IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

The experiment was Carried out in Anbar -Dawar Research Station, Al-Anbar, in 2012 and 2013 growing seasonaccording to factorial RCBD design with three replicates. Inqath variety cultivation under nitrogen levels (40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha), and potassium (20, 40 and 60 kg K/ha) were added after first and second cutting. First cutting that have nitrogen of 40 kg/h contributed by 42.22% in the total of green fodder in 2012, in 2013 was not significant. The combination (20 * 40 kg/h) contributed to the first cutting by (44.91 and 37.76%) in both years. Two combination (40 * 80) and (40 * 40) kg / ha, gave higher contribution rate (47.34 and 55.44%) for the second cutting in the total green fodder. combination (120 * 60 kg/ h) by 15.10%, while combination (120 * 40 kg/h) increased by 22.20% for the third yield green fodder in 2013. The level 40 kgN/ h achieved the highest contribution of the first cut in total dry weight (36.3% and 32.60%). Level of potassium (20 kg/h) was (36.66% and 36.15%) sequentially. Combinations (80 * 60) and (40 * 40) kg/h gave higher contribution for second cut in total dry weight (54.34%) and (54.03%) for two years. Combinations (120 *60 kg/ha) and (80 * 40 kg .ha-1), achieved highest percentage contribution to the third cut (16.23% and 26%) in the total dry weight for two years in succession. First and second cutting gave the largest contributes in green and dry fodder for plant height and growth traits.

A field experiment during fall season 2012 and spring season 2013 was carried out to determine the further combination of concentration (distilled water, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) and soaking duration with (12, 24 and 36h) through its impact on percentage of field emergence and its related traits of maize seedlings for synthetic cv. 5018. Factorial experiment according to Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out with four replications.
Results showed significant superiority of soaking with 300 ppm concentration of gave best values for first day of field emergence, last day of field emergence, time it takes for field emergence, mean of field emergence time, percentage of field emergence in first count, percentage of field emergence, coefficient velocity of field emergence, field emergence rate index, seedling length, seedling dry weight and field establishment during both seasons. Significant superiority of soaking duration with for 24 hours gave best values for the same attributes above during both seasons. Results of interaction showed significant superiority of soaking with 300 ppm concentration of for 24 hours gave best values for mean of field emergence time (2.8 and 3.7 day), percentage of field emergence in first count (86.0 and 84.5%), percentage of field emergence (86.0 and 85.5%), coefficient velocity of field emergence (35.5 and 27.3 %.day-1), field emergence rate index (31.6 and 23.9 %.day-1) and field establishment (85.8 and 85.0%), during both seasons, respectively. Significant correlation positive and negative was found between most of those attributes. It conclude that soaking of maize seeds with reduced duration of soaking from 36 to 24 h and increased field emergence percentage. We recommend soaking of maize seeds with 300 ppm concentration of for 24 hours before planting.

This study was carried out to test 4 cultivars and 11 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for their response to water stress at early seedling growth stages. Five levels of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 6000) namely 0.15, 0.49, 1.03 and 1.76 MPa were applied in 2016. Result clearly indicated to the existence of genetic variability at 1% in mean of variety in the root length, shoot length, root/shoot ratio and fresh–dry weight .Increasing concentration had caused a significant reduction in all traits except length of root. Varity Baghdad 1 gave lowest shoot 26.53, dry weight 12.12 and fresh weight 11.61reduction percentage compared to its control 7.04, 0.03, 0.2 1respectively, While the highest reduction was recorded for Saberbeg 64.4%, 50.0% and genotype 712 (47.9). Whereas Baghdad 1 gave highest root increment (19.53%) compared to its control 3.95cm, while the highest decrement (23.53%) was recorded for Saberbeg. The correlation values indicated, that shoot length showed significant and positive correlation with fresh weight 0.628 dry weight 0.634 and root length 0.184, and significant and negative correlation with root/ shoot ratio-0.820. Similarly, dry shoot weight showed positive and significant correlation with root length (0.231) and fresh shoot weight (0.606), and significant and negative correlated with root/ shoot ratio (-0.502). Root length did not correlate significantly with fresh shoot and root/shoot ratio.

Many studies indicate that nitrogen fertilizer strongly influence the yield and yield grain components wheat varieties worldwide. In this study, a field experiment was conducted at 2014-2015 growing season in the Horticulture state directorate field (ministry of Agriculture Iraq- Baghdad). The experiment data analyzed with split–split plot within RCBD design. The present study investigated the influence of Zinc fertilizer level and application method interaction with nitrogen fertilizer on two wheat varieties named Ibaa 99 and Abu Ghraib-3.The treatment included adding zinc fertilizer in two levels and application method: one of them included adding Zn with two levels (0,10 kg Zn ha-1 ), method application included add in soil and spilt on plants in Boating stage. Second way spilt on plants during tiller number and Boating stage. While, nitrogen fertilizer added in two levels (100,250 kg N ha-1) with tree applications methods on plants during planting, tiller number and boating stage. The result indicate that wheat variety named Ibaa-99 provided better in the most growth parameters ,grain yield and grain quality compared with wheat variety named Ibo Ghraib -3. The Ibaa 99 lines showed a higher mean value in height of plants (82.2 cm) than that of Ibo Ghraib-3 (80.13 cm) with increased ratio 2.6%, The Ibaa 99 lines leaf area was found to be higher (36. cm2) than that of Ibo Ghraib -3 (34.3 cm2). The Ibaa 99 lines grain yield was found to be higher (5.04 Mg ha-1) than that of Ibo Ghraib-3 (4.74 Mg ha-1) with increased ratio 6.3%. The results indicated that increased zinc in grain from 59.1 to 78.3 Mg ha-1 with increased ratio 32.5%. The present study, indication the important of zinc role in biomass recharging quality of grains (Zn content).

This study used data project AlShtanih in the Nasriah province, and was a special data analyzes some soil physical chemical analyzes and put in a special schedules to deal with geographic information systems programs based on the coordinates of the sites Pedons the 52 Pedons and used IDW technique for mapping Soil depth, Drainage, Texture, ESP, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and Salinity, the formula for the assessment of land evaluation Hamad 2016 to produce a final map to assess the land of the study area, and concluded that the results of the study to the existence of four varieties of land for the cultivation of wheat crop which is Suitable Lands 50% appropriate medium of 35% and a few appropriate by 10% and inappropriate by 5%.

The study was conducted to limitation the relation type which control the reaction of ionic exchangeable for sodium – calcium cations on surface of exchangeable complex and calculated the ESP values from SAR in soil solution. Twenty seven locations represented the soil of Basrah province (1- AL-Fao, 2- AL-Maamer, 3- ASSiba, 4- AL oga, 5- Naher kouz, 6- Abo Mughera, 7- Assibiliat, 8- Mehalla, 9- Hammdan, 10- yousfan, 11- Mehagran, 12- Auassyan, 13- AL- karma, 14- AL- Hartha, 15- Adear , 16 and 17- (Ahwar- Adear) two places from marshes of Adear, 18- Asharsh, 19- AL- Qurna, 20- AL- Hweer, 21 and 22- (Ahwar AL- Hweer) two places from marshes of AL Hweer, 23- AL- Mudayna, 24 and 25- (Ahwar AL- Mudayna) two places from marshes of AL Mudayna , 26- Azubair, 27-Saffwan) with depth (0-30) cm were selected to study sodium- calcium exchange and measurements ESP and SAR. Generally the results referred to the soils contain the clay minerals montmorillonite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite- montmorillonite interstratification and illite- Palygorskite interstratification with the different rates. After testing by different equations for relationship between ESP and SAR for the soils, we found the exponential cure was a best equations (R2= 0.920), (rmse= 7.740) for describe the ESP-SAR relationship comparing with others studying equations. The salinity factor had clear role in effect of the measuring ESP from ESP- SAR relationship, but there was no apparent influence for minerals composition, may be because the interaction between clays type, minerals ratio and soil properties. Also (Kv) gave more accuracy in description for surfaces preference of sodium- calcium exchange compared with (KG).

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2013-2014 in four unexploited agricultural and marginal fields with different rates of salinization in the province of Thi-Qar/AL-Nasiriyah district, in order to know the response of Wheat (cultivar.Euphrates) to different levels of soil salinity, to publish planting this cultivar , to encourage planting the unused marginal lands in the future and to know the effect of the studied levels in the growth traits, grain yield and its components. The experiment included the effect of four salt levels of the soil field (7.5,10,12,5,15) ds.m-1 .
The experiment was conducted in design of randomized complete block in three replications in each level .The results showed that the highest salt level (15 ds.m-1) gave the lowest average in Plant Height , Spike Length , the number of Spikes per square meter , 1000-grains weight and grain yield which reached to (33.50 cm, 4.75 cm, 31.25 grain/spike, 146.00 spike/m2, 27.75g and 1.255 ton.ha-1), respectively.Whereas the salt level (12.5 ds.m-1) gave the lowest average in the number of grains per spike which was (28.75 grain/spike). Besides, the lowest salt level (7.5 ds.m-1) gave the highest average in Plant Height , Spike Length , the number of grains per spike , 1000-grains weight and grain yield which reached to (59.25 cm, 6.50 cm, 36.25 grain /spike, 32.50 g and 2.206 ton.ha-1),respectively. While the salt level (10 ds.m-1) gave the highest average in the trait of the number of spikes per square meter. Thus, these variations gave an evidence of the capability of Wheat (cultiar.Euphrates) to adapt to salt stress under field conditions.

Shaikh Sa'ad project, in Wasit province, was chosen to conduct the current study, which located between the two longitudes: 46°15'00"E and 46°35'00"E , and between the two latitudes: 32°30'00"N and 32°45'00"N . The project area was about 75000 ha. The samples were taken by the auger as a grid system for a distance of 100 m between each two points with three transects for two depths 0 – 25 and 25 – 50 cm as 75 samples for each depth. Fifteen soil profiles were dug into the soil units which the larger and dominant in the project.. Fourteen locations were determined out of the chosen area to represent the rest of the soil units The readings of the same points which were read for two depths, vertical and horizontal. The study results indicated that ECe ranged between 2.7 – 100 dS.m-1with mean 69.4 dS.m-1 Exchanged Sodium Percentage (ESP) ranged between 8.1 – 14.1% with mean 12.1%.
The results of statistical relationships were between EM38 readings and the salinity values, where the determination coefficient (R2) of the salinity values, measured in the laboratory of the surface depth, and the vertical readings of EM38 were high significant of 0.72 while with the horizontal readings of 0.70..
The results showed that the high significant R2 of the relationship between ESP, measured in the laboratory for the surface depth, and EM38 vertical readings of 0.62 while for the horizontal readings of 0.60..

Deserted lands was expanding because of extreme climate and human practices which include cutting trees and bad soil management like wrong fertilization, using traditional irrigation system in addition to irrigation water quality which caused soil salinization and lake in plant cover leads to land desertification largely. These reasons lead to study the Environmental Sensitivity to desertification and effect of adding irrigation water quality index (IWQI) to MEDALUS model on ESAs in study area. Results showed that IWQI values were among low, moderate and high quality, while (SQI) values were within moderate quality because of high soil salinity, calcareous parent material and low organic matter, also the climate help to increasing the study area sensitivity to desertification because of CQI were within low quality. Study area sensitivity to desertification was within class Fragile (F) and subclass F1,F2,F3 with area 36355.7ha, 38142.7 ha and 5151.4 ha and percentage 45.6%,47.9% and 6.5% respectively. Adding (IWQI) to MEDALUS model caused increasing in (ESAs) and appearing the class Critical (C) subclass C1 and C2 with area 16818.4 ha and 235.1 ha with percentage 21.2% and 0.3% respectively and caused increasing the area of F3 class to 26720.9 ha due to decreased the area of F1, F2 subclass

An experiment was conducted at AL-Latifia Research Station, Agricultural Research Directorate, during 2013 and 2015 seasons to study response growth and yield of watermelon to nutrient solution and chemical fertilizer application, Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adapted by using three levels of nutrient solution (Megafol) is (M0) 0,(M1 ) 1 ml and (M2) 2 ml.L-1) and four levels of chemical fertilizer (DAP) (F0) 0,(F1) 25,(F2) 50 and (F3) 75 kg . donum-1**) . Results showed that spraying the nutrient solution (2ml.L-1 megafol ) (M2 ) was superior in, plant height and the number of branch per plant (174.96 cm , 5.50 branch. Plant-1) in 2013 respectively and 179.02 cm in 2015 while non significant difference for number of branches at the same season, Chemical fertilizer 75 kg.d-1DAP application significantly increased the percentage of T.S.S( Total of Soluble solids) for 2013 and 2015 seasons (9.91 and 9.96%) respectively,. The interaction treatment M1F3 ((1ml/L megafol+ chemical fertilizer at 75 kg.d-1 DAP) in 2013 season increased significantly plant yield and total yield ( ton . ha-1 .) and gave 7.55 kg, 43.12 ton. Ha-1 respectively. Whereas in 2015 season, treatment M2F3 (2ml.L-1 megafol + chemical fertilizer at 75 kg/d DAP) was significantly superior and gave 7.43k g , 42.50 ton / ha respectively.

Experiment was conducted at AL-Twaitha Researches Station / Agricultural Researches Directorate, during spring seasons of 2013 and 2014 using sweet pepper Capsicum annuum c.v. California Wonder. Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) was adapted. Study included effect of spraying botanical extracts (Seed of Fenugreek ,Flowers of Roselle , Leaves of Ber and dry fruits of Okra) on growth and yield of pepper. Results showed in 2013 season superiority of the treatment of spraying with Roselle extract (2 g.l-1) significantly increased the height of plant 64.00 cm, while was 53.99 cm in control treatment, while spraying with (2g.l-1) of Ber extract caused significantly increasing in plant height that reached 94.30 cm comparison with 73.00 cm in control treatment for 2014 season and there was no significant influences of the source of botanical extracts in leaves content of chlorophyll , dry weight of vegetative. Moreover the treatment of spraying with Ber extract (4 g.l-1) showed significant increase in the plant yield and total yield (915.00, 1115.00) g.plant-1 ,(24.40 , 30.00) t.h-1 to both seasons respectively.

Geographical distribution of Tuta absoluta was studied from September 2010 as the insect enter Iraq via tomato fruits imported from Syria to Mosul city to November 2011 under open field and greenhouses conditions by monitoring the infected in most Iraqis provinces. The infestechon perccut decreased in 2012 - 2013 compared to 2010 Due to big varition in temperature and relative humidity, insect adaption to Iraqi enviroment, and lor shrinking of growing areas owned by most tomato farmers as amajor host.

The present study aimed to investigate genetic poly orphism in ten rhizobial strains of Mesorhizobium ciceri , from International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Area (ICARDA).Random Amplified of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were tested on the total isolated DNA from the studied strains. By using 13 different primers, which produced 47 amplified bands. 41 band was polymorphic bands, which can be used for genetic polymorphism investigations among the bacterial strains. The results revealed that OPM14 primer had the highest efficiency in bands producing with 14.8%, while OPB14 had registered the lowest percentage efficiency (2.1%). The OPM14 primer had the highest discriminating power in polymorphic bands producing with 19.5%, while the OPB14 primer had the lowest discriminating power with 2.4%. The result also showed that all primers were able to produce a unique band for one or more of the studied isolates.

The aim of this investigation was to replace oat flour for tallow beef to process low fat and low caloric beef burgers. The burgers were processed from 80% lean beef and 20% tallow, the control (B). The tallow was replaced for oat flour at three levels 5, 10 and 15% for the treatments BO1, BO2 and BO3 respectively.
The chemical composition of raw and roasted burgers was assessed, as moisture ranged 64.85 – 60.66% for B and BO3 respectively. The protein contents valued between 16.06 - 11.48% for B and BO1 respectively. The fat content ranged between 15.87 – 10.9 % for B and BO3 respectively.
The moisture content decreased in burgers after roasting and ranged between 28.092 – 46.12 % for BO1 and BO3 respectively, the protein content was ranged between 29.81 – 12.49% for BO1 and BO3 respectively. The fat content ranged between 33.05 – 12.98% for B and BO3 respectively.
The caloric values decreased in raw and roasted burgers as oat flour replacement increased. The drop was valued by 47.33% for roasted BO3 as compared to control.

This investigation is aimed to study the sperm characteristics of Buni fishes(Barbus sharpeyi) and its capability for short period storage in refrigeration and long-term cryopreservation under liquid Nitrogen at (-196ºC).Sperms were obtained from ten mature fishes captured from Alrathwaneya pond- Baghdad during the spring spawning season for 2015. The semen was collected by manual abdominal stripping without using any hormones or anesthetics. The tudied characteristics included semen’s size, sperm concentrations and its motility duration. The sperms capability to withstand cold preservation by using two solutions, which were (The Modified Zhang and Liu versus Calciun-free Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution) were tested. Methanol at 10% was added to the first solution as anti-freezing preservative and the Glycerol at the same rate for the second, for long-term cryopreservation under liquid nitrogen experiment. The preservation capability, the best solution for short -term cold and long-term cryopreservation was selected according to the sperm motility rate and degree during cooling and freezing and post thawing processes.

The aim of this research is to knowing the realty of agricultural extension planning process in Baghdad Agricultural Directorate , because it is important development office participate in providing services and activities and extension programs to a large number of farmers from various ruler society with the helping of it`s branching offices. The quality of this service fitting with nature importance and development this office and the ability and efficiency of working members in it for more growth to the agriculture process and increase rural life level. The extension agricultural directors which they are responsible of the services actives and extension programs, facing problems in this services which it has not appropriate planning and that led to a negative and not encouraging results .To describe the extension planning state`a parameter made to describe the state` which having three levels two scenes and thirteen (13) axis put it to describe that fact which contain 115paragraph or item 345-115 are the maximum and minimum degree rang .The data collected from specimen having 72 persons (54.2%) described the extension planning fact located in a weak category (40-65) degree in triple boundaries parameter having high and low degree (40-114) degree. Results also show 46 persons combine 64% and they describe this fact which is execute located in weak category (75-109) degree in triple boundaries parameter having high and low degree 75-218. The conclusion of the research is the annual extension planning need to be in extension programs forms with using different extension methods with participant all the Beneficiaries with the continue of employers training in the extension planning process.

Some of Yellow (stripe) rust and stem rust resistance genes were characterized in the genetic matter (DNA) of nine cultivars of Iraqi wheat by using seven DNA primers. The results showed that resistance genes Yr7, Yr9,Yr26 and Yr18 were presented in all nine wheat cultivar. However, Yr 15 was not presented in any of the nine cultivars that were tested. The results indicated that resistance gene Sr26 was present in all varieties that were tested except Rabiaa, Abu Greeb and Al Rasheed whereas it was found that resistance gene Sr39 is presented in all varieties that were tested.
The identification of rust resistance genes in Iraqi wheat germplasm will help in accelerating the breeding program in the future, including Pyramiding of different resistance genes from and to different wheat cultivars.