11.34, 24.67, 38, 48, 56, 62.67, 80, 96) % for (0 ,0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07) mg/l concentration respectively, and percentage formed of egg sacs for survival individuals were (100 ,75, 56, 41.9, 32, 20 16, 4.6, 0) % for each concentration that mentioned above respectively. Also the study deals with effect of pesticide with 0.2 concentration of Spirogyra algae as food through treatment which is suitable food for most type of crustaceans. The results appeared that mortalities percentage of water flea were (0 ,1, 3, 4, 7, 12, 33, 42, 44) % . and egg sacs formed percentage for survival individuals (97, 90, 90, 86, 64, 54, 36, 12, 10) % for concentrations (0 ,0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07) mg/l respectively after exposed to the same concentrations for the purpose of monitoring formation of egg sacs. The result also appeared that no significant differences were found in the results at the level of probability 0.05; however, the concentrations were appeared positive correlation with mortalities percentage and negative correlation with percentage of egg sacs formation.

This Research studied the effect of soaking Loquat seeds in two periods ( 6 and 12 hours) with a five concentrations of humic acid ( 0, 100, 300, 500 and 700 ml . L-1) and the interaction between them to improve seed germination and subsequent growth of developing seedlings under the lath houses belonged to the Department of Horticulture and landscaping / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the growing season (2013) . The experiment was Carried out using a Randomized Completely Blocked Design (R.C.B.D) two factors and three replications and using (8 ) Seeds for each experimental unit and thus the number of seeds in this study was ( 240 ) seed . The results obtained confirmed that soak the seeds for a period of (12 hours) recorded significant superior in percentage and the speed of seed germination and most of studied shoot and root growth characteristic in comparison to the treatment soak the seeds for (6 hours) As for the concentration of humic acid, the treatment of (500 ml . L-1) gave the highest percentage of the speed of seed germination compared to other transactions while outperformed treatment (700 ml. L-1) morally on the rest of the transaction and the specially (control) treatment the characteristics of vegetative and root growth of seedlings (seedlings height, the average number of leaves/seedling , leaf area, seedling leaf area , mean of leave chlorophyll content , root length , leaves and root dry weight). The highest percentage and speed of seed germination for the interaction date was when soaking the seed for a ( 12-hour ) with concentration (500 ml . L-1) of humic acid which gave ( 91.67 % and 25.45 ) respectively.
Key words : Loquat . seed . soaking . humic acid . germination . seedlings

This study was conducted at the plant tissue culture lab. located at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design Gardening ∕ College of Agriculture ∕ university of Kufa, to study some changes which happens in the parameters of plantlets growth for two verities of Bintje and Eigenheimer to salt stress. different concentrations of NaCl were used 0,50,100 and 150 mM in MS media supplied by 1 mg . L-1 BA, 1 mg . L-1 thiamine, 0.5 mg . L-1 pyridoxine, 100 mg . L-1 nicotinic acid, 100 mg . L-1 Myo- inositol, 30 g . L-1 sucrose, and 7 g . L-1 agar for 4 weeks. Result showed a significant effects to NaCl concentration on the growth characteristics to the potatoes cultivars (Eigenheimer and Bintje) microshoots. Increasing salt concentration resulted reducing in shoots length, shoot dry and fresh weights , leaves number, roots number, and roots length. Also, results showed that there was no significant difference between the cultivars in the length of plantlet while Eigenheimer cultivar was differed significantly from Bintje cultivar in shoot dry and fresh weights , roots number, and roots length. According to the interaction results between the cultivars and NaCl concentrations, the interaction between Bintje cultivar and 0 mM NaCl showed the highest values of shoots length and leaves number, and the interaction between Eigenheimer and 50 mM NaCl was recorded the highest values of shoot dry and fresh weights, and roots number, while the interaction between Eigenheimer and 100 mM NaCl was showed a higher rate of roots length. It can be concluded that, adding NaCl to the media gave negative vegetative growth, which means that it is an indicator for the ability of potato verities to stand salt stress for the following studies. The Eigenheimer verity with was tolerant to NaCl than the Bintje verity.
Keywords : salt stress, potato, in vitro.