Psychological Science

Abstract:
The existence of a constantly widening gap between the supply of work and the demand for it as a result of the failure to keep pace with increases in job opportunities and the continuous inflows into the labor market. This has led to a continuous exacerbation of the problem of unemployment. What increases the seriousness of this problem is the inability of policies, or the failure of some of them, to confront this problem. Effectively, this leads to the wasting of resources and their failure to utilize them in an optimal way for human resources to achieve the development process, which reflects negatively on the process of satisfying the needs of individuals and achieving the appropriate standard of living for them, which works to influence the lives of individuals and has a negative impact on their behaviors, values, attitudes and actions. The study on the social impact of unemployment on young people in Iraqi society, and this is what most studies and research have shown, as the unemployment rate in Iraq for the year 2021 was estimated at (35.8) for the age group (15-24) and the group of young adults aged 25 years and over reached (11.2), while the rate The total unemployment rate reached (16.5). As for the geographical distribution of unemployment rates in Iraq by governorate, it was found that Nineveh Governorate had the highest unemployment rate, which reached (32.8), followed by Al-Muthanna Governorate with a rate of (27.3), then Dhi Qar Governorate with a rate of (25.8). The study aims to analyze the causes of the problem of unemployment and its treatment, the most prominent measures taken by young people to search for work, what is the role of unemployment on the issue of youth belonging to society, how unemployment affects their leisure time, and the extent of its impact on satisfying their basic needs. To address the problem and its questions, we will determine the actual size of unemployment and mention it. The most prominent factors causing it recently. The study revealed that unemployment has several causes, including political, social, economic, or psychological. Therefore, unemployed youth resort to social behaviors that conflict with building society. Among these behaviors are the prevalence of crimes, the use of prohibited drugs, deviance, and others. Among the other causes causing unemployment is the lack of connection between Educational outcomes are compatible with the needs of the labor market, preferring to work in the government sector over others, and reluctance to work in productive professions. The study showed some solutions to this problem, including linking education outcomes to market needs, encouraging work in the private sector, and government support for youth through financial support and loans to open their own projects. The study also showed the extent of feelings of The unemployed individual towards his society includes feelings of discontent, frustration, sadness, sorrow, and weak belonging to society. It was shown through the answers of the unemployed that some of them feel isolated, lonely, have long free time, psychological instability, lack of financial resources, and are preoccupied with searching for work.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify cyber violence directed against women. The study sample consisted of female students at the University of Karbala for the academic year (2023-2024), as the research sample reached (400) female students. To achieve the research goal, the researcher followed the descriptive approach and adopted the (Šincek, 2021) for cyber violence, which consists of (34) items distributed into three. The standard characteristics of the scale were confirmed after presenting it to a group of experts. Then the researcher analyzed the data by using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The results showed that the research sample does not suffer from Cyber violence.

Abstract
The process of self-identifying as an atheist is conditioned by more than just a lack of belief in God, as nations around the world vary greatly in the proportions of their atheist identities among those who lack belief in God as individuals in society depend on identity in social life. Since the term "atheist" has been a social stigma since ancient times, in fact, the naming of atheism is largely avoided among most atheists around the world, as they prefer different labels, but all those who do not believe in God are in fact atheists, whether implicitly or explicitly. Atheist students are often stigmatized as immoral, evil, or hateful. Due to this stigma, it is common for atheists to conceal this aspect of their identity, rendering them invisible. Atheists face challenges within the hostile university campus, misunderstanding of their viewpoints.

Abstract :
The researchers targeted in their research:
1. Measuring the tendency towards sexual harassment among state employees.
2. Identify the differences in the tendency towards sexual harassment with gender.
3. Identify the differences in the tendency towards sexual harassment according to the academic achievement variable.
The definition of (Frank Till) was adopted as the definition adopted in measuring the tendency towards sexual harassment as he defined it: It is the unwanted sexual interest, which includes the non-verbal, non-verbal and physical behaviors of one individual towards another individual.
To achieve these objectives, this research, the two researchers prepared a measure of tendency towards sexual harassment, which included (30 items) distributed into five areas, and alternatives to the answer: (Strongly agree - agree - no opinion - disagree - strongly disagree).
And then applying it to the research sample, which amounted to 200 employees from the ministries: (Education - Higher Education and Scientific Research - Oil - Labor and Social Affairs).
After Statistical processing, the results showed:
1. State employees are characterized by a tendency towards sexual harassment.
2. Males outpace females with a tendency towards sexual harassment.
3. There are no significant differences in academic achievement with a tendency towards sexual harassment.

Abstract
Psychological pressure is an ancient phenomenon that has been inherent to man since his existence on Earth. However, it has become a feature of this era, which is characterized by rapid change and scientific and technological progress, and is dominated by the concepts of globalization, universalism, and the abundance of wars. The stressful situations that the individual experiences include many sources of anxiety, distress, tension, and danger. And threats, and the effects of these situations have an impact on most aspects of the individual’s personality in the future, so individuals must follow strategies to deal with pressure.
The individual's awareness of pressure is one of the most important and first correct responses of the individual, and the reaction to that pressure is the individual's awareness of the potential threat in stressful situations, which is the individual's belief in his ability to confront or avoid the threat in that situation, which is the most important aspect. The issue of psychological stress is considered one of the important topics that has occupied the minds of scientists and researchers in the fields of public health, psychology, education, and various human sciences, due to the serious and devastating effects and consequences it has on the lives of people, individuals, and groups, (Al-Ghurair, Al-Latif, 2009: 18).

Abstract:
Everyone is aware that we live amidst a milieu of social customs and traditions, representing the laws of societies and the protective shield acquired from their religious beliefs, cultural practices, and experiences over the years. In our society, drug abuse is considered a blatant violation of the healthy social customs and values, posing a serious issue that foreshadows various problems. The societal response to parental addiction is marked by social stigma, which involves attributing unethical qualities to the parents' actions resulting from drug addiction. Stigma is known to be a low status that leads to tarnishing one's reputation, negatively impacting the children of addicts, causing them to feel shame and humiliation involuntarily (because they belong to parents who use drugs). It is important to note how the child is affected by pressures that do not align with their age and cognitive stages, making them susceptible to the risks of deviation as they live in a hazardous environment, and the impact of the concept of stigma and its various types on the child's life, addressing its significant outcomes such as social discrimination, where society tends to favor non-stigmatized children, leading to the emotional deprivation and non-integration of addicted children into the community. Also anticipated rejection that makes children of addicts enter anxious social relationships as they expect rejection even if it doesn't occur.
Furthermore, we discuss the stigma's effect on the quality of services provided to the children of addicts and their families, such as healthcare from relevant institutions, performance evaluation, community participation, property ownership, and other issues, should also be considered.
The stigma theory by Goffman indicates that social stigma can negatively affect the mental, emotional, and social health of those subjected to it.
As for the attachment theory, it focuses on the relationship between parents and their children, emphasizing the pattern of secure attachment developed by parents for their children in early childhood. In the case of addicted parents, the secure attachment pattern may be affected by instability and lack of care from the addicted parents, impacting the formation of trust and security in the relationship in the future. They may feel anxiety and tension, experiencing a lack of sufficient emotional support.

Abstract:
The current research aims to explore the concept of cyber extortion and its role in societal security, as cyber extortion is considered a negative phenomenon in society and has emerged as a modern phenomenon, particularly in the context of the widespread use of social media networks. This phenomenon has negative implications for societal security as it affects social relationships and increases psychological pressures on individuals.

Abstract:
Intellectual security is one of the important concepts in the present era and one of the most important issues at the economic, social and political levels because of its impact on Iraqi society. It must be studied and the best ways to achieve it must be studied, because the motive for security and the need for it affects all human needs as it is affected by them, and the need has become The existence of intellectual security in order for the individual to achieve psychological stability and balance and to protect his beliefs and intellectual and cultural heritage. To achieve intellectual security, there must be cooperation between the state’s political apparatus and its security units and between educational and learning institutions, and the necessity of concerted efforts and integration of roles within society to maintain balance and psychological health for individuals, and mental health is not limited to the absence of disorders. Psychological is a state of psychological, emotional, and social stability that enables the individual to confront the pressures of life, and the ability to learn and work well. It also affects various areas of life, from making decisions, building relationships, shaping our world, and contributing to the development of our society, to creating a society. He is healthy and sound intellectually and psychologically.

Abstract
Nowadays, the world seems to be a tiny community where everyone is able to trade and obtain any kind of data quickly. However, because technology is moving so quickly, some people are attempting to use it for evil, low-cost goals that involve moral and financial blackmail. As a result, these actions harm society as a whole and its stability, having an adverse effect on all facets of social, economic, and moral life. Extortion has become a widespread phenomenon in Iraq due to the significance of the issue within our society. torsion has become a widespread phenomenon in Iraq due to the significance of the issue within our society.
In Iraq, electronic extortion is a horrifying reality that drives victims to fall and attempt to escape it in different ways, fearing scandals should they refuse to comply with the demands of the extortionists. The Centre for the revival of Arab scientific heritage at the University of Baghdad commissioned a team of academics to follow this unfamiliar and dangerous phenomenon in our society, as well as its effects and mechanisms for combating it. The researchers also aimed to identify the elements involved in this phenomenon and their methods. Research on this topic that covers it from all angles "historically and realistically and ways to reduce, control and combat it" will be provided by Iraqi universities and the Ministry of Interior.
Given the increasing use of social networks and the dubious ways in which they are exploited, observers think that stiffer penalties for those who commit these crimes will prevent them from spreading further. This is especially true for the crimes of electronic extortion.
They emphasized the necessity of passing a specific law to address cybercrimes in Iraq, which they believe will help to reduce them because those who commit these crimes profit from the lack of a specific law that penalizes this widespread kind of crime.

Abstract
The current study aims to identify the level of perceived domestic violence and the tendency toward extremism among a sample of adolescents. The study also aimed to identify the types of perceived domestic violence and the tendency toward extremism that are most common among a sample of adolescents of university and middle school students, as well as finding the correlation between domestic violence and the tendency toward extremism. On a sample of adolescents, numbering (200) students, consisting of (100) students from the university level, the first stage, and (100) students from the preparatory stage, aged between 17-20 years, for the academic year 2022-2023, two measures were used: the perceived domestic violence measure (Nasr). Al-Maliki 2019), which consists of (25) items, and the measure of the tendency toward extremism (Hassan 2009), which consists of (43) items. Among the most prominent results was that the sample included in the study suffered from domestic violence, and that physical violence was the most common type of domestic violence among middle school students, with a percentage of 26 %. Then economic violence, then social violence, psychological violence, and finally the threat of violence. As for university students in the first stage, psychological violence was the most common type of violence, at a rate of (27%), and then the threat of violence, economic violence, social violence, and finally physical violence. The study also found that the sample had trends. towards extremism and that the trend towards secular extremism is more common among middle school students at a rate of 39%. Then there was intellectual extremism at a rate of 35%, and finally religious extremism at a rate of 26%. As for university students in the first stage of the sample, they had a tendency toward intellectual extremism more at a rate of 42%, then a trend toward religious extremism at a rate of 32%, and finally secular extremism at a rate of 27%. The results also showed the existence of a relationship. There is a direct correlation between domestic violence directed against adolescents and the tendency toward extremism. It was also found that there is a significant effect of domestic violence that predicts the occurrence of the tendency toward extremism among a sample of adolescents included in the study.

Abstract
Objective of the study is to identify the psychological needs of secondary school students, has known Abu given their need as the internal force that drives the behavior and direction to achieve certain highly disturbed this driving force internal factors of the individual himself, or from the external environment surrounding it,: chose researcher sample's ( 530) students, of which 232 students (298 students), distributed according to schools for boys and girls in the education of Baghdad's (Rusafa )second, it is clear from after using the tools of measurement appropriate means statistically that the level of psychological needs among a sample study of low-secondary students, members. Where was the need to belong in the lower echelons psychological needs relative weight (24.6), followed by the need for efficiency (27.8), and finally comes the need for the independence of the relative weight (35.1). This may be due to the nature of the country we live in conditions of war and sectarian conflicts that tore apart the Iraqi people.

Abstract
It is no secret to any of the dissenters and authors that the personality of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is the most important Islamic figure after the Messenger Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) because of his stature, his exploits, and his precedence in everything. He is the closest of people to the Messenger of God, the first of the people to convert to Islam, the most energetic, and the most powerful. Acquaintance and husband of Al-Zahra Al-Batoul and the father of the two sons. He is the most controversial personality known to history and the most widely discussed personality in various researches, studies and writings, and he has no need for this or that. We say in the words of Al-Mutanabbi (may God have mercy on him): If a thing lengthens, it rises by itself and the attributes of sunlight are invalid.
This research is nothing but a poor attempt to shed light on something simple about this great personality through knowing the educational aspect and peaceful coexistence of the Imam (peace be upon him).

Abstract:
The research problem became clear by considering community security as a required element In the stage of contemporary changes, which requires the involvement of university institutions and other social institutions to form an Integrated system that protects society from >internal and new security challenges, which today constitute a source of direct threat. University institutions, their colleges and scientific departments are considered among the pillars and necessities. The basic <>principle Is not to create security and stability In society. Security is closely linked to educational institutions as part of the various Institutions of society, as they play complementary roles with other social institutions. At a time< when security efforts are directed towards combating criminal behavior, these institutions are considered social brakes that aim to give members of Keywords: (institutions, universities, their role, dimensions
The standards and values that maintain the security and stability of society. The importance of the topic of security in the research comes because it is considered one of the topics that contribute to> achieving the dimensions of community security in university institutions and their colleges, as it has become an urgent social, security and political necessity. The research aimed to Identify the level of role of university institutions in achieving the dimensions of community security
From the teachers' point of view. The research was limited to male and female teachers who work In the College of Education and Its scientific and humanities departments at Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year (2023 (2024), as the researcher defined a set of terms specific to the research, in the theoretical aspect that is related to the subject, and touched on a group of studies related to the research subject, A set of procedures were followed in terms of describing the research community and Its sample, as a sample of (200) individuals was obtained, whichh is a proportion of (276) to the research community. The researcher built a special tool for the research by reviewing the literature and previous studies, as well as the open question: Validity and reliability of the tool were conducted, then the research produced a number of results results, Then present and explain it. Then I developed a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals for the research.
Then present and explain it. Then I developed a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals for the research.

Abstract :
God Almighty sent all the messengers and prophets and legislated all the heavenly religions that call for brotherhood, love, tolerance, equality, cooperation, and mercy among human beings. It did not differentiate between anyone, as it called for humanity and man’s respect for his fellow man and for his dignity. It also arranged people’s relations with each other so that psychological stability prevails and societal security prevails. It also brought the principles of interdependence and social solidarity. The heavenly religions considered treating people with kindness and avoiding evil towards humans as an approach to God. The heavenly religions also demonstrated aspects of care that call for human ties. Since man knew religion according to what he saw and imagined, he built temples for it and chose priests for it, and in order to perpetuate this religious institution, he provided it with resources, and because the resources and their accounts require someone to record and write, the need began to impose itself, and education began in all possible ways, as formal writing began on stone inside. Caves and writing on clay tablets, and since that first appearance of education, education has become synonymous with religion, and as for education, it is the achievement of the student meeting his teacher and the respect that the relationship imposes and following certain rituals. The heavenly religions occurred in different stages and eras of time, and the religions varied and branched out between heavenly and man-made, and God Almighty sent prophets and messengers as unifiers and reformers, until he concluded it with the Seal of the prophets and messengers, our master Muhammad, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace. Throughout those times and eras, education remained completely linked to religion, and educational values were accompanying, nourished by the spirituality and sanctity of religion, and the guidance and advice it contained, which in themselves were educational lessons aimed at refining the soul and guiding it to the right path. From here was the starting point for my research, as I divided it into two sections, a conclusion, recommendations, and a list of sources and references, asking God Almighty to guide me to what He loves and is pleased with.

The current research aims to identify the nature of digital violence and identify its most prominent manifestations, as well as diagnose the social, cultural and psychological repercussions of digital violence on university youth, and find out the statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) on the digital violence scale, as well as constructing a proposed scenario. From the perspective of the professional practice of social service to mitigate the repercussions of digital violence on university youth, this research is considered one of the descriptive analytical research that used the social survey approach in a sample manner, which reached (150) respondents from university students within the University of Diyala, and the researcher intended to build a questionnaire. The (Digital Violence) scale, which consisted of (32) items distributed equally over four areas, and was subjected to the necessary statistical tests to verify its ability to measure what it was prepared for. The research reached several results, including: There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) on the digital violence scale as a whole, and that there are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) on the digital violence scale according to the variables of age and gender, and that the respondents believe that the operations of exploiting children with immoral content and intentionally insulting, cursing, and defaming others Harassment of the opposite sex is considered one of the most dangerous manifestations of digital violence, and digital violence has created a family climate that is anxious and afraid of the repercussions of this violence, which could be reflected in the nature of the young individual’s relationships with his community, his psychology, and his productive, scientific, and academic ability.