Psychological Science

This study aims at measuring the helping behavior of the ation children (male – female) , they were chosen randomly at (preparatory stage) from (4) kindergarten which was chosen willfully in general directorate of education in Baghdad – Al – Karkh 1 , of the year 2016 – 2017 , the measure of the behavior of the help was determined and the validity and stability of the scale was verified ,for statistical analysis , pearson correlation coefficient , one – way T- test and two – way test were used . The study reached the the following results :
-There is an advanced growth in the levels of help behavior in children of kindergarten.
-There is no statistically significant difference between the average behavior of the children in the kindergarten according to the gender variable .
Key Words: Helping , behavior

The research aims at identifying the level of accomplishment motivation for the high school headmasters of governmental morning school in Baghdad governorate as well as setting a proposed training programme according to their training needs, this is why this piece of research is limited to the morning governmental high school headmasters in the six directorate in Baghdad governorate.
The sample is confined to (934) of high school headmasters. The sample is 50%tested by (467).The researcher has set a scale to detect the aims of the research. As for the statistical means used (the mean, the supposed mean ,the standard and the T-test ) for one sample.
The researcher has found that the level of the high school headmasters concerning the accomplishment motivation is more than the average, so a training programme is needed.
The researcher has set a training programme suggested to Ministry of Education as is mentioned in results and suggestions .

The research aimed to identify the beliefs of young people towards the mental and intellectual aspects of the elderly. And to identify differences in beliefs according to variable (gender) and variable (Accommodation with the elderly). And the design of a proposal for a Counseling Intervention Of Rational Emotive Behavioral to modify the negative beliefs towards the mental and intellectual aspects of the elderly .The descriptive approach was used and the researcher prepared a measure of beliefs towards the mental and intellectual aspects of the elderly. And applied to the research sample, which amounted to (110) young men and women. The results showed that the sample had negative beliefs towards the mental and intellectual aspects of the elderly. There were no differences in negative beliefs between males and females, Or between those who live and those who are not living with the elderly. It has also been designed to propose a Counseling Intervention Of Rational Emotive Behavioral to modify negative beliefs towards the mental and intellectual aspects of the elderly. At the conclusion of the research, the researcher recommended a number of ministries to reconsider their plans of action towards the elderly to modify the negative belief towards their mental and intellectual aspects. He also suggested to the relevant scientific departments to apply the guiding interference designed in the current research.

There is a close connection between the individual's vision of himself when he reaches the stage of growing up and his ability to perform tasks and activities that confirm his association with the community as a member able to participate in the development and development of society. Therefore, the awareness of the community and its willingness to provide social support programs and health care for members of this group will help them To adapt effectively to the circumstances they face. The elderly are a rich source of experience accumulated over the years, and a source of scientific, literary, administrative and productive knowledge, so they should be given an opportunity to contribute to the path of development and production as long as they are able to give away pessimism as destructive destructive tendency to the owner With misery.

The importance of research and its need:
This stage of life in which one has collected from the experiences and experiences in his life is a lot as he stands on the threshold of a period of physical or intellectual decline or both. He looks at the six decades he has left behind and is either consciously or unconsciously aware of this long period of time and of what has been offered to himself and after him from offspring or even to the human race. Satisfaction may thus be psychological satisfaction and dissatisfaction may thus be a breakdown of mental illness from depression, anxiety and so on
The current research aims to identify: the causes of psychological and social disorders of the elderly, types and forms of psychological and social disorders of the elderly, psychological and social characteristics of the elderly, the negative effects of psychological and social disorders on the elderly
The research reached some conclusions and recommendations from them
The elderly are an indispensable human resource for any society seeking growth that is the simplest way to benefit from their experience and guidance to those around them in all aspects of life
Encourage the elderly to continue to connect with the world and to reach alternative roles to those lost as a result of retirement or widowhood and ensure high levels of social participation and morale.Activate the role of government institutions and the provision of services to care for the elderly and set specific goals to achieve happiness and prosperity and hope for them..

The aim of this research is to know the standard of the defence mechanism used by working women , And if there is any relationship between the defence mechanism and psychological health . The collection will be from all the working staffs who belong to the University of Salahadin and their number is(1251) staff. The research consists of (210) staff chosen randomrly from 6 six Colleges .To investigate the aims of the research . The researcher depended on the measurement of( the defence mechanism) taken from the Swedien organization ( Diacona,1994) , and the measurement of harmony and psychological health , which was prepared depending on 2003. Hughm –Bell ,and some of the literature Studies.T.test was used for one sample to Compare the statics and the theory of the working measurement in the research, and the pearson theory to produce Constancy and its engagement to the alterations in the research. The results of the research showed existence by working Women , it also showed an intermediate existence of psychological health and adaitation by them, and positive relationship between defence mechanism and psychological health .

The search aims to identify: Psychological pressures of University Students.
1. Differences in Psychological Stress among University Students according to variables Sex (Male - Female) & Academic Specialization (Scientific - Human).
2. The relationship between Psychological Stress & Types of Rumination among University Students.
The Sample consisted of (300) Students from (6) Colleges chosen by Stratified Random Sample Method with a Proportional Distribution of (126) Students from (3) Humanitarian colleges by (51) Males & (75) Females, (3) Scientific Colleges by (75) Males & (99) Females.
Psychological Stress were adopted by ( ALJumaily, 2007), It Consists of (24) Items.
The Psychometric properties of the Two instruments of the apparent validity, validity & construction validity were verified, & the Reliability were the verified of test re-test, & Alpha - Cronbach were verified.
The Data were Statistically analyzed using the following Statistical means (One sample T-test, Two Independent Samples T-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Chi-square, Two Analysis with Interaction).
The following results were reached:
1. University Students suffer from psychological stress.
2. There are differences of Statistical Significance in Psychological Stress according to Sex & for the benefit of Females & the existence of differences of statistical significance according to the Academic Specialization & the interest of the Academic Specialization, & there are no differences in the interaction between Sex & the Academic Specialization in Psychological Stress among University Students. The Researcher presented a set of Recommendations & Suggestions.

Chapter I deals with the problem of research, its importance and justifications: It was formulated in a set of questions about the basics of protecting children according to their needs through the characteristics of their growth, the means of protecting them and the bases on which they relied on the drafting of the articles of the Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child. It also summarized the importance of research in the fact that childhood is one of the most important stages of human development. In the purpose of the research, the researcher sought to reveal the shortcomings in the Charter of the rights of the world child with regard to the characteristics and the system of growth and coverage of the basic needs of this growth. The terms of the Convention on the Rights of the Child are defined in the articles of the Charter of the Rights of the Child (1991. The second chapter contains a theoretical framework containing a historical profile and the leading models of international bodies for the protection of children in international humanitarian law And the rights of the child in Islam, through the Holy Quran and Sunnah purified, as well as the characteristics and principles and demands and stages of growth and factors affecting it and the concept of the needs and problems of childhood, and manifestations of physical and social development, emotional and mental, and included previous studies on the objectives of research. The protection of children, the right of children to care and education, the Security Council resolutions on the protection of children and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross in the protection of children. Conclusions, by categorizing items according to the characteristics of growth, ranging from social, cultural and legal rights, and then the area of psychological growth, the field of physical growth and health care, to the paragraphs related to mental development. The articles and paragraphs were then sorted out in the general rights covered by the Charter, and the diagnosis of the articles and paragraphs ignored some of the specificities which necessitated the amendment according to the requirements of the circumstances of each country. The proposed amendments were drawn up to recommendations and references

The current research aims to identify
1. The level of flexibility of the ego of students Alkkaddi father
2. Building an orientation program using positive self-talk based on Meichenbaum (1974).
3 - Development of the ego flexibility of the students of the father. By testing the following hypotheses:
-There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the rank of the control group members in the tribal and remote tests on the ego elasticity scale.
-There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the rank of the experimental group members in the tribal and remote tests on the ego elasticity scale before applying the guidance method.
-There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the levels of the scores of the experimental and control groups in the test on the elasticity of the ego after applying the method of talking to the self.
The researches based on students from the middle stage of the academic year (2017-2018) from the city of Baghdad. The first Rusafa education. The sample of the present research was 20 students from the Western Midwestern. After applying the guidance method, The researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The purpose of the research is to identify the effect of using the models Wheatley and Keller in the development of cognitive preference of students of the third stage / Department of Social Sciences for the History of modern Kurds subject.
The researchers adopted the experimental design called equal groups, and the research community consists of all third-stage students - Department of Social Sciences / College of Basic Education for the academic year (2016 - 2017), and their number was (97). They were divided into three groups (A, B, C), and they also became the research sample. The experimental and control groups were selected by simple random drag by lot, Where the group (A) represents the first experimental group studied using the Whitley model, and the group (B) represents the first experimental group studied using the Keller model, and the group (C) represents the control group which is studied in accordance with the normal method, And equivalence was conducted among them in several variables.
The researchers prepared the achievement test and formed the paragraphs of the type of multiple choice, and essay with a specific answer.
After completing the experiment, and applying the tool, and conducting statistical analysis of data through the application of the analysis of mono-variance analysis (ANOVA) and Scheffe test for dimensional comparisons.
In the light of the results, the researchers reached several conclusions, including the effectiveness of using the models Wheatley and Keller in developing the critical questioning style for modern Kurdish history subject

The study aimed to identify the attitude toward aging of older people and to identify the attitude toward aging according to the following variables( gender, age, education level, social status), the sample compose of(110) elderly,(55) female and(55) male. The sample responded to the attitude toward aging scale, that consist of three subscales( psychological growth, physical changes, and psychological lose).
The results of the study revealed that there is positive attitude toward aging according to( psychological growth, physical changes), and natural attitude toward (psychological lose).
There is no statistically significant difference in attitude of sample toward aging according to the(gender, age, social status)for the three subscales, and there is a statically significant difference according to education level variable and for those with Higher education degrees on subscale(psychological growth)

The medical profession is considered one of the best professions because of its human value and prestige; the societies require specialized medical staff in many fields in order to advance their development. This needs to encourage the various members of society both male and female to reach universities and study medicine, which is one of the important indicator to measure the development of peoples and progress through the provision of various medical services and developed to maintain the safety of the individual and mental and physical capabilities. Iraq is one of the developing countries seek to maintain the scientific status as other countries, but social and security instability result in decline in the medical staff and lack of important medical specialties. It is assumed that graduates of medical colleges, male and female in Iraqi universities, to fill the shortage of medical staff in hospitals, the researcher noted that there is a disparity in the number of graduates of medical schools, an increase in the proportion of females to males, after the proportion of males was higher since the establishment Medical colleges and until the beginning of this century
The researcher worked on this case to discuss the factors and reasons for this phenomenon and the social impacts of it. The study based on a closed questionnaire with 16 statements discussed the reasons that related to this phenomenon. The researcher found that there are many factors caused the increase in the number of females in medical colleges over the past few years. The most important of these factors are the granting of equal opportunities in admission based on the rate obtained by the student, while there was preference for males before 2003 because of the circumstances .The absence of women working in remote areas, the lack of medical staff working in the main hospitals at night, and the limited financial income, which is not commensurate with the long working hours, this cause the reluctance of males to apply for medical studies and provided more seats for accepting females,but what drives women to do so is their feeling that the profession is more satisfying to their value in society. The other factors and reasons that we have proposed have been less important, including social and cultural values that limit female activity and allow more time for females to study as well as the social restrictions on the female and reduce their opportunities to emigrate and study outside the country and the increase in the proportion of females in the community in general has been reflected in the increase of women in medical schools.
As for the social impacts resulting from the continued reluctance of males to study medicine, the society will experience a deficit in some specialties, especially surgery, and increase the burden of work on females to fill this deficit. Women may not be able to work in all specialties because of their physical, And the nature of society may not prefer to the feminine in some surgical specialties, which have traditionally been male competence and with the growing shortage in some specialties will resort to some patients to treatment outside Iraq, which cost the patient large sums and adversely affect the reputation of medicine In Iraq and on skill Of the Iraqi doctor, and that the increase in the number of Iraq's population and the continuing exodus of doctors because of the abuse and lack of seriousness of the government to solve this problems, this will deteriorate in medical services in Iraq .

The self-reliance of the main features in the child's personality, which helps in the growth of the child's personality and gives him confidence and self-respect, and in order to have the child on its own was necessary to know the foundations of care for himself of eating, dressing and access to the bathroom and shower, and more importantly, to be able to motivate himself to work no matter what the task., and exit the mother to work naturally leads to live the whole of variables as family differ from variables mother's family is working, which requires them to effort and tenders is greater than the effort and giving the mother is working, may affect the adoption of a child himself.
The current research aims to: -
1- Measure of self-reliance at the kindergarten children.
2 - Know the significance of the difference between the average scores of self-reliance among the children of working mothers and non-working.
Consisted research sample of 250 children by (128) of the children of working mothers and (122) of the children, moms, and was extracted validity and reliability of the scale by calculating the reliability coefficient Alvakronbach and the $ (0.94) and the application of statistical methods have been extract the following results:
1- That the sample self-reliance is the level of the average.
2 - The children of working mothers more dependent on themselves than
hildren moms. In light of these results and put some of the recommendations, including: 1 - the involvement of parents in training programs to increase them aware of the importance of self-reliance in the lives of their children, the future 0.2 - the involvement of the media to raise the awareness of parents of the importance of self-reliance in building the character of their children.

The present study aims at:
Finding out the self-defeat of the primary school six grade pupils, the study sample, by the following null hypothesis:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the mean and the hypothetical mean of the self-defeating scale.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the mean of the male scores and the mean of the female scores in the self-defeating scale.
3. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) among the means of pupils' scores in the self-defeating scale according to the parental treatment.
4. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) among the means of pupils' scores in the self-defeating scale according to the living place variable.
The study sample is represented in (500) of primary school six grad pupils (male and female). The sample is elected by the random stratified method from the education directory (Karkh and Rusafa). The statistical analysis sample is represented in (400) pupils selected randomly from six grade pupils at Karakh and al Rusafa primary schools.

The two researchers have constructed the self-defeating scales and finding out its psychometric characteristics (discrimination, reliability and validity). The researchers have used the following statistical tools: two and one sampling t-test, person correlated factor and Scheffē test to present the following results:
1. The primary school six grade pupils have not self-defeat.
2. There are statistically significant differences at (0.05) in the self- defeat scale according to the gender variable (male- female) in favor of female.
3. There are statistically significant differences at (0.05) in the self- defeat scale according to parental treatment (cruelty direction, normality direction and neglecting direction) in favor of cruelty and neglecting directions.
4. There are statistically significant differences at (0.05) in the self- defeat scale according living place variable (with the two parents, with one of them or the relatives) in favor of living with the two parents.

Accordingly, several suggestions and recommendations have been set forward.

The current search has targeted the following:
1. Academic adaptation of university students.
2. Engaging in learning among university students.
3. The relationship between academic adaptation and the involvement in learning among university students.
4. The difference in the relationship between academic adaptation and the involvement in learning among university students according to the variables of type A (male - female), B - specialization (scientific - human).
The research was limited to the students of Mustansiriya University, from both sexes (males and females) and both specialized (scientific - human) morning studies for the academic year (2016 - 2017).
In order to achieve the current research goals, the two researchers built a measure of academic adaptation based on Baker and Sirk's view, which the researchers adopted as a theoretical framework for the current research, which includes (32) paragraphs in its final form. After the translation and adaptation of the Iraqi environment because the researchers adopted their point of view and the scale of (15) paragraph, and then the researchers applied the tools of research on a sample of university students were randomly selected cluster of (400) students, and after the application of research tools and the use of statistical means Pric In light of the research objectives have been reached following results:
- The average of the research sample is lower than the average satisfactory, and this result indicates that the members of the research sample have a decline in academic adjustment.
- The average sample of the research is higher than the average satisfactory, and this result indicates that the members of the research sample have a high degree of involvement in learning.
- There is a positive correlation between both academic adaptation and learning.
- There are no statistically significant differences in the relationship between academic adjustment and the extent of learning according to the gender variable at the level of significance (0.05). There are statistically significant differences in the relationship between academic adjustment and learning involvement according to the specialization variable at the level of ( 0.05 ) For scientific specialization.

The current research aims to know the level of intelligence wisdom of university students, and know the relationship between the intelligence wisdom and Thinking style at The research sample, To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher chose to study the community of Baghdad University students, and the sample reached (410) students.
In order to measure the variables of the research, the researcher prepared a measure of the intelligence wisdom according to Sternberg theory, which consists of (34) items,. The second measure is the Thinking styles for the University students, the researcher adopt the standards of Thinking styles, the measure of thinking styles consists of (13) thinking style, consisting of (65) item,
The most important results have been attained after applying this scales on the sample of the research and at analyzing their responses statistically ,the most important results were:
1. University students (research sample) have the intelligence wisdom.
2. The existence of a relationship between the intelligence wisdom and every thinking styles except of thinking styles (global, internal).

The research of psychology of self-presentation in women This is a theoretical research devoted to presenting the literature of the psychological variable in the presentation of self, especially in women, as the indications of studies in this field that there are quantitative differences in the self-presentation of women in particular is reflected quantitative differences in the desire of women to enter The self-presentation is greater than men. The qualitative differences are reflected in the desire of women to enter certain types of self-presentation, such as the Acquisitive self-presentation compared to men who prefer to engage in the Protective self-presentation. The research concluded with a number of conclusions and recommendations.

The current research aimed to identify the social maturity of university students as well as to identify the impact of the counseling program on the basis of the method of emotional rational guidance in the development of social maturity.
The researcher used the measure of social maturity prepared by al-Jizani (2005) and was presented to a group of experts in the measurement, evaluation and psychological guidance. The psychometric characteristics of the researcher were also derived from sincerity and consistency. The research tools included the social maturation scale and the extension program, consisting of (10) Statistical methods were used (one meta-test, two independent samples, the Mann-Tenni test, and Colmogruff Samir Nov). The results of the present study showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the extension program in social maturity. The researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

The research aim: to identify the current this topic causes psychological social and religious intolerance sectarian and dogmatic ways of treating.
Research methodology: descriptive and analytical.
Define the terms: intolerance negative: it is the wrong idea plus the accompanying emotion followed by aggressive behavior against don seconded the idea.
Research goals: identify the causes of intolerance and ways to deal with it.
Summarized the causes of intolerance psychological follows:
1-is the feeling of a bigot that he is the victim as a result of his frustration.
2- His personal fanatic is the owner of the troubled personal.
3-his personal abnormal his mind not only the patient accepts the ideas of wrong and believes in strongly.
4-the presence of a type of personalities albaranuech wrong and believes in the idea of aggressively enthusiastic and overly hatred of the other and refuses to logic.
5-intolerance vent emotional than latlj in self- hatred.
Amalgam phenomenon of religious intolerance are by appealing to the Quran and sunnah as the constitution of the Muslim and mujahedeen and self-self is self –love and self – interest and dialogue between moderates of isms is very important to follow and objectivity in judging the religious ideas and stay away from hyperbole.

Aging is an important stage in human life, it is no less important than childhood or youth, but because of the rapid social and economic changes that occur in society, the nature of individuals' relations has changed. This has affected the elderly and led to increase their problems, in addition to the emergence of new problems which the elderly didn't suffer from previously.
Aging is not a disease; it is a period in which a person changes physiologically; it is another and new image that is accompanied with shortcomings and a significant loss of strength and vitality. Thus, working with the elderly requires faith in the importance and value of working with this age group as the same importance with other ages.
This age group suffers from neglect, lack of interest and lack of care; it may even be considered handicapped and dependent on the family members and society. Even though, the elderly are a constructive energy if it is invested and exploited in a good way by providing the necessary care and attention to them.
As an elderly person, many problems will appear. The research problem is an attempt to discover the most important problems experienced by the elderly in Baghdad governorate according to the variables of the gender of the elderly, whether male or female and the marital status of the elderly, whether (married, widow/ widower and divorced).
The research problem is summarized by the following question:
- What are the most important problems of the elderly according to their gender and marital status variables?
The research aims to:
1. Identify the most important problems experienced by the elderly.
2. Identify the problems of the elderly according to their gender variable (male, female).
3. Identify the problems of the elderly according to their marital status variable (married, widow/ widower, divorced (.
The current research was limited to: - Elderly people in the city of Baghdad next to the second Rusafa in Al-Baladiat region who were selected randomly. The sample of the research consisted of (80) elderly, (40) males and (40) females.
The two researchers prepared a measure to identify the most important problems experienced by the elderly to achieve the objectives of the research, and the validity of the scale was verified by presenting it to a group of arbitrators in the field, and the stability was extracted in the manner of retesting, the coefficient of stability of the elderly problems scale was (0.84). After processing the data statistically, the research reached to the following results:
1. There are economic, health and socio-psychological problems that the elderly suffered from.
2. There is a statistically significant difference between the problems of the elderly according to the age variable; the two researchers used the T test equation for two independent samples in equal size to reach the results of the second objective. The result of this procedure is:
A. Economic problems were in favor of the elderly males.
There was a statistically significant difference between the arithmetical averages of economic problems for the elderly males and the calculated T value was (9,266), which is greater than the scale value of (1, 96) at the significance level of (0, 05) and the freedom degree of (78).
B. Health problems were in favor of elderly males.
There was a statistically significant difference between the arithmetical averages of the health problems for the elderly males and the calculated T value was (2,409), which is greater than the table value of (1,96) at the significance level (0,05) and the freedom degree (78).
C. Socio-Psychological problems in favor of elderly females.
There was a statistically significant difference between the arithmetical variables of socio-psychological problems in favor of elderly females; the calculated T value was (16,196) which is greater than the table value of (1,96) at the significance level of (0.05) and the freedom degree of (78).
3. There is no statistically significant difference between the problems of the elderly according to their marital status (married, widow/ widower, divorced), the two researchers used the analysis of mono - variance to reach the results of the third objective. It was found that there is no statistically significant difference between the problems of the elderly according to their marital status, where the calculated alpha value is (0,178) which is smaller in compared with the table values of (3,11) at the significance level of (0,05) and (4,88) at the significance level of (0,01).
Interpretation of the results
1. Identify the most important problems experienced by the elderly
The elderly suffer from economic, health and socio-psychological problems according to their aging in which they are accompanied by the progress of the age, the emergence of problems and their needs that the family or society can't meet. Any lack of satisfaction of the elderly needs will lead to the emergence of many other problems such as economic, health, socio-psychological problems, which leads to the deterioration in the elderly psychological, physical, mental and marital status.
2. Identify the problems of the elderly according to the gender variable (male, female).
Differences in gender have been in favor of the elderly males in economic and health problems. This may be due to the fact that the elderly males as soon as they retire or leave to practice the profession they were practicing, they suffer from economic problems because of the limited income which has a negative impact on their health. In addition to their health deterioration and their need for medicine and increase the cost of medication will be in a mutual relationship with their weak economic level.
While the differences in favor of elderly females in the socio- psychological problems, this may be due to the fact that elderly females suffer from these socio- psychological problems more than elderly males because of the presence of elderly female in the home and her direct contact with children and their wives and children at home, as well as, the large number of interventions and rejection of such interventions without pay attention to the elderly female's need for special care from the children and the need to devote any time to talk with them. So they are more likely to suffer from socio-psychological problems as compared with the elderly male, who may find a breather by going to the cafe and accompanied by a group of the elderly friends.
3. Identify the elderly problems according to their marital status (married, widow/ widower, divorced).
It was found that there is no difference between the elderly males and females according to their marital status, whether the elderly (male or female), married, or one of them widow/widower, or one of them divorced; all elderly people suffer from the same economic, health and socio-psychological problems. In the case of the married elderly, the presence of the wife or husband does not help to eliminate such problems; as well as the divorced and widow/widower elderly, this means that all the elderly married, divorced and widow/widower suffer from these problems.