magazine aldhakwat albedh

Fatwa books are among the most important historical sources, relied upon for their direct and close connection to aspects closely related to society. Among these are the fatwas of the scholar Ibn Rushd al-Hafid (520-595 AH) (1126-1198 AD). His important book is considered a source for scholars and jurists to draw from. He is one of the social figures who played a significant and distinguished role in Andalusian society, especially since he received the attention of the Almohad Caliphs (541-629 AH) due to his distinguished scholarly standing. In our research, «The Social and Economic Aspects of the Fatwas of Ibn Rushd al-Andalusi,» we addressed the fatwas he issued, one of the most famous jurists of Andalusia. It is worth noting that we have taken some of his issues, which are an integral part of the life of the Andalusian individual. We discussed the rights of Andalusian women. What are their rights and duties? It is well known that they enjoy an important status. We also touched on the status of orphans in the Islamic religion and in Andalusian society. God Almighty has recommended the orphan, saying in His perfect book: «As for the orphan, do not oppress him.» We also discussed the preservation of his rights, from his perspective. We also attempted to compare them with the views of other Andalusian jurists. As for the economic aspects, we have devoted sections to buying and selling, commercial transactions, their origins and foundations, and attempts at fraud and deception. It is worth noting that his book could have been a multi-faceted treatise, but within the framework of scholarly research, which is limited by its page count, we have addressed examples of his fatwas.

Inheritance is one of the branches of jurisprudence in Islamic law that is concerned with the distribution of inheritance after the death of the inheritor to his heirs who are entitled to it. It has divine systems and special regulatory laws in the Holy Qur’an, in which the principles and rules for applying inheritance are specified. Therefore, Islam paid great attention to issues of inheritance, and regulated non-inheritance obligations waeadalat tawzieiha ealaa alwarathat bishakl wadih la yaqbal alshaka walairtiab lidahd eadat wataqalid aljahiliat qabl nuzul alsharieat al’iislamiat khasatan fi masalat tawrith lilrijal dun alnisa’i, walkibar dun alsaghari. walbuat mafhum mutaearaf ealayh fi alarthi, wabitaebir akhar hu nawe min alarith almukhtasar bialwalad alakbir lilmayit dun ghayrih min baqi alwarathat min ghayr wasiat wala ghayriha wayastahiqu bih tamthil takhusu almayit kabaed mithl allibas walmushaf walkhatam walfurs waghayriha In order for the estate to be proven, it is required that he leave behind money other than the estate and that the deceased’s estate is free of any debt incurred for it.

The importance of using e-learning techniques in education has increased, especially after the remarkable development in the field of computers and networks, so it became necessary to reveal the attitudes of students towards e-learning because of its impact on the development of education, the study aimed to identify the extent of acceptance of students of the Department of Information and Library Technologies in the Technical Management Institute- Nineveh of the Northern Technical University towards the use of e-learning, and measure their motivation towards the use of e-learning. The descriptive-analytical approach was used in this study, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of (33) paragraphs dealing with the extent of acceptance of students of the Department of Information and Library Technologies towards e-learning distributed in three axes, namely: (students› motivation towards using e-learning - importance of using e-learning and its advantages - obstacles to using e-learning), distributed to (75) male and female students in the Department of Information and Library Technologies at the technical diploma level in the academic year 2023/2024, the study came out with a set of results, the most important of which are :
1- The majority of students in the study sample believe that the use of e-learning makes education easier in the event of epidemics (81.3%) and that it provides them with the necessary computer skills for successful education (78.6%).
2- (76%) of the students who believe that the e-learning system helped them to develop their necessary computer skills as a modern cultural tool.
The study recommended that the university should pay attention to the introduction of e-learning in university education and the dissemination of e-culture among students to achieve the greatest amount of interaction with this type of education.

Subcontracting constitutes a complex legal situation, as well as a vast economic and social phenomenon. The multiplicity of parties to this process raises numerous legal issues in the relationships between the parties to Istisna›a contracts, particularly regarding the rights and obligations of each party and the legal frameworks they can follow to protect and safeguard their rights. It also constitutes an economic and social phenomenon, given the significant expansion in the use of this contract in various real estate and other cases, due to the specialization of professions now witnessed in each sector. It has become difficult for an individual or institution to be satisfied with their capabilities in implementing major projects without relying on specific expertise or specific agencies to accomplish the required tasks. This has led to a clear development and widespread prevalence of subcontracting.

This research explores the relationship between the authenticity of the Qur›anic text and the future horizons of Qur›anic interpretation. The study is divided into three detailed chapters: the first deals with the foundations of authenticity in the Imami interpretive tradition; the second investigates contemporary epistemological challenges and prospects for renewal; and the third provides applied models of thematic interpretation in light of present-day issues such as human rights, artificial intelligence, and environmental justice. Through an academic and methodical approach, the research highlights the need to combine fidelity to the Qur›anic text with interpretive innovation to meet the intellectual and social demands of modern times.

Foundations of Doctrinal Dialogue with Non-Muslims
This research addresses the methodological foundations and Islamic legal guidelines for engaging in doctrinal dialogue with non-Muslims. It is based on the religious texts found in the Qur’an and the Sunnah, as well as the biography of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The study emphasizes the importance of dialogue in the modern era as a means of civilizational communication and correcting misconceptions about Islam. It advocates for engaging in dialogue with wisdom, good preaching, and respect for others without insult or offense. The research also seeks to demonstrate how a Muslim can participate in constructive religious dialogue that preserves the fundamentals of faith while fostering understanding and closeness with others. The study concludes with a set of findings and underscoring the importance of dialogue governed by Islamic principles in enhancing the image of Islam in diverse societies.

The study aims to investigate the role of artificial intelligence in improving digital marketing strategies. The study was conducted at Kronje Soft Drinks Company in Kirkuk, Iraq. The descriptive analytical approach was used to complete the study, and a questionnaire was used as the study tool for data collection. The data was then analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical program. The sample included 386 individuals working at Kronje Soft Drinks Company in Kirkuk. The researcher reached the following conclusions: Artificial intelligence plays a role in improving digital marketing strategies at Kronje, and there are no significant differences between the average responses regarding the role of artificial intelligence in improving digital marketing strategies at Kronje based on the variable of years of work experience among the research sample. The researcher proposed a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: employing artificial intelligence applications to improve digital marketing strategies and customize offers and services based on the needs of each customer of Kronji Soft Drinks Company.

Dialogue is considered one of the artistic building techniques in narrative texts. Poets have employed this technique in their poems to express their thoughts and perspectives on life. The significance of dialogue in poetic texts is highlighted through internal, individual dialogue, which reflects the narrative rhythm of storytelling in the form of monologue, as well as through external dialogue with others, which manifests as a narrative structure within the poem through dialogue.
This technique appears in poetic texts as an exchange between two parties, either through narrative verbs such as «he said» and «I said,» or through imperative verbs, vocatives, and interrogative forms. Dialogue is one of the key techniques of narration, as narratology focuses on the study of storytelling, the systems that govern its production, the foundations it is built upon, and the methods of its reception . It is not merely an exchange of words between two characters, but rather a medium for expressing intellectual and emotional stances.
The study includes an introduction, two main sections, a conclusion summarizing the findings, and a list of sources and references.(2).

This research aims to shed light on the study of the stractural interpretive that depended by the Al-Sadr martyr in the theories of the sciences of the Qur’an, focusing on the method of Qur’anic interpretation he chooses, after he preferred the method of thematic interpretation instead of the method of partial interpretation prevalent among the scholars of interpretation from the first centuries to the our present era. This shift represented a qualitative shift in the history of the sciences of the Qur’an and its interpretation. Especially since it reveals to us the scholarly and intellectual originality of the Al-Sadr martyr, as he became a pioneer of innovation in religious sciences as the need for that required, which left us a great scientific and cognitive legacy in various religious sciences and knowledge, including what is related to his new interpretive project, as will become clear from the discussions and demands of this study. Which was chosen for its importance and impact in presenting a comprehensive Qur’anic and interpretive vision of the relationship between reality, text, and mind, in a manner consistent with the civilizational movement of the Islamic religion to perform all human needs.

The current research aims to identify the effect of full and partial integration of autism spectrum children with their normal peers in reducing speech disorders at the specialist sura rashid haroun center in babil governorate for the academic )year 2024-2025 The basic research sample was chosen intentionally, as the( researchers adopted the experimental method to conduct the steps of the current 10)research. The sample consisted of ) children. After the researchers reviewed the studies and measures related to the subject of their research, they adopted )the (al-beblawy 2006 scale, which consisted of words. After extracting the( psychometric properties of (validity and reliability), it was applied to the basic sample. After unpacking the data for the purpose of extracting the results, it was processed statistically using a number of statistical methods, including «wilcoxon for correlated pairs.» the results showed that the arithmetic mean was greater than the theoretical mean for the speech disorders scale and that the calculated value was greater than the tabular value. This means that children with autism spectrum disorder have speech disorders.

Water resources are a fundamental pillar of agricultural and environmental development , and rationalizing their use is one of the most pressing challenges in rural communities , particularly in areas that rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods . this research aims to examine the current irrigation methods used in Al Mansouriya sub district and to analyze their impact on the sustainability of water resources in the region . The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach , relying on field data .The findings indicate that the extensive use of traditional irrigation methods , such as irrigation , significantly to water waste and degradation of water quality , while modern irrigation techniques , such as drip and sprinkler systems demonstrate higher efficiency and reduced water loss. The study recommends providing financial and technical support to farmers to help them transition to modern irrigation systems and implementing awareness programs to promote sustainable water management practices in the region .

The research aims to identify new teaching methods that contribute to raising the level of students› acquisition of family concepts in the preparatory stage, and to attempt to improve the level of teaching child-rearing and family relations through the use of modern teaching strategies. The research aims to examine the progress made in acquiring family concepts after subjecting fifth-grade preparatory students to active learning strategies. The sample size for each research group was (60) students, with (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group. The results presented revealed a statistically significant difference between the acquisition of concepts by students in the two groups (experimental and control), in favor of the students in the experimental group who studied using active learning at a significance level of (0.05) in the concept acquisition test conducted immediately after the end of the experiment.

Various organizations place great importance on developing training programs. They work to develop employee skills to achieve their goals, which evolve day by day with the progress witnessed in various fields. For training to be fully implemented and for the organization to achieve its goals accurately, needs must be carefully identified. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a conception of the impact of training needs as an independent variable and its relationship to strategic positioning as a dependent variable among a sample of employees at the Scientific Research Authority. This study aimed to study the performance of employees working in various divisions, units, and formations. This was achieved by using a set of primary data from employees of departments and units at the Scientific Research Authority. The study was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to (162) employees using a random sampling method. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted to determine the relationship between the main variables, identify the dimensions of training needs, and determine the level of employee engagement. The SPSS program was used, along with statistics based on the arithmetic mean, percentage, and standard deviation. Regarding achieving strategic positioning, a set of supporting dimensions was used. The study concluded that training needs are an essential process for improving the skill and expertise of individuals at the organizational level. The study found a statistically significant relationship between meeting training needs and their strategic position within the organization, indicating the importance of training in developing their capabilities, which is reflected in their vital role within the organization.

This study aims to shed light on the structure of poetic discourse in Al-Mutanabbi’s elegy for Khawla and to uncover the deep religious and philosophical meanings hidden within its lines, It also examines the key stylistic elements the poet employed to construct his creative work. The «stylistic approach» was adopted as a modern critical method that combines linguistic analysis with aesthetic appreciation, allowing for the exploration of literary phenomena and the unveiling of the poem’s artistic beauty.
The research is divided into two sections: the first section addresses the religious concepts and philosophical reflections in the poem, while the second focuses on the stylistic features of the religious and philosophical concepts in the elegy. The study
concludes with the key findings it has reached.

This study explores the potential of silent theatre as a semiotic and expressive alternative to spoken dialogue in contemporary Iraqi theatrical performances, with a specific focus on the works of director Ahmad Mohammed Abdul Ameer. The research addresses a central question concerning the limitations of verbal language in theatre—particularly its effectiveness in conveying meaning and engaging the audience—versus the growing emphasis on performative practices that rely on the body as a medium of theatrical communication.Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study examines a sample of 15 silent theatrical productions staged in Iraq between 2006 and 2019. These performances utilize diverse forms of physical expression, including pantomime, silent acting, and expressive dance. The findings indicate that silent theatre constitutes an expressive system capable of transcending the constraints of conventional dialogue by constructing an alternative semiotic framework based on gesture, movement, bodily composition, and visual and auditory rhythm.Furthermore, the study asserts that silent performance opens interpretive spaces for the audience, allowing the theatrical text to be read as an open structure that moves beyond literal or direct meanings. This enhances audience engagement and fosters a renewed production of meaning within an evolving interpretive horizon. The theatrical practice of Ahmad Mohammed Abdul Ameer is highlighted as a pioneering example in the Iraqi scene, demonstrating a sophisticated use of the body as a narrative and symbolic substitute for spoken language.

This study explores the semantic, jurisprudential, and methodological implications of prohibition (taḥrīm) and avoidance (ijtināb) in Qur’anic discourse. It demonstrates that prohibition denotes a direct and categorical interdiction, inherently linked with sin and corruption when violated. In contrast, avoidance—despite its linguistic root signifying abstention and distance—appears in Qur’anic contexts as an equally binding command, often carrying a stronger force, since it not only forbids the act itself but also its preliminaries, thereby adding preventive and pedagogical dimensions. The research highlights a broad consensus among exegetes and jurists, further reinforced by traditions from the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (ʿa), that avoidance holds the same legal weight as prohibition, and in some cases, even exceeds it. Ultimately, the study concludes that prohibition sets the direct legal ruling, while avoidance deepens its effect by establishing a protective framework that safeguards both belief and conduct. The complementarity of these two forms endows Qur’anic legislation with a dual strength, combining legal obligation with moral and educational guidance, thus underscoring the Qur’an’s role in shaping a coherent and comprehensive legal system. 

Gaston Bachelard›s philosophical project begins by reinstating the imagination as an ontological force that precedes thought and underpins both knowledge and poetry. For Bachelard, the human being does not think first, but rather dreams; imagination is not merely a tool to represent reality, but a means to create it. In this context, the daydream holds a central place, as it expresses the self’s openness to the world through the poetic image, which emanates from the feminine soul dwelling within us. Yet, such openness can only be actualized under the condition of oneness, wherein the dreamer merges with the dream, and the dream becomes an expression of the depth of being.
Bachelard distinguishes three modes of imagination: formal imagination, dynamic imagination, and material imagination, the latter of which he privileges. Material imagination interrogates matter as a bearer of symbols, emotions, and archetypal forms that animate memory and catalyze poetic creation. Time, too, is reconfigured in Bachelard’s vision—not as a linear succession, but as a vertical temporality, condensed in exceptional moments of dream and poetic intensity.
In his treatment of memory and imagination, Bachelard draws upon Jungian archetypes, asserting that the ontology of memory is not simply the recollection of the past, but a reactivation of symbolic patterns that reside in the collective unconscious and are animated through images and dreams. In this way, memory, imagination, matter, and time are woven together in his philosophy to construct a poetic vision of the world, wherein the self opens to the density of being—not through abstract concepts, but through the living image inhabited by dream.

This research aims to identify:
1. Cognitive perseverance among university students;
2. Differences in cognitive perseverance among university students according to gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, literary). To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted the Al-Jabr scale (2023), prepared according to the theory of Morgan and Maslin (1990). After extracting its psychometric properties, the scale was applied to a sample of (200) male and female students from the University of Diyala. They were selected randomly with equal distribution. After processing the study data using a set of statistical methods included in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, such as (the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Cronbach’s alpha equation, and the two-way analysis of variance), the research reached the following results...
1- The individuals in the research sample possess cognitive perseverance.
2- There are differences in cognitive perseverance according to the gender variable (males, females), in favor of females, and according to the specialization variable (humanities, science), in favor of the scientific specialization.

The aim of the research is to identify the reasons that lead banks to experience weak financial performance by addressing the research problem: Does the Sherrod model contribute to evaluating the financial performance of banks in the sample operating in the Iraq Stock Exchange? To solve this problem, the researcher utilized the SHERROD model to assess financial performance. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the results of the SHERROD model indicated a problem in predicting financial distress in the banks within the sample, as the Z value fell into a critical area of risk categories. Therefore, it can be said that the model did not succeed in its predictions regarding financial distress..

The current research aimed to identify sensory processing sensitivity among kindergarten teachers and the differences in sensory processing sensitivity among kindergarten teachers according to some variables, such as specialization, marital status, and length of service. The researcher prepared a sensory processing sensitivity scale after reviewing previous theories and studies. The scale consisted of (23) items. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research sample consisted of (170) teachers in the first, second, and third Rusafa directorates. Using appropriate statistical methods, the researcher concluded that kindergarten teachers have a high level of sensory processing sensitivity.

This research examines narrators who are described as having memorized hadiths and who have been criticized for their involvement in the sultan›s affairs. This research aims to examine a subject that scholars consider to be among the factors that influence a narrator›s accuracy, integrity, and mastery of hadith narration. This factor influences the acceptance or rejection of a narration, and determines whether a narrator›s weakness or acceptance depends on it. This is the issue of having memorized hadiths and assumed judicial positions. I have discussed the scholars› disagreement over whether to accept or reject those who assumed sultanic duties, with some saying they permit it, others rejecting it, and others offering detailed explanations. I then presented examples of those criticized by scholars of hadith criticism for their .involvement in sultanic duties

The current research aims to identify the level of emotional elegance among university students and to demonstrate the statistical significance of differences in emotional elegance according to gender (male - female) and specialization (scientific - humanities). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a scale for emotional elegance, prepared according to the theoretical framework of Kirkpatrick (1959). Its psychometric properties were verified through statistical analysis of the items and measurements of validity and reliability.
The scale was applied to a sample of (200) male and female students from the University of Diyala, selected using a stratified random method with proportional distribution. After processing the data using appropriate statistical methods such as the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach›s alpha equation, the research reached the following results:
1. University students enjoy a high level of emotional elegance.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in emotional elegance attributable to the gender variable.
3. There are statistically significant differences in emotional elegance by major, in favor of humanities students.
In light of these results, the study produced a set of recommendations that emphasize the importance of enhancing emotional elegance among students through counseling and educational programs, in addition to future research proposals to expand the study of this important psychological trait and its relationship to other psychological variables.

Charity is considered one of the most beloved deeds to God Almighty, which is why He has urged it in many of His noble verses. The Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, also commanded all Muslims to give charity and not abandon it. He mentioned this important topic in many of his noble hadiths. Below, we will shed light on the importance of charity, its virtues, and its benefits in Islam and the Noble Prophetic Sunnah, as well as its most important types and virtues.

The current research aims to identify the effect of a proposed strategy based on engagement in learning on the achievement of second-grade middle school students in the Social Studies subject and academic passion. The sample of the current research was determined by second-grade middle school students in the Second Rusafa Education School, affiliated with Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). Second-grade middle school students in Al-Shu›ara Middle School for Boys were chosen to be the research sample intentionally. Two classrooms were chosen from a total of four classrooms of second-grade middle school students, one of the two groups being experimental and the other a control group. The research sample amounted to 67 students, with 33 male students in the experimental group and 34 female students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in variables (the chronological age of fathers and mothers, previous year grades, and the achievement test was also prepared, as 50 paragraphs were formulated in accordance with the content of the material and behavioral purposes (remembering, understanding, application), and the academic passion test, as the researcher prepared a test, which is academic passion, which consisted of 26 paragraphs. The data were analyzed and processed statistically By adopting the statistical program (21.SPSS.V), the results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied with the proposed strategy were superior to the students of the control group who studied with the usual method in the academic passion test. Based on the research results, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the proposed strategy in teaching the social studies subject, due to its positive effect in increasing the academic passion of students. In order to verify the research objective, the researcher set the following urban hypothesis
1- There are no statistically signifiicant differenices at the significance level (0.05) betweien the aiverage scores of the experimiental group students who study accoriding to the propiosed strategy according to the engagiement in learning, and the scoires of the cointrol group who study using the traiditional method in achieveiment.
2-There is no statistiically significiant differenice at the level (0.005) between the average sciores of the experimiental group studients who study uising the proiposed straitegy according to the engageiment in learning, and the average scores of the cointrol groiup studients who study using the traditiional metihod in acadiemic pasision

Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire (1785–1839), a prominent figure from the House of Osman, is widely recognized for initiating a broad spectrum of reforms aimed at modernizing the empire. Among his most notable measures were the abolition of the Janissary corps, the restructuring and modernization of the military, as well as comprehensive reforms in education and public administration. However, these reforms imposed significant financial burdens on the state, leading to a growing budget deficit. In response, the Sultan implemented a series of tax policies across the empire’s provinces, with each region required to contribute accordingly—including the territories of Greater Syria, encompassing present-day Syria and Lebanon. One of the most contentious levies was the «Cross Tax» or «Ihtisab» on real estate, imposed on the residents of Damascus by direct order from the Sublime Porte. This tax was met with strong resistance and ultimately sparked the 1831 uprising. Similarly, the Kisrawan Revolt in Mount Lebanon emerged in the wake of the promulgation of the Hatt-i Hümayun and the Gulhane Edict, both of which facilitated increased European economic encroachment, generating widespread rural discontent. Another significant episode of resistance was the peasant uprising in the province of As-Suwayda (1888–1890), directed against entrenched feudal structures. The Ottoman military intervened in five separate campaigns, all of which ended in failure. These successive events reflect the broader pattern of socio-political unrest provoked by the empire’s reformist but fiscally burdensome modernization agenda.