ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE STUDIES JOURNAL (EASJ) (formerly AL-DANANEER JOURNAL)

Despite its rich natural resources, especially abundant oil reserves, Iraq has failed to achieve sustainable and diversified economic growth. One of the major problems facing the country is political and economic instability, which has had a severe negative impact on economic infrastructure, attracting domestic and foreign investment, and creating job opportunities. This instability has caused Iraq to remain heavily dependent on oil revenues and vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. This study examines the impact of political stability and economic stability on economic growth in Iraq during the period 2000-2023. Using the ARDL model, the long-term and short-term relationship between key variables including the Political Stability and Nonviolence Index (SPA), the Government Effectiveness Index (GEI), the Exchange Rate (EX), the Unemployment Rate (NPF), the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Inflation Rate (INF) were analyzed. The results showed that political stability, nonviolence, and government effectiveness have a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while inflation and unemployment have a negative and discouraging effect. The Error Correction Model (ECM) also showed that short-term fluctuations are quickly adjusted towards long-term equilibrium.

This research deals with the impact of private banks' performance and foreign direct investment on economic growth in Iraq during the period 2014-2023. The research aims to analyze the relationship between the main variables including GDP, private banks' capital, bank deposits, and foreign investment, focusing on the role of each in supporting the Iraqi economy. The scientific addition of this research lies in providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the relationship between the banking system and foreign investment as driving factors for economic growth, highlighting the strategic importance of private banks in promoting sustainable development, and exploring the gaps that can be filled to improve economic performance. The research is based on a theoretical framework that reviews previous literature related to private banks and foreign investment, in addition to a practical framework represented in analyzing time data using the ARDL model to determine the short- and long-term relationships between the variables. The results showed that foreign direct investment and private banks' capital had a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Iraq, while public debt showed a negative impact. The error correction model (ECM) test confirmed that the Iraqi economy is able to return to equilibrium in the long run at a reasonable speed. The analysis also showed that improving banking performance and enhancing the investment environment can contribute significantly to the sustainability of economic growth.

This study aims to determine the impact of high containment management on organizational excellence and to know the extent of adoption of high containment management concepts by the two universities (Baghdad-Technological) After reviewing the theoretical studies, to the best of the researcher’s knowledge, it became clear that the subject was not scientifically satisfactory. Accordingly, the problem of the study lies in the following question: To what extent does high containment management contribute to achieving organizational excellence in the two universities in the field of study? at various administrative levels by identifying the extent of the impact of the dimensions of high containment management represented by (incentives, information sharing, teamwork, participation in decision-making) on the dimensions of organizational excellence represented by (excellence in human resources, excellence in service provision, excellence in organizational culture). The opinions of the study sample were taken from employees in the presidency of the two universities at various administrative levels, where the size of the sample valid for statistical analysis at the University of Baghdad was (83) and the size of the sample valid for statistical analysis at the University of Technology was (146). The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon, and the questionnaire was used as a tool in collecting data, and for the purpose of analysis and statistical processing, a set of programs represented by (SPSS V.28) were used. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the presence of an impact of high containment management on organizational excellence, with differences between the averages at the two universities in high containment management with preference given to the Technological University, there are differences between the averages at the two universities in organizational excellence with preference given to the Technological University, the results of the statistical analysis proved that the two universities have a level of interest in the study.

This study examines the impact of trade openness on the exchange rate in the Iraqi economy from 2014 to 2023. Trade openness is recognized as a key tool for enhancing economic growth and diversifying the production base in developing economies like Iraq. However, its impact on exchange rate stability in an economy heavily reliant on oil revenues presents significant challenges. In this research, econometric methods such as the ARDL model (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that trade openness has a positive and significant impact on the exchange rate in the long term. Increased exports and foreign investment through trade openness boost demand for the national currency, contributing to exchange rate stability. Additionally, variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), and oil prices have a positive effect on the exchange rate, while inflation and money supply have a negative impact.The findings also reveal that the Iraqi economy has a high capacity to correct deviations from long-term equilibrium, reflecting the economy's resilience to external shocks. However, to achieve greater stability, it is recommended to implement economic policies aimed at reducing dependence on oil, improving the investment environment, and controlling inflation. Furthermore, the development of non-oil sectors and increased non-oil exports can strengthen the economic base and stabilize the exchange rate.This study highlights the importance of trade openness as a strategic tool for improving economic stability and the exchange rate in Iraq. However, its successful implementation requires supportive policies and structural reforms.

The role of the Iraq Stock Exchange was very limited in financing the economic activities of the private and government sectors due to the weakness of the stock market, the absence of a bond market, as well as the concentration of market activity in the service sectors, especially banks, versus the productive sectors, and its activity was dependent on oil prices due to the impact of the government's financial policy and the impact of economic activity on it. The analysis of the monetary school was more appropriate for the circumstances of Iraq than the Keynesian analysis because it is one of the developing economies. The results of the standard analysis indicated the weakness of the relationship between the money supply variable and the war on terrorism variable during the period (2014–2016) in the stock price index of the Iraqi financial market, and there was a direct relationship between the economic activity variable (gross domestic product) and inflation and the exchange rate of the dollar / Iraqi dinar on the one hand and this index for stock prices, while there was an inverse relationship between the Corona pandemic variable and the index as well, and this is consistent with logic and the Iraqi economic reality. The study recommended that the Central Bank of Iraq take many measures to achieve development and stability in the financial market.

This study aims to analyze the impact of sustainable development in its economic dimension on renewable energy consumption in Iraq during the period 2010-2024, focusing on the relationship between economic growth and the adoption of sustainable energy sources. The quantitative analytical methodology was adopted using official data from the World Bank and the Iraqi Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, with the application of advanced economic models such as Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Cointegration, Granger Causality, and Linear Correlation Analysis to examine the relationship between variables. The results revealed a long-term positive relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption, where a 1% increase in GDP leads to a 1.19% increase in renewable energy consumption. The causality tests also indicated that adopting renewable energy sources contributes to supporting economic growth. However, Iraq remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels, leading to fluctuations in renewable energy consumption. Based on these findings, the study recommends developing policies to support renewable energy investments, enhancing the regulatory framework, and diversifying energy sources to ensure a sustainable transition. It also emphasizes the importance of public-private partnerships to attract investments and ensure long-term economic sustainability.

The research aims to achieve multiple of knowing the World Bank\'s role in financing service projects in Iraq for the duration of the period (2019 - 2023) as well as the study of achievements and challenges, as well as ongoing and future projects, Its impact on developing service infrastructure and improving quality of life is important in providing valuable information to researchers and decision makers in Iraq and other countries with similar circumstances on the importance of strengthening cooperation with international financial institutions such as the World Bank in financing service projects. It also contributes to a vision of challenges and opportunities in the effective use of international finance in project implementation. The research relied on the inductive approach of describing and analysis the Baghdad secretariat\'s projects funded by the World Bank for the period (2019-2023). The most important conclusion reached by the researcher is that the World Bank\'s funding of the Baghdad secretariat projects should focus on service projects in general and the clean drinking water and sewage systems project in particular, which is the sixth sustainable development goal, which in turn contributed to reducing the gap between planned and implemented projects and this demonstrates the research hypothesis. While the most important recommendation recommended by the researcher is to expedite the implementation of projects and benefit from the World Bank\'s funding for these projects for the coming years, which contributes to improving the infrastructure of the Iraqi economy and avoids affording benefits if the Baghdad secretariat slows down by benefiting from the operation of the projects.

The study aims to clarify the role of Al Ahli Iraqi Bank and the International Islamic Bank in financing Iraq’s economic sectors for the period (2016-2023) through an analytical study. It highlights the financing methods used by each type of bank and identifies the obstacles affecting the provision of financing to economic sectors. The study proposes several hypotheses, including differences in the volume of financing between Al Ahli Iraqi Bank and the International Islamic Bank, as well as the varying impact of economic factors and crises, which, in turn, affect each bank’s ability to provide financing. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the role of both conventional and Islamic banks in financing Iraq’s economic sectors during the period 2016-2023. The study relied on data obtained from the Central Bank of Iraq, the Iraq Stock Exchange, and the official websites of the conventional and Islamic banks included in the sample. Among the key findings of the study is the presence of significant differences between Al Ahli Iraqi Bank and the International Islamic Bank in terms of financing. It was found that Al Ahli Iraqi Bank played a larger role in providing financing during the specified period. Additionally, there are differences in financing methods between the two banks: Al Ahli Iraqi Bank focuses on financial and profitability aspects, while the International Islamic Bank emphasizes compliance with Islamic Sharia principles alongside financial and profitability considerations.

This study investigates the enhancement of production efficiency at Al-Dhahabi Dairy Factory through the implementation of an ab initio mathematical programming model. Traditional optimization approaches like linear and goal programming have proven inadequate for the dairy's operations as they treat raw material availability as fixed constraints, failing to account for the dynamic nature of dairy production economics. The research addresses several critical challenges: fluctuating raw material costs that vary with purchase quantities (with some suppliers offering bulk discounts while others impose premium pricing beyond certain thresholds); strict production capacity constraints; minimum production requirements to maintain market presence; and the need for optimal budget allocation to maximize returns. By developing a comprehensive mathematical model that dynamically optimizes resource allocation while accounting for these challenges, the study achieved significant improvements in operational efficiency. The practical application of the model determined optimal production quantities for each major dairy product (milk, cream, cheese, and whey) based on market demand and available budget, resulting in an increased profitability of IQD 7,561,686.5. The model's success stems from its ability to allocate resources accurately, improve efficiency in raw material procurement, adapt to price fluctuations, and reduce waste while maintaining product quality. Based on these results, the study recommends adoption of the de novo model as a fundamental tool for production planning and resource management in dairy manufacturing operations. Another challenge is the budget that can be used efficiently to avoid loss.

In this research, operations research methods were used to extract several results for the cost of electric power transfer from its production station to consuming cities,this is by finding the Starting Basic Feasible Solution (S.B.F.S) and choose the lowest cost than them,then tests at this lowest cost to find out that this cost is the lowest cannot be improve (reducing it more) and thus is the optimal solution,or it can be reduced to a certain extent and thus the new cost that represents the optimal solution,all of this is used by using the two methods of testing,stepping stone or winding path method and multiplication factors, where the researcher designed two cases,the first case shows that the lowest cost of the Starting Basic Feasible Solution(after using the tests referred in the above) it cannot be reduced,so this cost represents the optimal solution.As for the second case,it was possible to reduce the lowest cost of the costs of the (S.B.F.S),and thus the reduced cost is the optimal solution. At the end of the research,a number of conclusions were reached,including that the results of starting basic feasible solution must be extracted by the three methods mentioned in the research and focusing on the lowest cost from it to know whether it represents the optimal solution or not so that it can be improved (reduced) to reach the new optimal solution using the way of winding path and multiplication,the accuracy of the results provided by the statistical models used in the calculation of the transportation cost is subject to the availability and reliability of the statistical data used,and a number of recommendations have suggested.

Ownership structure refers to shares distribution among the various shareholders in a company. This structure includes the shares percentage owned by individuals, institutions, local or foreign investors, and board members. This structure highly effects on managing company and on making its strategic decisions. and If the Ownership gathered in a small group, they can highly influence the company’s decisions. Conversely, if ownership is more distributed among many shareholders, its required a broader consensus to make decisions and different opinions, and this can lead to more comprehensive and diverse policies. In addition, ownership structure can affect the shares stability in market, as many shareholders try to have more influence over share pricing by selling or buying large amounts of shares at one time. This makes ownership structure a critical factor in controlling market dynamics and a company’s ability to attract investment and keep investor confidence. The research found that investors prefer banks for having sustainable growth ability a s it seems to them. they believe that the foreign ownership brings with it a new opportunities and it increases the efficiency of the bank and that reflects positively on the number of traded shares, as for Bank of Baghdad foreign ownership, they had a high influence on share performance in Iraqi Stock Market and achieving rates three times to the average market share price of the locally owned investment bank. The study recommended that the authorities should encourage banks listed in the stock market to enhance the stability to these share prices and maintain their levels. This can be achieved by imposing certain restrictions on the minimum share prices, to help protecting the shares value and maintaining market stability. This approach will help banks to enhance the investor confidence in their financial performance, this ensure the share prices will not fall to undesirable levels, this led to increase the investing attractiveness in these banks in the long term. In addition, this measure helps to push banks to improve their financial and administrative performance, as they will be obligated to work on raising the efficiency of their operations and providing better services to ensure the stability and value of their shares in the market.

The analysis results revealed a significant positive relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance, showing that leaders with motivational and inspirational skills are able to enhance the work environment and foster a culture of creativity and innovation within the organization. The findings also emphasized the importance of effective communication and continuous support from leadership in enhancing the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance.
This research contributes to filling the knowledge gap regarding the impact of transformational leadership in Iraqi government workplaces and provides a practical framework for organizations to follow in enhancing positive interaction between leadership and employees, thus improving organizational performance.

The current study aims to measure the impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on improvisational entrepreneurial behavior in Baghdad Education Directorate, and to identify the reality of the directorate's situation in the study community to help it solve the problems it faces and develop appropriate solutions to overcome these problems. To achieve the study's goal (goals), a questionnaire was used as a study tool. It was prepared according to the five-point Likert scale, as it consisted of three axes. The first axis included personal and functional data prepared by the researcher, while the second axis included entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a main variable consisting of five dimensions: (entrepreneurial innovation), which includes (5) paragraphs. The second and third dimensions are (planning and organizing resources), which include (3) paragraphs for each dimension, while the fourth dimension included (managing ambiguity), which includes (5) paragraphs, while the fifth dimension included (financial knowledge), which includes (4) paragraphs based on the Moberg scale (2013). The third axis included improvisational entrepreneurial behavior (dependent variable), as it includes three dimensions (creativity, proactivity, and risk) by relying on the scale (Jong et al., 2013) which includes (3) paragraphs for each dimension. (35) questionnaires were distributed to the leaders working in the Baghdad Education Directorate, and (32) forms were retrieved, meaning that the response rate was 91%. After reviewing, (2) forms were excluded for not meeting the conditions of statistical analysis, so that the sample would be (30). The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon in this study. In order to analyze the collected data, some statistical methods were used, such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, structural modeling equation (SEM), simple correlation coefficient, and impact analysis using the SPSS statistical analysis program. Several results were reached, the most important of which is the existence of a correlation and impact relationship between the study variables, with this relationship varying at the level of sub-dimensions. The most prominent recommendations of the study were to work on achieving a balance between the need to make quick decisions and adhere to procedures and responsibilities.

This study examines the role of FinTech in Enhancing Financial inclusion in Jordan and investigates how technological infrastructure mediates the association between them. The research focuses on analyzing how the specific elements of Fintech, such as the quantity of ATMs, credit cards, and electronic debt services improve FS availability, FS accessibility, and ease of use. After analyzing data collected from 500 respondents on Smart PLS 4.1.0.7, the findings revealed that FI is significantly improved by these specific elements of FinTech. Additionally, TI strengthened FinTech's impact on FI by playing the crucial role of mediator. Although the findings show positive outcomes, some issues are critical like cybersecurity robustness is required, support from regularity authorities, and digital finance awareness is still under-addressed in the financially excluded population. This requires further investigations to overcome crucial issues in the adoption of FinTech and financial solutions in Jordan.

This study aimed to identify the level of availability of organizational health dimensions, namely (communication effectiveness, morale, creativity and institutional cohesion) as well as the level of practicing dimensions of organizational silence, particularly (silence of submission, defensive silence and social silence). It also attempted to measure the impact of organizational health on organizational silence among employees at the supervisory administration of the National Dairy and Food Company (Nadfood) in Hodeidah Governorate. The researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach using the whole survey method of all the (55) employees at the supervisory administration who represented the study population. The questionnaire was developed and checked for validity and reliability to test the study's hypotheses and conduct appropriate statistical analyses. The results showed a high level of availability of all the sub-dimensions of organizational health (communication effectiveness, morale, creativity, and institutional cohesion) among employees at the supervisory administration of (Nadfood) in Hodeidah governorate, Yemen. In addition, there was a statistically significant effect of organizational health in its dimensions as a whole (communication effectiveness, morale, creativity and institutional cohesion) on organizational silence, while the effect of the (creativity) dimension on organizational silence was found statistically insignificant. In light of the results, the administration of (Nadfood) company in Hodeidah is recommended to redouble efforts to provide the organizational health dimensions because of its impact on the level of practicing organizational silence.

The subject of evaluating financial performance is of great importance to the banking institution, especially in the current period in which the world is witnessing a major economic collapse of American and European banks, and among the most important reasons for their bankruptcy was the discrepancy in the accounting data issued by these institutions and their real performance, and the banking administration plays a leading role in implementing the state’s financial and monetary policy and therefore contributes to activating economic activities. The banking administration plays a leading role in implementing the state’s financial and monetary policy, and therefore it contributes to activating economic and social activities and increasing administrative work and financial performance. This requires increasing its effectiveness because the main problem facing Iraqi banks, whether governmental or private, is the inability of their organizational structures to respond to rapid developments. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed in this study, as it is one of the most suitable methodologies to achieve the research objectives and address its questions and hypotheses. This approach is effective in observing phenomena related to banking management, where a purposive sample was selected from the employees of the Iraqi Rafidain Bank for the period from 2024 to 2025, consisting of 70 employees. The research yielded several key findings, the most significant of which is the statistically significant effect of banking management efficiency on financial performance from the employees' perspective. Additionally, the results showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the sample based on the gender variable, while significant differences were observed in banking management efficiency based on educational qualification, favoring those with higher degrees. Furthermore, significant differences were found in banking management efficiency based on the number of years of experience in the banking field, with differences favoring employees with 10 years of experience or more. These results highlight the importance of banking management efficiency in enhancing financial performance.

This study aims to analyze the impact of time management on employee productivity in service-oriented educational institutions, with a specific focus on the Directorate of Education in Basra as an applied model. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a sample of 100 employees across various job categories. The study focused on four key dimensions of time management: planning, organization, execution, and obstacles, and their relationship to productivity levels. The findings revealed a strong statistically significant correlation between time management and employee productivity. It was found that improving time management skills directly contributes to enhancing performance efficiency and reducing time waste. The study also concluded that organizational and technical obstacles—such as excessive unscheduled meetings and poor coordination—are among the main challenges faced by employees. The study recommends adopting regular training programs and implementing digital tools for time management to boost productivity in educational work environments.

This study aims to analyze the reality of the Iraqi economy in light of its dependence on oil rents, and explore the repercussions of external shocks on some macroeconomic variables over the period (1990–2022). It seeks to understand the dynamics of external to internal transmission through various economic channels, and to identify the structural deficiencies that make the economy vulnerable to international fluctuations, particularly oil price fluctuations, geopolitical policies, and global financial and health crises.
The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach based on analyzing time-series data and official economic indicators. The results revealed a profound structural imbalance represented by the rise in the oil sector's contribution to GDP to a percentage exceeding 103% in 2022, reflecting weak economic diversification and the failure of previous reform policies. Operating expenditures also dominated public spending, accounting for an average of 80.74%, compared to a sharp decline in investment expenditures, undermining opportunities for sustainable growth. The study recommends the adoption of a comprehensive economic strategy based on genuine structural reform, enhancing integration between productive sectors, and reducing dependence on oil revenues by diversifying sources of income, thus contributing to building a more resilient economy capable of confronting external shocks.

The current study aims to explore and analyze the impact of decentralization in government sector institutions on employee satisfaction, highlighting the mediating role played by organizational climate in enhancing this positive impact. The study is based on the hypothesis that employee empowerment and the distribution of authority directly impact increased levels of initiative and employee motivation, which in turn contribute to optimal organizational performance. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected using a comprehensive questionnaire distributed to 281 male and female employees from various departments and job categories in major government institutions. Men represented 54.5% of the sample, while women comprised 45.5%. The average age of participants was 39 years, while the average years of experience was 13 years. The numerical results revealed that 64% of the sample felt empowered to make daily decisions, 72% reported regular sharing of administrative information within the organization, and 68% expressed satisfaction with the clarity of the division of tasks. Statistical analyses revealed a strong positive correlation between the implementation of decentralization and the improvement of the organizational climate. The organizational climate recorded an average rating of 3.68 out of 5 on a Likert scale, and the average job satisfaction rate was 3.66 out of 5. The results confirmed higher satisfaction rates with increased employee empowerment and transparent communication. The study concluded with practical and theoretical recommendations calling for the development of flexible models for the distribution of authority, promoting a culture of transparency and participation, and advocating for periodic evaluation and digital transformation to support decentralized management within the governmental institutional context.

The researcher aims through this paper intend to explore on the concepts of (strategic readiness) with its dimensions (strategic sensitivity, readiness for change, collective commitment) and (organizational prosperity) with its dimensions (organizational agility, intellectual capital, creativity) due to the importance of these concepts combined at currently in organizations, due to the endeavour of all organizations to be prosperous and superior to competitors in terms of providing goods or services. This prosperity is achieved by the organization preparing to deal with future variables, in addition to seizing opportunities, by preparing strategic plans to deal with those challenges or opportunities. The research the study relied on a question: Is there a relationship between strategic awareness and organizational prosperity, and how does the organization’s strategic readiness affect organizational prosperity? The researcher chose the TBI to constitute field of research through a number of its branches in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher chose a deliberate sample of (60) managers at all levels. The hypotheses were tested using statistical tool (SPSS) through the use of a number of statistical methods, including (coefficient of Cronbach's alpha reliability, construct validity, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, relative importance, and linear regression coefficient. The main result in study indicated that bank's good readiness to deal with future environmental variables and seize opportunities leads to enhanced performance and sustainable development within the bank, which in turn leads to organizational prosperity.