Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science

Advanced water treatment technologies are needed to address global freshwater scarcity. MXenes, a new class of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, show great promise for water purification. They excel in adsorption, membrane filtration, sensing, photocatalysis, and thermal desalination due to their high surface area, tunable functional groups, and conductivity. MXene-based membranes improve water permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance, making them promising ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis candidates. MXenes' superior conductivity and surface reactivity make them popular for electrochemical sensing of environmental contaminants. Their photocatalytic degradation and thermal desalination demonstrate their environmental remediation versatility. Research is optimizing MXene-based materials for large-scale water treatment, despite synthesis complexity and stability issues. MXenes have made significant progress in water purification, as this editorial shows.

Edible and medicinal mushrooms are macro fungi that belong to the Basidiomycota or Ascomycota division. Ganoderma lucidum is one of these medicinal mushrooms that belong to Basidiomycota fungi and is characterized by a woody texture. This medicinal mushroom is extensively found in temperate and tropical areas across Europe, North America, and Asia. Traditionally, medicinal mushrooms have been used to enhance health and treat many infectious and dangerous illnesses. G. lucidum contains several active compounds, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, sterols, nucleotides, and fatty acids, and other substances that are responsible for most of its pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-diabetes, hypocholesterolemia, hepatoprotective, and other biological applications. This review focused on the current state of research on G. lucidum chemistry and quality control, bioactivity and its mechanism, preclinical and clinical trials, and other areas.

Diabetes is a widespread medical condition that afflicts individuals in Iraq and globally. This disease disrupts the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, thus affecting the physiology of cells throughout the body. As a result, diabetes can lead to severe health complications. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of diabetes on the spleen and the potential role of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) treatment. This study included 20 rats, which were categorized into four equivalent groups with five rats each. The control group was the first group. In the second group, animals were given CoQ10 at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The third group was the diabetes group, wherein rats were intravenously injected with 42 mg/kg alloxan. Rats treated with alloxan and CoQ10 comprised the fourth group. Treatments were continued daily for two months. This study revealed that the administration of alloxan resulted in a statistically significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in fasting blood sugar levels in the serum. In addition, in rats, treatment with alloxan induced histopathological changes in the spleen, including severe fatty changes and white pulp atrophy with severe red pulp congestion. However, the coadministration of CoQ10 to diabetic animals led to a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in serum blood glucose levels and restored the histological integrity of the spleen. CoQ10 may potentially offer a protective effect against alloxan-induced diabetes and spleen damage in rats. These findings may hold remarkable implications for the development of new treatment options for diabetes and related conditions

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a member of Enterobacteriacea that causes pneumonia and urinary tract infections, especially in patients with immune deficiency. It is characterized by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule, which is an important factor for enhancing its pathogenicity. This study aims to detect the abundance of capsule-associated genes in K. pneumoniae strains and its relationship with biofilm formation. Antibiotic resistance profiling was performed by using the Kirby–Bauer method, and biofilm formation was assessed by employing the crystal violet method in a 96-well microtiter plate. Gene detection in 50 K. pneumoniae isolates was performed through PCR. Four capsule-associated genes, namely, rcsA, galF, manC, and wzi, were included in this study. Results showed that the isolates had high resistance against most of the antibiotics used in this study. Biofilm formation assay results indicated that 39 out of the 50 isolates have the ability to form biofilms, with 68% being weak biofilm producers and 10% being moderate producers. No strong biofilm producer was found among the 50 strains. PCR results revealed that rcsA (100%) was the most abundant gene because it was detected in all the 50 isolates, followed by galF (90%), manC (72%), and wzi (64%). Interestingly, the four genes were highly redundant given that they were all detected in 24 isolates of the same strain (48%). Statistical analysis indicated that biofilm formation had nonstatistically significant relationships with the detected genes and antibiotic resistance profiles. In conclusion, capsule-associated genes are highly abundant in local clinical K. pneumoniae strains, and no correlation exists between these genes and the ability for biofilm formation.

Hypertension is a dangerous health issue mostly due to its asymptomatic nature. The present study was designed to assess malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator for oxidative stress and lipid profiles in patients with hypertension from Anbar, Iraq. It included 90 males and females aged between 30–50 years as participants (50 patients with hypertension and 40 healthy people as controls). The patients were presenting for internal medicine consultations at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital. After blood sample collection and serum separation, MDA levels were measured by using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lipid variables were measured by employing Chemistry Analyzer Smart-150. Results revealed that patients with hypertension had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) systolic and diastolic blood pressure than controls. MDA levels in patients were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) than in controls. The results also revealed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.022) triglyceride and VLDL levels, as well as significantly higher (P ≤ 0.003) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, in patients than in controls. However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls (P ≤ 0.003). In conclusion, the results showed an elevated level of oxidative stress in addition to a clear disorder in lipid profiles in patients with hypertension. This study indicates that oxidative stress and dyslipidemia have potential roles in hypertension development.

The widespread use of plastic products across all industrial sectors continue to increase at a steady rate, contributing considerably to the accumulation of pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The pervasive presence of these synthetic compounds in ecosystems poses considerable risks to human health. Hence, plastic waste has consequently become a global environmental concern. Biodegradation utilizes different forms of organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, which are highly efficient in degrading different forms of plastic. Several genera of bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Ideonella, and Rhodococcus, have demonstrated the ability to metabolize plastic materials by employing specific enzymes that convert plastic into simpler molecules that can be used as carbon sources. Similarly, fungal species, such as Pestalotiopsis microspora, Schizophyllum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, degrade plastic and use it as a carbon source, exhibiting potential as effective agents in plastic waste management. Biodegradation relies on the enzymatic activity of microorganisms and their enzymes to break down plastic polymers. The metabolic enzymes offer a biological alternative for the removal of synthetic polymers. Consequently, bioremediation is considered a more environmentally friendly and safer approach than chemical treatment. However, this approach faces limitations, including the challenge of selecting appropriate microorganisms and the generally slower degradation rates compared with chemical methods.

This article comprehensively examines the history, diagnosis, genetics, diversity, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. It details the emergence of coronaviruses over the past 50 years, including the coronavirus from 2019 and its subsequent mutations, along with updated information about this virus. This review explains the development and nomenclature of coronaviruses, their cellular invasion through glycoprotein spikes binding to ACE-2 receptors, and the mechanism of cell entry via endocytosis. Diagnosis methods for COVID-19, including nucleic acid amplification, serology, and imaging techniques like chest X-ray and CT scan tests, are discussed. Treatment approaches for COVID-19 are outlined, emphasizing healthcare, antiviral medications like Remdesivir, immunotherapy using convalescent plasma, and adjuvant therapies such as anticoagulants and vitamins. Moreover, this review includes mutated coronaviruses, such as the Delta variant and the Omicron variant, and their influence on vaccine efficacy. This review covers the characteristics and impact of variants such as B.1.1.7, B. 1.35.1, P.1, Delta, Delta plus, and Omicron, addressing their mutations that affect virus transmission and vaccine efficacy, with a brief overview of four WHO-approved vaccines and their effectiveness against potential new variants.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), also called immunoglobulins, present substantial merits in biotechnology, immunology, and biochemistry. They are typically referred to as murine antibodies due to their origin in mice. Compared with polyclonal antibodies, the sophisticated production of MAbs render them more practical and therefore expensive. In the groundbreaking hybridoma technology discovered by Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein, mice are immunized and then plasma cells are obtained from the spleen and merged with myeloma cells (cancer cells) to yield hybridoma cells. During mouse vaccination, prudent awareness is paid to animal welfare. MAbs have become instrumental in diagnosing livestock diseases after being incorporated into diagnostic procedures (immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence test, ELISA, and immunoblotting). The detection of microbial antigens or antibodies in diagnostic tests greatly relies on MAbs.
At the forefront of medical progress towards a new era of personalized therapy lies the utilization of MAbs to treat a wide spectrum of illnesses. With the birth of the first clinically certified MAb in 1975, the MAb market has undergone a surge in growth, now boasting an assessment in the billions. The continual development of MAbs confirms their permanent role within the treatment landscape, supported by their unique features. MAbs offer promising possibilities for addressing an expansive spectrum of ailments, varying from viral infections and septicemia to poisoning, asthma, autoimmune diseases, cancer, drug addiction, and beyond. The market for therapeutic antibody therapies has encountered a surge, pushed by the approval of new medicines to treat diseases that infect humans.

Mycotoxins are natural toxins produced by certain fungi that contaminate various ‎crops and foodstuffs. Mycotoxin contamination is a worldwide problem and leads to numerous negative health effects on humans and animals. Mycotoxins contaminate ‎ food crops‎ produced under specific conditions of high relative humidity and temperatures. In the Middle East, climatic conditions enhance mycotoxin growth and prevalence. More than four hundred types of mycotoxins ‎have been found in feed globally. The wide dissemination of mycotoxins in various agricultural ‎commodities, including ‎chicken feed, have raised concerns about their ‎potential presence in chicken products‎ as the main sources of toxins related to human health‎ and ‎economic losses. Findings suggest that ‎mycotoxin contamination in chicken is a global challenge, and ‎ ‎continuous monitoring and appropriate management strategies are required to ensure ‎food safety‎. This review aims to discuss ‎mycotoxin residues in chicken, including their occurrence, ‎toxicological effects, and control strategies.

In the Middle East, Iraq is one of the countries most influenced by the effects of climate change. In recent years, Iraq has witnessed major climate changes, including a sharp rise in temperatures to 52 °C in some areas and a decline in water levels and rainfall rates. In 2023, the Haditha station recorded a rainfall rate of 14.45 mm in November. Statistics show that the rainfall rate at Ramadi station in November was 9.6 mm, which is less than the average rainfall rate for 1988–2019, as recorded at the terminal station of the Upper Euphrates Basin Development Center. This situation is also the case in most areas of Iraq and the Middle East, especially in recent years, and is considered a dangerous indicator. The lack of rainfall and scarcity of water have led to a decrease in vegetation cover. This effect, in turn, has led to the increased desertification of lands and elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, consequently resulting in aggravated global warming. Climate change is one of the most important issues of our time due to its remarkable effects on living organisms. The plant production sector in Iraq faces multiple challenges that are exacerbated by increasing drought periods, irregular rainfall, environmental changes, and increased demand for agricultural products. As a result of increasing population growth and declining self-sufficiency, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the gross domestic product of Iraq has declined to low levels. Therefore, the national government has been forced to rely on importing food from abroad to cover deficits, placing a heavy burden on the Iraqi economy and resulting in increased disadvantages. Therefore, countries and the world must confront the challenges of climate change and its danger to the world and find appropriate solutions for the future of humanity.

The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) has become a serious environmental problem because the ecosystem is characterized by the expansion of man-made and natural sources of metals. Human exposure to HMs has remarkably increased as a result of industrial activity in the 20th century. Pb, Cd, As, Cr, and Hg are the most prevalent HMs that pose a risk to humans. Poisoning can be chronic or acute following exposure to food, water, or air. Numerous organs and tissues are harmed by HMs, which bioaccumulate. A comparison of the mechanisms of action of HMs revealed that they exert toxicity via comparable pathways, including the inactivation of enzymes, production of reactive oxygen species, and development of oxidative stress. The conventional approaches for HM removal are inadequate when the concentration of HMs is no more than 100 mg/L. Secondary pollutant production, increased energy and chemical requirements, and reduced cost-effectiveness are some disadvantages of the above methods. Detoxifying HMs via microbial bioremediation is now possible because bacteria and fungi have superior capacities for bioaccumulation and biosorption over other microorganisms. The present work discusses the toxicity and absorption processes associated with HMs to improve the treatment of metal poisoning and increase our knowledge of the detrimental effects of HMs on body organs. It aims to increase knowledge and provide resources for the careful choice of bacteria remediation technology for detoxifying heavy metals. Sustainable microbial treatments could provide essential and economical approaches for lowering Heavy Metal cytotoxicity.

Although the role of netrin-1 in cardiovascular disease and inflammation is an emerging area of study, current literature on the subject remains limited, highlighting a considerable knowledge gap. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate serum netrin-1 levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study included 60 patients diagnosed with ACS, subdivided into two groups: 30 patients with ACS and T2DM and 30 patients with ACS but without T2DM. A control group comprising 30 healthy individuals, matched for age and sex, was also included. Serum netrin-1 level, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, cardiac troponin I, and routine hematological parameters were assessed. Serum netrin-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with ACS, with or without T2DM, than in healthy individuals (53.38, 45.57, and 32.37 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). In the ACS with T2DM group, serum netrin-1 levels demonstrated a significant positive correlation with body mass index (r = 0.498; P = 0.005). In the ACS without T2DM group, a significant positive correlation was observed between serum netrin-1 level and troponin I level (r = 0.436; P = 0.02). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of netrin-1 yielded clear cut-off values for patients with ACS, with and without T2DM (39.99 and 37.91, respectively).
Conclusion: Serum netrin-1 levels are higher in patients with ACS, irrespective of T2DM status, than in healthy individuals.

Nickel(II) complexes were synthesized using the Schiff base ligands (E)-4-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, (C18H17N3O2) as the primary ligand in combination of oxalic acid, malonic acid, and sodium pyrophosphate as secondary ligands. The reactions were carried out in a 1:) mole ratio, resulting in the formation of [Ni(C18H17N3O2)(Cl2)], [Ni( C18H17N3O2)(ox)], [Ni(C18H17N3O2)(ma)], and [Ni(C18H17N3O2)(pyph)]. The synthesized complexes were characterized through elemental microanalysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, molar conductivity measurements, and melting point determination. The complexes were found to adopt a square-planer geometry, and maximum absorbance was observed at 429 nm under optimal reaction conditions. Results suggested that the synthesized complexes are non-electrolyte. The Schiff base ligands (E)-4-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, oxalic acid, and malonic acid, and sodium pyrophosphate behaved as bidentate ligands, coordinating with Ni(II) ions. Based on the cumulative evidence obtained through these techniques, a square-planar geometry was proposed for all the complexes. Furthermore, (E)-4-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one was found to be a viable chromogenic sensor for the spectral analysis of nickel ions. The formation of highly colored complexes with Ni(II) produced distinct absorption peaks, enabling quantitative analysis of nickel at the microgram level through calibration curves.

Thyroid hormones are important for weight, metabolism, appetite regulation, and energy production. Therefore, thyroid dysfunction and obesity are related issues. Obesity has been linked to metabolic disorders and weakened thyroid function. The present work seeks to ascertain the association between weight and thyroid hormone analysis results (triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone) in patients attending hospitals in the western Iraqi provinces of Fallujah, Karma, Anah, and Haditha. Blood samples were collected from patients from the four study regions. They comprised 40 samples from males, 98 samples from females, and seven samples from children under the age of 10 years. Results showed that 14 male patients, four of whom were obese and one was underweight, were suffering from the possibility of thyroid disease. A total of 65 female patients, 28 of whom were obese and one was underweight, were suffering from the possibility of thyroid disease. Among children under the age of 10 years, five, of whom three were obese and two were underweight, were suffering from the possibility of thyroid disease. This study showed that at a rate of 74.4%, females were more susceptible to thyroid disease than males and children. It also demonstrated that among the study areas, Karma was the most affected, with a rate of 53.3%. Several factors may cause an increase in the incidence of thyroid disease. They include genetic and psychological factors and the spread of factories and wars.

Shifting from fossil fuels toward renewable energy sources depends heavily on sustainable biofuel production. Using nanocellulose from giant reed as feedstock is one potential strategy. One potential contender for sustainable biomass production is a giant reed. This annual plant is known for its prosperity, rapid growth rate, and adaptability to many temperatures and kinds of soil. In this research, a low-cost chemical-mechanical technique to synthesize nanocellulose (NC) was developed, included purification, alkali treatment, bleaching with sodium hypochlorite, hydrolysis using 30% H2SO4, and sonicating the sample for 80 min. The produced NC was characterized using a variety of techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR spectroscopy showed that the amorphous portions of the cellulose fibers are eliminated. XRD technique confirmed that the crystalline content is increased, and it showed a crystallinity index for cellulose of 82.036% and that for nanocellulose 97.453%. The FESEM images showed that the prepared NC formed as nanoparticles with average diameters (55–84 nm). Nanocellulose was fermented to produce ethanol and compared to cellulose fermentation and concluded that the yield of bioethanol from nanocellulose fermentation is (76.3%) and the yield of bioethanol from cellulose fermentation is (36.5%). Then calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) from egg shells were prepared and added to increase the concentration of ethanol to (91%).

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology, which affects various body systems. It is characterized by inflammation of synovial joints, mainly small joints, and synoviocyte hyperplasia, leading to joint erosion, bone destruction, and articular damage. The present study aimed to evaluate serum endostatin levels in women with RA and assess the potential association of serum endostatin level with anthropometric measurement and blood pressure parameters. The study included 56 women with RA and 28 age-matched healthy controls (HCs), Endostatin serum level was evaluated by ELISA. The anthropometric parameters recorded included waist width, hip width, thoracic width, neck width, and body mass index (BMI). The patients with RA demonstrated considerably lower serum endostatin levels (ng/mL) than the HCs. Additionally, the patients with RA showed higher levels of white blood cells (WBCs) and lower levels of hemoglobin (Hb; g/dL), but no difference in the level of red blood cells (RBCs) was found between the patients and HCs. Decreased serum endostatin concentration was negatively correlated with the waist-to-thoracic and waist-to-neck ratios, WBC and RBC counts, and systolic blood pressure (mmHg) but positively correlated with waist-to-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), Hb, and BMI (kg/m2). The serum levels of endostatin showed extremely weak and nonsignificant correlations with all variables studied.

This study presents a rapid, sensitive, and straightforward approach to measure chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) by using turbidity CFIA. The method involves CPM reacting with sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress) to produce a pale white precipitate. The NAG-SSP-5S-1D analyzer was used to measure turbidity at 0°–180° angle to detect the attenuation of incident light as a result of collision on the surfaces of the precipitate particles.
The linear range of CPM measurements was between 0.008 and 11 m.mol/L, with correlation coefficient of 0.9983 and R2% = 99.65. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.0328 µg/sample from the lowest concentration in the calibration curve, and the repeatability of the method (RSD%) was less than 0.4% (n = 6) for the selected concentration (10–13 m.mol/L). The method was successfully applied for the determination of CPM in various drugs by using the standard addition method. The developed method and the classical method (UV spectrophotometry at λmax= 265 nm and turbidity) were compared using t-test. No significant difference was observed among the three methods at 95% confidence level. Overall, the developed flow injection method offers simplicity, sensitivity, and reliable analytical performance for the determination of CPM. This method can be used as an alternative for the analysis of CPM in drugs compared with the reference method.

Zinc(II) ion was determined by spectrophotometry using ´´N-(2-(2-amino-5-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)ethyl)naphthalen-1-amine as a reagent. The absorbance of the zinc complex was measured at 468 nm to quantify the complex under optimal conditions. The mole ratio was used to study the stoichiometric composition of the zinc complex, considering that the M:L ratio in any complex is equal to 1:1. Results indicated that the complex was stable for 60 min following the preparation experiments. Beer’s law was obeyed within the concentration range of 0.653–6.538 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9997. The molar absorptivity was 8740 L/mol·cm at 468 nm, with LOD of 0.096 μg/mL, LOQ of 0.291 μg/mL, Sandell's sensitivity of 0.011 μg/cm², recovery percentage ranging from 98.48% to 100%, and error percentage from −1.75% to 0.25%. Precision was assessed using intra-day analyses of multiple samples, yielding an RSD% between 0.031 and 0.127.

Methods for CO2 capture that are essential for maintaining a clean atmosphere rely on amine group technology because of their unique physical and chemical characteristics and diverse absorption behavior. This study examined the latest advancements in a novel class of materials called liquid-like nanoparticle organic hybrid materials. These materials exhibit unique properties, and this research encompasses experimental findings and molecular simulations. CO2 is absorbed by physical and chemical ionic liquids using metal–organic frameworks for CO2 adsorption and membrane vacuum regeneration technology. The findings presented here illustrate the benefits and drawbacks of these approaches.

This study aimed to synthesize a new multidentate bis(semicarbazone) ligand, (2Z,2′E)-2,2′-(((propane-1,3-diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(methanylylidene))-bis(hydrazine-1-carboxamide) (H₂L), and to investigate its paramagnetic coordination compounds with bivalent transition metals (M(II) = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu). It focused on characterizing the ligand and its coordination compounds through physicochemical properties and evaluating their antimicrobial activity. H₂L was synthesized via a two-step process: First, precursor L was prepared and subsequently reacted with semicarbazide in a 1:2 molar ratio. A range of monomeric paramagnetic coordination compounds was isolated by reacting H₂L with metal chlorides including manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) in a 1:1 molar ratio. The structures of H₂L and its complexes were confirmed using various analytical techniques, including FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic moment measurements, and molar conductance measurements. TGA and DTA for H₂L and selected complexes were also conducted. The antimicrobial activity of H₂L and its coordination compounds was evaluated against a broad spectrum of bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris) and fungal (Candida albicans) species. The coordination compounds exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity compared with free H₂L, with nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes demonstrating the highest activity against bacterial strains, surpassing the efficacy of amoxicillin. In addition, the cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes showed remarkable inhibition against C. albicans compared with the commercial antifungal metronidazole.

This study investigates the effect of changing kinetic energy on proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions using the Woods–Saxon model of nucleus density distribution. The foundation of the model is density distribution, which steadily decreases from the center to the periphery. The results for p–Pb collisions at center-of-mass energies √ sNN= 0.2, 5.44 TeV are first discussed. The optical Glauber method is considered in the evaluation, and the nucleus is perceived as a continuous distribution of matter devoid of boundaries or density changes. The whole procedure of interaction is carried out analytically. Many super-relativistic p–Pb collisions can be understood on the basis of geometry using a harmonic oscillator potential within the Woods–Saxon density formula for lead nuclei, in which the thickness function increases after the collision. This result agrees with the experimental data. Tp–Pb of the overlapping function at impact parameter (b) is large within the small values of (b) in the geometric case and then decreases at large (b). The numbers of nucleons that the participant (Npar) and binary collision (Ncoll) found in the zone of peripheral collisions decrease with increasing effect parameter (b) owing to the influence of deviation fluctuations. The average values for participant and binary collision at 0.2 TeV are 12.3 and 15.3 at constant impact parameter b=2 fm, respectively.

In the first phase of this study, a layer of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and a layer of aluminum–gallium nitride (Al0.1GaN0.9, 10% AlN with 70% GaN) were deposited on a silicon substrate by using a pulsed laser deposition method. Some physical properties of the prepared films of Al0.1GaN0.9 and CdS were studied. Photoluminescence spectra revealed emission peaks at 471 nm for the CdS layer and 339 nm for AlGaN. The energy bandgap of the CdS layer was 2.63 eV, whereas the bandgap of the AlGaN samples was 3.66 eV. The I–V curve measurements of Al0.1GaN0.9 showed that the barrier height (ΦB) was 0.57 eV, while the electron affinity value was 4.63 eV. In the second phase of this study, the results of the experimental study in a computer simulation were used to assess the effect of the back contact work function on the performance of an AlGaN/CdS/Si solar cell. The increase in the back contact work function improved Jsc and Voc values, enhancing efficiency. In particular, the efficiency of the solar cell significantly increased, reaching 18.92% at a metal work function of ≈5.2 eV.

Rapid urbanization driven by population and economic growth reshapes land use patterns and challenges sustainable development. This trend, especially in densely populated areas, requires innovative urban planning and conservation strategies. Remote sensing provides essential imagery for monitoring these changes and capturing the evolving urban landscapes. In this study, we proposed an innovative framework that can automatically manage and visualize the deep learning-based image segmentation output with limited supervision in remote sensing applications. The framework was constructed by integrating recent advances in machine learning models to resolve the problems of scalability and accessibility in processing remote sensing images. We illustrated our methodology with a series of steps, which included preprocessing of remote sensing images, dividing the remote sensing images logically, converting the image data into grayscale images, and developing clustering models, such as K-means and self-organizing maps, to cluster images into logical groups through the same regular pixel intensity. Thereafter, two primary deep learning architectures were implemented, which included a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a hybrid long short-term memory (LSTM)–gated recurrent unit (GRU), specifically designed to efficiently and effectively process image data. The CNN achieved a loss value of 0.015308, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.083680, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.015308, and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.135449, indicating that the model provides accurate image reconstruction. The LSTM–GRU model yielded a slightly higher loss of 0.015364, MAE of 0.076740, MSE of 0.015364, and RMSE of 0.151264, indicating that it can preserve spatial hierarchies and contextual understanding due to slight performance variability. The two models demonstrated excellent processing capabilities that provide evidence on how they can be utilized in urban planning, environmental monitoring, and natural resource management.

Image enhancement is essential in image analysis, which employs intricate procedures and techniques. Enhancing photos of plant diseases is a complex task in image processing because of low image quality and numerous image characteristics. The outcomes substantially affect the clinical diagnosis and observation of diseases. Real-world optimization problems are challenging, and many applications have been developed to manage enhancement problems. Optimization algorithms, such as the pelican optimization algorithm (POA), that have high productivity need to be utilized to solve these problems. This research introduces a new technique called brightness-preserving bi-histogram equalization (BBHE) with POA (BBHE-POA). BBHE-POA is used to enhance the visual quality of plant disease images, with the aim of improving their overall appearance. BBHE, which can preserve the original brightness to a specific extent, is applied and studied mathematically. An optimization algorithm is employed to determine the ideal configuration of BBHE by amplifying the average brightness of equalized subimages surrounding the input mean. Then, qualitative and quantitative analyses of three enhancement techniques, namely, the proposed technique, standard BBHE, and discrete wavelet transform, are performed. Several measurement metrics, such as structural similarity index, absolute mean brightness error, entropy, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and elapsed time, are applied. Experiments show that proposed technique achieves excellent performance qualitatively and quantitatively and produces good values for all data images.

Outliers within a dataset are data points that substantially differ from the rest of the data. These atypical data points can be attributed to several factors, such as errors in measurement, issues with the data input, and natural variations in the data. Managing outliers is essential to ensure the integrity of statistical analyses and avoid obtaining misleading results.
These outliers can be observed at very high or very low points and can exert a notable effect on statistical measures, such as mean and variance. Many diagnostic techniques focus on influencing centroids and distances between clusters to detect these abnormal points.
In this study, fuzzy cluster techniques are employed to identify outliers within a dataset. An alternative technique is utilized to detect outliers via standardization by using fuzzy cluster techniques. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of other approaches through simulation.

This study focuses on the application of numerous fuzzy linear regression models to analyze medical data regarding myocardial infarction, particularly with troponin level, which is essential for identifying heart attacks. Specifically, the physiological indicators that describe the state of a patient, including blood pressure, blood sugar, and creatinine levels, and the relationship between these indicators and heart attack enzyme level, are determined.
To accomplish the objective of this study, the necessary data were obtained from hospitals that treated patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction. Then, the performance of several fuzzy regression methods was compared by employing these data.
This study shows that the fuzzy least-squares method presents the lowest mean squared error values among all the models and exhibits the best accuracy in simulating the effect of physiological factors on the level of the heart attack enzyme. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of applying fuzzy regression to medical statistics due to the existence of uncertainty in this field and the applicability of this method to enhancing predictive power and decision-making in healthcare.

In this work, the topic of T-quasi fuzzy prime submodule was studied, which is one type of partial fuzzy model. This work was organized into three sections, each of which contains a study that starts with an overview of the subject, followed by an explanation of the fundamental definitions, and finally, an explanation of the topic of ͳ-quasi fuzzy prime submodule, bolstered by examples and observations. The final section finds the relationship between this concept T-quasi fuzzy prime submodule with some other concepts such as the concept multiplication fuzzy module and the concept of maximal fuzzy ideal. This section has also been enhanced with many non-examples, observations, and properties that prove that relationship.

Let ℱ be a free R-module, where R is a commutative ring with 1 and D_nF be the nth degree divided power. The place polarization technique is a combinatorial approach for computing the complex elements, in which 〖∂_ 〗_21^((k)) is a location polarization that occurs from place one to place two. The induction argument on the amount of overlaps between the two rows provides a description of the result that we want and identifies whether the resolution is a Koszul-like complex (also known as “arithmetic Koszul Complex”). The Weyl module is given by K_(λ/μ) ℱ = ???????? ( 〖d ' 〗_(λ⁄μ )), where 〖d ' 〗_(λ⁄μ)and 〖d ' 〗_(λ⁄μ) :〖Ɒ 〗_(λ⁄μ)ℱ ⟶ _(〖 ^Λ〗_(λ̃ ⁄ μ̃) ) F is the Weyl map, from which the term “Weyl module” is derived. In this paper, we investigate the two-row Weyl module resolution for the partition (12,6) using homological diagram, contracting homotopy, and place polarization

Differential equations with constant coefficients are a fundamental component of applied mathematics, effectively describing Complex and physical systems. Recently, new transformations have emerged to reduce the computational complexity and simplify these equations, making them easier to solve. These developments are beneficial to complicated and physical systems. As a result, more engineers and scientists have become equipped with the knowledge to address challenging problems involving intricate dynamic systems.
In this study, we enhance the efficiency of existing methods by applying the Zainab Al-Zughair transformation and extending Al-Zughair transformations to solve linear ordinary differential equations (LODEs) with constant coefficients, given a set of initial conditions. n-th order linear systems of LODEs with constant coefficients can be solved using the Zainab Al-Zughair and Expansion Al-Zughair transformations. In addition, these methods enable easy modification of initial conditions, simplification of equations, reduction of computational complexity, acceleration of the solution process, and deeper insights into the behavior of dynamic systems.

Let E be a commutative ring with 1 ,and be a unital(left) -module. This paper introduces new properties of -small prime modules. Where an -module is called a -small prime module if and only if , for every non-zero submodule of such that . A submodule of an -module is defined as -small (briefly ) if with and is a submodule of , then . Among these properties, the following is established: if is finitely generated, faithful multiplication -module, then is a small -small prime -module if and only if itself is a -small prime ring. Furthermore, an -module is proven as a -small prime if and only if the -module is cogenerated by every non-trivial -small submodule of H.

In the presence of high correlation among the independent variables in a linear regression model, a condition known as multicollinearity, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator tends to produce large variations in the sample. Aiming to overcome this problem, several estimators have been recommended. One of these estimators is ridge regression, which introduces a bias in the coefficient estimates but often results in a lower variance compared to OLS. Consequently, ridge regression may achieve a smaller mean square error (MSE). This paper reviews 50 kinds of ridge parameter (m) used in the estimation of the ordinary ridge regression estimator. Additionally, 10 new types of m are proposed based on different approaches. Aiming to evaluate the performance of these estimators, a simulation study and a real-data numerical example are conducted, using estimated mean squared error as the criterion for comparison. Results show that the newly proposed estimators for m can serve as effective alternatives to existing ones.

Since the proposal of Laplace to integral transformation in 1780, many integral transformations have been proposed. Some are based on Laplace, and others are totally independent. Integral transformations play an essential role in solving versatile problems related to various fields due to their phenomenal ability to transform complex problems from one domain (their original domain) to another, where they can be solved and manipulated much more smoothly and easily. The results could be left in their alternative domain or transformed back via the inverse of that integral transformation into their original domain.
This article proposes a novel type of integral transformation. Defined within the interval [0, π/2] and utilizing trigonometric function kernels f(ρ) and g(ρ), this new transformation is explored through its basic theorems, properties, and derivatives. The properties of the proposed integral transformation have been successfully and efficiently employed to find exact solutions for specific types of ordinary linear differential equations of the first and second order, expressed in terms of (sin(N)).

In the present study, 10 sand samples were collected from 10 different stations located in the building material quarries of the Al-Rahaliayh area. Heavy minerals were separated from the light ones using heavy liquid separation techniques. The analysis revealed that the heavy mineral content comprises approximately 38.39% opaques, 2.86% chlorite, 3.82% Pyroxenes, 3.93% hornblende, 5.94% biotite, 6.51% muscovite, 2.85% epipodite, 10.97% zircon, 10.59% tourmaline, 9.64% rutile, 2.35% garnet, and 1.63% kainite. Based on these results, the sands of the Al-Rahaliyah quarries are compositionally mature and stable, as indicated by the high concentration of ZTR (stabilized minerals) and the slow concentration of unstable minerals (biotite, pyroxene, and hornblende). Tectonically, the Al-Rahaliyah sands are situated within a stable and tectonically inactive environment. Therefore, the dominance of stable minerals (ZTR) indicates a lengthy transport distance and repeated sedimentary recycling. Furthermore, the high proportion of quartz and the presence of minerals of acidic plutonic igneous origin, such as muscovite and ZTR, indicate that the main source rocks are acidic plutonic igneous rocks, most likely originating from the Arabian shield. Additionally, though less significant, sources include metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, likely transported from highland regions in the north and northeast of Iraq.