journal mustansiriyah of sports science

We investigated the influence of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) on recovery from high intensity wrestling training. The main studied variables were the lactate removal, the recovery of the maximal strength and the heart rate variability (HRV). The NMES experimental group had significantly faster lactate clearance and strength recovery for squat and bench press than did the control group. Moreover, HRV index was improved markedly by NMES, suggesting that the activity of the autonomic nervous system was accelerated in the recovery process. For the sake of brevity, metabolic waste such as lactate and muscle repair, as well as autonomic nervous recovery could potentially play a role in enhancing muscle recovery. The compelling evidence for the use of NMES for recovery in athletes presented in the study should however be further investigated toward sport- and population-specific applications. The results add to the current understanding of neuromuscular electrical stimulation as an effective intervention for the improvement of athletic performance and recovery. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of responses to NMES by individuals needs to be considered, and further work should aim to optimize parameters of stimulation.

The aim of the study is to identify the contribution ratio of peak neural activity to certain biomechanical variables in the Second phase of the clean and jerk lift for female weightlifters of Erbil Sports Club. The researcher hypothesized that. There is a statistically significant relationship between the peak neural activity index of the primary muscles involved in performance and some biomechanical variables of the Second phase of the clean and jerk lift in female weightlifters of Erbil Sports Club. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method in this study due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of eight female weightlifters from Erbil Sports Club who participate in local championships and are classified within the women’s category across different weight classes.


The researchers concluded that a significant loss of strength was observed due to poor utilization of the mechanical characteristics of movement, as indicated by angular indicators and the linear bar path length

The importance of this research lies on applying the collaborative learning approach in physical education classes, specifically in artistic gymnastics, as it—like other activities—aims to explore the impact of this method and the degree of acquiring the forward balance skill in gymnastics within the sports lesson. To address the research problem, the study focuses on implementing the collaborative learning method with students. It is worth noting that when applying the steps of this method, the student will be subjected to individual tests, which are at the core of the research problem. The study aimed to identify the effect of using the collaborative learning approach in teaching the forward balance skill in artistic gymnastics to students. The research hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-tests between the two groups in students' learning of the forward balance skill in artistic gymnastics. The study included a human sample consisting of (20) students from Al-Wisal School. The research methodology and field procedures were outlined, where the researcher used the experimental approach with a single group and post-tests, as it was deemed most suitable for the research problem. The results were analyzed and discussed through statistical tables. Based on the findings, the study concluded that there was an improvement in performance for some artistic gymnastics’ skills among the research sample members.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the physiological variables under examination and the performance level of athletes with disabilities deaf and mute) in track and field (100m)The research problem lies in the fact that while track and field athletes in the deaf and mute category rely on training to develop the required physical fitness components, the physiological factor—a fundamental pillar in training—has not received sufficient attention in sports training. The researcher selected certain physiological variables after presenting them to experts and specialists, choosing those most relevant to the study. The researcher employed a descriptive approach, as this method "focuses on conceptualizing the current situation and identifying relationships between phenomena, as well as trends in learning and development." The research population and sample were determined based on the objectives set by the researcher and the procedures used. Accordingly, the researcher selected the study population randomly, consisting of athletes from the Iraqi Subcommittee (Diyala Committee) for track and field in the deaf and mute category, totaling 8 players. The main experiment was conducted using the specified tests.

The use of exercises according to a proposed program is a modern method that can develop the streamlined performance in terms of speed and develop some biochemical variables, Research objective, Identify the proposed program using different exercises, identify the impact of the proposed program to develop some biomechanical variables and the streamlined performance , and its impact on developing the accuracy of the skill of sweeping serve volleyball for advanced players, There are statistically significant differences in some biomechenical variables, and the accuracy of the sweeping serve skill, The researcher used the experimental method on a sample of (24) players representing the total research community the research was applied to a sample of (12) players from the Army and Police Sports Club, pre and post tests were conducted .


The researcher concluded that it is necessary to pay attention to the bio-mechanical variables and the fluidity of movement to reach the highest levels ..

The researcher conducted his current study entitled (The effect of an educational program based on mental imagery on learning some basic football skills for secondary school students), which aimed to identify the effect of an educational program based on mental imagery prepared by him on learning some basic football skills for fifth-year secondary school students. The researcher identified the research community as fifth-year secondary school students from Kutha Secondary School for Boys affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Babylon GovernorateThe research sample was chosen from this community in a random manner after a lottery was conducted on them for selection, which amounted to (70) students. They were divided into a survey sample of (10) students, a control group of (30) students, and an experimental group of (30) students. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups and the pre- and post-tests The prepared educational program was applied to the experimental group to learn skills (roling, handling, scoring) in football, while the control group was taught in the same usual way by the physical education teacher at the school. After conducting the post-tests and recording the results and processing them statistically, the researcher reached several conclusions, including: 1- The educational program proposed by the researcher using mental imagery had a positive impact on enhancing students' learning.


2-The variety and abundance of exercises contributed to the acquisition of the three skills (rolling, handling, and rolling), leading to their consolidation and development. Based on the research findings, the researcher recommends the following: 1-The secondary school curriculum should include the educational program proposed by the researcher, which focuses on basic soccer skills.


2-Utilize the proposed educational program to enhance students' skills in other sports.

Sports training is a purposeful, directed, and scientifically planned educational process for preparing players at various levels, according to their potential and capabilities in all physical and skill aspects, to reach the highest possible level. Through the researcher's experience as a player and a coach, he noted that most coaches for this category do not use the differential training method in daily training sessions or within their training curricula. This is done haphazardly, inconsistently with the age group, leading to poor performance in terms of accuracy, especially on the field of play. The research aims to develop exercises using the differential method for speed and accuracy of some basic skills for young football players under 19 years of age, and to identify the effect of the differential method on the speed and accuracy of some basic skills for young football players under 19 years of age. As for the hypotheses, there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests for the experimental groups, in favor of the post-tests. There are statistically significant differences between the post-tests for the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group. The human domain is defined as the players of the Police Club, a youth category under 19 years of age. As for the time domain, from May 1, 2025, to August 1, 2025, the study area was the Police Sports Club stadium. The researcher used the experimental approach, and the research sample consisted of 20 players from the Police Sports Club, youth category. The researcher administered tests to the experimental and control groups. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to obtain the results and conclusions Differential training had a positive impact on the skill level, developing the speed and accuracy of performance for youth soccer players. Differential training, which he used, led to the development of the players' proficiency in speed and accuracy, scoring, and the ability to distinguish the strength and speed of the two men, facilitating the scoring process Emphasize the use of differential exercises and give them significant importance in their curricula and daily units, in special preparation and competitions for age groups in football, and develop the attack. Focus on developing technical abilities, which are the key to building accurate performance during the match.

In the sports aspect, the art of education is important and essential in building movements and skills correctly and appropriate to the specificity of the game, and its purpose is to build the athlete in the first place, and then develop him and make him capable of achieving sports achievements. The aim of research was to identify the effect of the (Dunn and Dunn) model on teaching some motor skills on the the floor exercise in women's artistic gymnastics. The researcher used the experimental method with the design of two equal control and experimental groups with pre- and post-test.The research population is second-stage female students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of .... deliberately, which amounts to (80) students. The sample was selected with (20) female students, which constitute (25%) of the original community, which was randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental) and the number of each group became (10) female students. The most important conclusions: The (Dunn and Dunn) model is important and basic in the process of teaching some motor skills on the the floor exercise apparatus in artistic gymnastics for women. Accordingly, it was recommended: The (Dunn and Dun) model because it is important and essential in the process of teaching some motor skills on the floor exercise apparatus in women's artistic gymnastics.

The aim of the research was to prepare educational units according to the multi-level self-application method in motor flexibility and learning the skill of scoring from stability in football. The researcher used the experimental method for two equal groups with a test (pre- and post-test) in order to achieve the objectives of the study and contribute to solving the study problem. The study community was determined intentionally, while the research sample was chosen randomly (lottery). It was represented by the first-stage students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University, numbering (40) students divided into two groups (experimental and control), each group (20) students. The average length of the sample was (171.30) and a standard deviation of (3.09), their average weight was (70.33) and a standard deviation of (3.68), their average age was (236.7) and a standard deviation of (6.39). After the table of the post-tests for the two groups (experimental and control) was presented, it was noted that there was a difference between the arithmetic means and the value of The calculated (T) was greater than the tabular value, as well as the (Sig) value, which was less than (0.05), indicating the presence of significant statistical differences between the results of the post-tests between the two study groups (experimental) and (control) in favor of the (experimental group). The researcher attributes these differences to the effect of the educational units according to the multi-level self-application method prepared by the researcher. The researcher concluded that there is a positive effect of the educational units according to the multi-level self-application method on motor flexibility and learning the skill of scoring from a standing position in football. The researcher recommended the necessity of benefiting from the educational units prepared to learn the skill of scoring in football.

Self-differentiation is considered a cognitive style rather than a personality trait, and it varies from one student to another. It is an important element within the concept of self, reflecting the extent to which an individual feels their own worth. When individuals have positive attitudes toward themselves, their level of self-differentiation is high, and when they have negative or positive attitudes, this is directly reflected in their level of self-differentiation. Information processing encompasses all mental operations that occur within the brain, and it can be understood through the changes that occur in observable responses, which represents the first step toward the optimal utilization of these processes. The importance of this research lies in identifying the relationship between self-differentiation and information processing among students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University


Based on the above, the research problem can be summarized in the following question: Is there a relationship between self-differentiation and information processing among students of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University? One of the main objectives of the research was to identify this relationship .The researchers used the descriptive approach with a correlational method, and the research population consisted of fourth-year students in the College of Education – Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University.

The aim of the research was to identify the level of sports management culture among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad by preparing a scale for the level of sports management culture among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad, which included (32) paragraphs and five-point keys, where the researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method and after presenting the scale to experts and conducting scientific transactions, the scale became in its final form, and the scale was applied to the research sample, which includes (450) male and female students, i.e. (25%) with (30) individuals and the number sample (200) and the main sample with (195). After collecting the data and processing it using the statistical bag, the researcher came out with several conclusions and recommendations.

Explosive strength is one of the most important physical elements affecting the performance level of taekwondo players, as it represents a decisive factor in executing kicks with the required speed and accuracy during competitions. Through his experience in taekwondo training, the researcher observed a weakness in the level of explosive strength among junior players in Iraq, which negatively impacts the performance of front kicks in terms of speed and accuracy. The research problem crystallized as the weak level of explosive strength among junior taekwondo players in Iraq, which negatively impacts the speed and accuracy of front kicks during competitions. The experimental approach was used on a sample of 20 junior players (10-14 years old) from Iraqi Center Talent, divided into two groups (experimental and control), with an eight-week training program. The results showed a significant improvement in the speed and accuracy of forward kicks in the experimental group compared to the control group, with statistically significant differences in dimensional measurements in favor of the experimental group. The study recommends adopting the proposed training program as part of the preparation programs for junior taekwondo players in Iraqi clubs, with emphasis on developing explosive power as a key element in improving skill performance.

The research aims to Detecting the level of job satisfaction among sports supervisors working in youth and sports forums in Baghdad Governorate, also to identify the degree of influence of each of its fields on the general level of it. In addition its relationship to the variables of age, experience, and academic achievement. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, the data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of four main areas: job content, work environment, salaries and financial incentives, and direct management. The research sample consisted of (25) sports supervisors, and the data were processed using SPSS, where the results showed that the field of work content achieved the highest level of job satisfaction among sports supervisors working in youth and sports forums in Baghdad Governorate, while the field of salary and material rewards achieved its lowest level, in addition, there is no significant effect of the variables of age, experience and academic achievement on the level of job satisfaction among these supervisors. The researcher recommended the necessity of periodically reviewing the levels of salaries and financial rewards for sports supervisors and making them equal to their peers in similar government departments, and establishing an appropriate system for granting them financial rewards and calculating them on objective bases, as well as improving working conditions by providing halls, playgrounds and facilities that are appropriate for the number of young people practicing sports activities, in addition to providing the opportunity for sports supervisors to apply new and advanced methods in their work, encouraging creativity, appreciating achievements and developing means to support them.

This study aims to develop a scientific scale to measure the level of effective management among scout camp leaders from the perspective of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriyah University. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and the research sample consisted of 60 students. A questionnaire was designed with 25 items distributed across five main dimensions: leadership, delegation, time management, communication, and organization. The results of the statistical analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha, discrimination, and construct validity tests showed that the tool possesses high psychometric properties and is valid for application in academic environments. The findings revealed that the leaders exhibited a high level of administrative efficiency, especially in the domains of organization and leadership. The researcher recommends the adoption of this scale in academic and training evaluation of university scouting activities.

administrative knowledge from the perspective of coaches of Iraqi football clubs by preparing a measure of administrative knowledge, which included (32) items in the areas of (attractiveness and ideal influence - intellectual stimulation - strategic thinking - administrative creativity) and its five-point scale. After presenting the measure to experts and conducting scientific transactions, the measure was finalized. It was applied to a sample of (967), including (30) exploratory samples, a preparatory sample, and a main experiment sample of (150). After data collection, it was processed using statistical software. The researcher concluded several findings, proposing scientific research tools to measure and determine administrative knowledge among union members from the perspective of coaches of clubs participating in the Iraqi Stars and Elite Football League, and union members have a high level of administrative knowledge of administrative bodies from the perspective of coaches.

Handball is considered one of the high-paced sports, where defensive performance plays a significant role in influencing the course of the match and determining superiority and victory. The current study aims to analyze the defensive skills of the players of Diyala Handball Club, focusing on various defensive formations and the players’ performance within those formations. The study compares the application of defensive skills in different systems, such as the (6-0) and (5-1) formations, with the aim of identifying the advantages of each type.To achieve this, the researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey style, as it suits the nature of the research problem and its objectives. The research community consisted of players participating in the Iraqi Elite Handball League for the 2024-2025 season, totaling 200 players. The sample was represented by Diyala club players, numbering 20 players, or 10% of the total. Diyala and Karbala clubs were selected because neither the coaching staff nor the players changed during the two matches, unlike other clubs which saw changes in coaching and player rosters.After reviewing relevant sources and studies and conducting interviews with experts, the most commonly used defensive skills and formations—(6-0) and (5-1)—were identified. A performance evaluation form prepared by Mohammed Kazem (2020) was used, and the researchers employed the statistical software package to process the data and analyze the results. Through this analysis, the researchers concluded the importance of the specified defensive formations (6-0) and (5-1) and recommend enhancing collective defensive organization through varied training methods.

This study aimed to statistically analyze the results of physical and skill tests to determine the most important indicators of distinguished performance in artistic gymnastics among young athletes in Iraq. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach on a sample of (32) artistic gymnasts registered in the Iraqi Central Gymnastics Federation, aged between (16-19) years. The sample underwent a set of physical tests including (strength, flexibility, agility, balance, muscular endurance), and skill tests specific to the six gymnastics apparatuses. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data through means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficient, and factor analysis.


The results showed a strong correlation between certain physical variables and the level of skill performance, where seven main factors explained 78.65% of the total variance in performance level. Statistical analysis revealed that arms and shoulders muscle strength, hip-specific flexibility, static balance, and abdominal muscular endurance were among the most important physical indicators associated with distinguished skill performance. The results also indicated that the performance level of rotation and stability skills on parallel bars and jumping skills on the vaulting table were among the strongest skill indicators that distinguished outstanding athletes.


The study recommends adopting these indicators in selection, evaluation, and training processes for young artistic gymnasts, designing training programs that focus on developing physical and skill factors with the greatest impact on performance level, and conducting more future studies to include different age groups and comparing results with international standards.

The research aims to reveal the level and type of injury to the thigh muscles of advanced football players, develop a rehabilitation program with the magnetic activation card and some means of rehabilitating the thigh muscles of advanced football players, and identify the effect of the program used in rehabilitating the thigh muscles among members of the research sample. To achieve the goal, the researcher used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test to suit it with the problem and objectives of the research. The research sample was chosen intentionally from advanced football players with quadriceps injuries for Baghdad clubs for the sports season (2023/2024), and they numbered (20) players who represented the original research community in proportion. 100%, The researcher conducted a pre- and post-test for the members of the research sample, and conducted appropriate statistical treatments. The researcher concluded that the magnetic rehabilitation program that was used to rehabilitate sports injuries to the thigh affected the reduction of players’ injuries in different proportions, and the results showed a high level of neuromuscular adaptation that resulted in the use of Magnetic rehabilitation program. The researcher recommends the necessity of using magnetic rehabilitation mechanisms at the level of spinal neurons using modern techniques, and distinguishing between superficial adaptations and central adaptations resulting from training with magnetic stimulation.

The aim of this study was to design rehabilitative exercises for young swimmers suffering from peripheral neuropathy of the feet and to identify the effect of these exercises on strengthening the leg muscles and treating peripheral neuropathy of the feet. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of leg muscle strength and electromyography (EMG) measurements of the calf muscles in the experimental group. Furthermore, significant differences were expected in the pre- and post-test results of pain intensity measurements using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) during toe-standing tests in the experimental group. The experimental research method with a single-group design was adopted. The research population included (12) young swimmers diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy of the feet, who were undergoing physiotherapy at Al-Kindy Hospital. All participants were deliberately selected through a comprehensive sampling method, representing (100%) of the study population. The rehabilitative exercises were implemented in the experiment at a frequency of three sessions per week, with six exercises in each session, continuing for ten consecutive weeks, for total of (30) rehabilitative sessions. After completing the experimental period, the results were processed using the SPSS program. The findings concluded that the rehabilitative exercises to strengthen the leg muscles are suitable for young swimmers suffering from peripheral neuropathy of the feet. The application of these exercises contributed to the development of posterior leg muscle strength, improvement in EMG signals of the posterior calf muscles of both legs by increasing peak levels and reducing signal dispersion, and a reduction in pain intensity (VAS) in the participants. The researcher recommended that the duration of toe-standing exercises should not be exaggerated when rehabilitating peripheral neuropathy of the feet, and that comprehensive functional strength training for body muscles, including the leg and foot muscles, should be incorporated into training programs for swimmers, who often focus mainly on specialized arm and chest strength training.

The role and importance of muscle balance in the success of motor balance is evident, which requires its development and demonstrating its progress through the provision of an appropriate test similar to the movement performance in the game. Hence, the importance of the research in demonstrating the role and importance of motor balance in wrestling, which requires evaluation and measurement using the most appropriate test and appropriate wrestling training tools. Thus, we contribute to providing a true picture of this motor requirement and working to measure it continuously. The research problem was: constructing a test that measures the level of motor balance in wrestlers and monitoring its development in an environment similar to that of competition. Due to the lack of a specialized test for this motor ability in wrestling and the lack of use of related variables, such as muscle balance during performance using the Bulgarian bag, which is similar to holding an opponent, the researcher decided to use this bag as a competitor to constructing a test specific to the trunk motor balance of wrestlers. The objectives of the research were. 1.Design and standardize a test to measure motor balance using the Bulgarian bag for wrestlers aged 14-16. 2.Establish levels and standards for assessing motor balance using the Bulgarian bag for wrestlers aged 14-16. Conclusions were thus: The test designed by the researcher is capable of detecting the level of motor balance in 14-16 year olds. The most important recommendations were: Adopt the current test as a means of detecting the level of motor balance in freestyle wrestling aged 14-16.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the 3D Quest strategy in learning knot-tying and loop skills for the scout stage. The researcher used the experimental approach with a design of experimental and control groups. The population size is 144, whereas the research sample, selected using a purposive method and consisting of the central squad of the scout stage in the Directorate of Education/Department of Sports and Scout Activities for the academic year 2023-2024, is represented by 24 students (12 for the experimental and 12 for the control group). Also, 5 students have been selected as the pilot study. After conducting homogeneity, equivalence, pre- and post-tests, and obtaining the results, which were statistically processed using the SPSS package, the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which was that the 3D Quest strategy was effective in learning knot-tying and loop skills for the scout stage. The most important recommendations were: The researcher recommends applying the 3D Quest strategy in scout training programs to learn various skills.

The aim of the research was to


1.Design special exercises under pressure to develop certain offensive skills for the training center players in school sports handball.


2.Identify the effectiveness and impact of these special exercises under pressure on improving some offensive skills of handball players in the training center for school sports. The research sample was intentionally selected from the handball players of the summer training center for intermediate school students under the School Activities Department of the Directorate of Education in Karbala, totaling (13) players in a single group. The researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and after obtaining the results, they were processed statistically and presented in several tables for analysis. The results were then discussed in a precise scientific manner, supported by references and studies that validate the researcher’s interpretations in order to achieve the objectives and hypotheses of the study.


Based on the results, the researcher concluded: 1.Exercises under pressure contribute significantly to the development of offensive skills in handball players. 2.Implementing special exercises under pressure, combined with skill performance, helped players make quick decisions in difficult situations..The exercises had a clear effect in reducing the rate of technical errors under pressure.


Based on these conclusions, the researcher recommends: 1.Adopting special exercises under pressure in handball training centers. 2.Focusing on developing training programs that integrate physical and psychological effort for various motor skills in handball players. 3.Continuing to measure the impact of pressure on the technical performance of other handball skills.

This study aims to analyze the current state of infrastructure and its impact on the implementation of physical education (PE) lessons in public primary schools within Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The research was conducted in the context of the challenges these schools face, including inadequate sports fields, gymnasiums, equipment, and safety conditions — all of which are critical for delivering quality physical education. The study stems from field observations by the researcher, who noted significant disparities among schools in terms of available resources, with clear consequences for lesson continuity, student engagement, and educational outcomes.Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the researcher designed and distributed a structured questionnaire targeting PE teachers across various schools in the governorate. The instrument focused on five key areas: availability of fields and sports halls, quality and maintenance of sports equipment, safety measures, regularity of PE sessions, and teacher-student interaction during class. The findings revealed that most schools, particularly those in rural areas, suffer from notable infrastructure deficiencies. These shortcomings were found to negatively affect lesson regularity, student motivation, and the achievement of pedagogical goals. A statistically significant and strong positive correlation was identified between the availability of infrastructure and the effectiveness of PE lesson delivery (r = 0.68, Sig = 0.01), indicating that improved infrastructure directly enhances educational quality.


The study concludes with several recommendations, including the urgent need for increased governmental investment in school sports facilities, regular provision and maintenance of modern sports equipment, improved safety protocols, and ongoing teacher training to cope with limited resources. By addressing these areas, the study aspires to support sustainable development goals in education and serve as a reference for policymakers and educators seeking to reform and elevate the state of physical education in Iraq’s public schools.

Football is globally recognized as the most popular sport, played by individuals of all ages and genders. Its development demands significant effort from players, coaches, and management, in addition to requiring adequate infrastructure. This study investigated the obstacles faced by football players in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The research sample comprised 257 players from various football-oriented institutions, all of the players are adult. A questionnaire was distributed to a panel of football experts to identify the most critical impediments to training programs. These impediments included, but were not limited to, the insufficient application of biomechanical and analytical software. A key finding of the study is the notable absence of sports science principles in training regimens. Consequently, major recommendations include educating both coaches and players in biomechanics and motion analysis, establishing specialized development courses in this field, and investing in the necessary infrastructure for youth development programs.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of instructional units designed based on Fink's Significant Learning Model on enhancing creative thinking and improving passing and shooting skills in handball among preparatory students. The researcher employed an experimental design with two equivalent groups, comprising 40 fourth-grade preparatory students in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The experimental group underwent a comprehensive 12-week instructional program grounded in Fink’s model dimensions, which integrate foundational knowledge, application, integration, human dimension, caring, and learning how to learn. The control group received traditional teaching methods.


Results demonstrated significant improvements in creative thinking and the performance of passing and shooting skills among the experimental group compared to the control group. The application of Fink’s model provided a rich and diverse learning environment that fostered critical and creative thinking, enabling students to approach game situations innovatively and effectively. Additionally, the model enhanced students' abilities for self-directed learning and collaboration, resulting in higher skill performance.


These findings confirm the effectiveness of Fink’s model in integrating cognitive, skill-based, and affective aspects within physical education, contributing to balanced development of students’ intellectual and motor abilities. The study recommends broader adoption of Fink’s model in teaching handball and other sports skills, along with supporting the training of teachers and coaches to implement this model for improving the quality of sports education and training.

This study investigated the association between hydration indicators and endurance performance among fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. A descriptive–analytical design was applied to a purposive sample of 30–50 team-sport athletes (age 22.1 ± 1.3 years, height 176.4 ± 5.2 cm, body mass 72.8 ± 6.5 kg). Beverage intake was assessed using an adapted BEVQ-15; hydration status was estimated with the urine color scale (1–7). Aerobic endurance was measured by the 12-min Cooper test with estimated VO₂max, and intermittent endurance by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test—Level 1. Results indicated that 60% of participants drank water daily and 20% more than once per day, while 20% were dehydrated by urine color. Mean Cooper distance was 2580 ± 210 m (VO₂max 46.1 ± 3.8 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and mean Yo-Yo distance 1380 ± 165 m. Water intake correlated positively with Cooper (r = 0.62, p = 0.01) and Yo-Yo (r = 0.58, p = 0.01) outcomes, whereas urine color correlated negatively with Cooper (r = -0.55, p = 0.02) and Yo-Yo (r = -0.47, p = 0.03). ANOVA showed significant performance differences across hydration levels favoring well-hydrated athletes. The study recommends structured hydration strategies before, during, and after exercise and routine field monitoring (urine color and pre/post-exercise body mass) within practical curricula.

Swimming is a sport characterized by many diverse movements and technical skills, and success in its implementation depends on the physical effort exerted by the swimmer inside the pool. Swimming is a recreational sport practiced by swimmers as well as the general public for recreation. Freestyle swimmers are exposed to great pressure during performance due to the nature of life and the nature of the work they do, in addition to their distance from healthy physical activity, such as movements and speed of transition. The freestyle swimmer relies on his arms and pulling them to move forward while swimming and moving from one point to another inside the pool, which causes great physical pressure and effort on the muscles and joints of the body and often leads to injury. The shoulder joint is one of the joints most exposed to stress, fatigue and injury. The reason for this is that the shoulder joint is by nature one of the most used joints, because most of the individual’s movements are with the arms, so the pressure is on the shoulders. After performing the movement of moving from one point to another with the arms, fear, anxiety and lack of physical fitness often make it more susceptible to many injuries. Among the injuries that have been observed by The research focuses on shoulder ligament injuries.


Keywords: preventive exercises, shoulder joint, ligament injuries, swimming.


The problem of the research stems from the researcher's observation of poor performance among freestyle swimmers and their exposure to injuries, especially to the shoulder joint. The researcher believes that this weakness is the result of a lack of interest in physical fitness, due to people's preoccupation with work and routine life, without resorting to physical activities that, in turn, help improve the efficiency of functional systems and strengthen bones, muscles, joints, and ligaments, particularly shoulder ligament injuries. The researcher decided to develop preventive exercises that contribute to reducing injury.


The research sample consisted of a number of individuals practicing freestyle swimming at the Wasam Al-Majd Club pool in Baghdad. The aim of the research was to develop preventive exercises designed to reduce shoulder ligament injuries and to determine their impact. The researcher concluded that the designed exercises have a positive effect when used, as well as improving the physical activity of practitioners in general. The researcher recommends that freestyle swimmers use these exercises in pools to reduce injury. Designed exercises play an important role in maintaining the shoulder joint and reducing shoulder ligament injuries. They also play a significant role in reducing the risk of shoulder joint injuries, in addition to improving the joint's efficiency in particular and improving overall fitness.

The research aims to identify the effect of an educational program based on the integration of Gagne’s model and the sensory–motor learning model in learning the volley stroke skill among tennis players in Diyala Governorate aged 10 years. The researcher employed the experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests, as it suits the nature of the problem and the objectives of the study. The sample consisted of (10) players randomly selected after excluding (3) players who participated in the pilot study. The experimental group underwent an educational program designed according to the integration of Gagne’s nine instructional events, which focus on the organization and logical sequence of learning, combined with activities based on the sensory–motor learning model that engage learners in direct practical practice and rely on motor repetition and sensory perception. The pr ogram was implemented over (12) instructional units distributed across specific weeks and included the practical part of the main section of each instructional unit. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure the performance level of the volley stroke skill, and the results were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, particularly the t-test for dependent and independent samples. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the educational program based on the integration of the two models in developing the performance of the volley stroke skill among tennis players. Accordingly, the researcher recommends adopting this type of educational program in teaching motor skills and emphasizes the importance of training teachers and coaches on how to apply modern instructional models in an integrative manner.

The significance of this study lies in exploring the impact of the advanced scout curriculum on the development of psychological hardiness and the acquisition of specific scouting skills. It aims to provide a scientific framework that enables the use of scouting methods to support mental health and social adjustment. The study also contributes to offering educational and practical solutions to mitigate the negative effects of psychological stress, making it valuable for a wide range of sectors, including educational institutions, scout troops, and youth leadership training programs, The study aimed to identify the effect of the advanced scout curriculum on psychological hardiness and the learning of scouting skills specific to the advanced scout stage. The researcher employed the experimental method using a one-group pretest-posttest design, which was suitable for the nature and objectives of the study. The research population was deliberately selected from the central scouting troops for the advanced scout stage in the Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate. The research sample was randomly selected from one of the scout troops, consisting of 28 scouts. After excluding 4 scouts due to lack of commitment and another 4 who participated in the pilot study, the final sample included 20 scouts, The field procedures included conducting experiments and tests that measured psychological hardiness and scouting skills specific to the advanced scout stage, including: the tent-pitching test (external setup), the peg knot test, the flagpole test, and the footstep awareness game (running between squares), The specialized curriculum, designed by the Ministry of Education / General Directorate of Sports and School Activities for the advanced scout stage, was implemented over a period of thirteen weeks, from September 29, 2024, to December 26, 2024, at the rate of one instructional unit per week, Based on the results obtained, the study revealed that the applied curriculum significantly contributed to enhancing the participants' psychological hardiness, indicating its ability to develop emotional and cognitive aspects related to psychological adjustment, stress tolerance, and self-control in challenging and high-pressure environments. Moreover, the results showed a noticeable improvement in the participants’ performance in scouting skills, reflecting the curriculum’s effectiveness in linking theory with practice, and in enhancing planning, implementation, and evaluation skills in real field situations, The researcher recommends integrating this curriculum into official scouting training plans, along with providing an appropriate training environment and qualified human resources for its implementation. Additionally, the study recommends developing comprehensive training programs focused on strengthening psychological skills.

The research problem lies in an attempt to find a solution to this problem and to explore ways and means to improve performance. The researcher decided to use seaweed to improve functional indicators and mobilize psychological energy for basketball players, which is a helpful means of raising the level of performance of players. Furthermore, some coaches lack knowledge of the effectiveness of these herbs and their effective role in improving performance. They have not been included in their natural capacity within training units, to the researcher's knowledge. The researcher used the experimental method using the single-group approach, as it suited the nature of the problem to be researched. The researcher deliberately selected the research community, which is the first division basketball clubs’ teams, numbering (12) teams for the 2024 sports season, with a total of (120) players. The research sample was deliberately selected. Considering the research objectives and the results of the statistical treatments, the researcher concludes the following: The applied training method helped develop the use of (seaweed) to develop the functional variables represented by (heart rate, pulse, systolic and diastolic pressure). The training program applied with seaweed also helped to raise the player's functional ability, which affected their physical level.

This study aims to investigate the effect of functional resistance training on enhancing physical performance and competitive ability among under-21 soccer players. The experimental method was adopted using a one-group pretest–posttest design on a sample of 20 players from Diyala Sports Club. Participants underwent an 8-week training program (3 sessions per week) consisting of functional exercises with free weights, medicine balls, and resistance bands, targeting muscle strength, balance, and endurance.


The results revealed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between pre- and post-tests in all physical variables. Balance improved by 47.8%, muscular strength by 21.5%, and endurance by 36.7%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of functional resistance training in improving the physical capabilities of young soccer players and support its integration into training programs to enhance competitive performance.