Psychological Science

The study aims to identify:
1. The level of self-compassion among intermediate school students.
2. The level of psychological resilience among intermediate school students.
3.Whether there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in self-compassion according to gender (male/female).
4. Whether there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in self-compassion according to grade (second/third graders in intermediate school).
5. Whether there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in psychological resilience according to gender (male/female).
6. Whether there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in psychological resilience according to grade (second/third graders in intermediate school).
7. The correlation between self-compassion and psychological resilience.
The statistical analysis sample consisted of (360) male and female students from the second and third grades, while the research sample was (396) students who were selected by random stratified sampling. Two scales were applied: the Self-Compassion Scale by Neff (2003) (translated), and the Psychological Resilience Scale developed by the researcher. The research came out with the following results:

1. The research sample (second and third graders in intermediate school) showed self-compassion.
2. The research sample (second and third graders in intermediate school) showed psychological resilience.
3. There were statistically significant differences in self-compassion according to gender (male/female) in favor of males and in favor of third graders.
4. There were no statistically significant differences in psychological resilience according to gender or grade.
5. There was a positive, statistically significant correlation between self-compassion and psychological resilience.

Over the past two decades, Iraq has witnessed profound political and social transformations imposing major challenges on the democratic process in general and parliamentary elections in particular. Despite the repetition of the electoral experience since 2005, the Iraqi public’s attitudes toward the elections are still characterized by instability, fluctuating between positive participation and reluctance or boycott, as a result of intertwined political, economic, psychological, and media factors. Despite the importance of these components, the actual attitudes of the Iraqi public toward the 2025 elections are still scientifically unclear, especially in light of:
• Loss of confidence among some segments of the public in the integrity of the elections
• The broad influence of digital media and communication platforms
• The transformations that accompanied the 2018 and 2021 elections
•Economic and social changes in recent years
As the 2025 elections approach, the need to understand how the Iraqi public thinks increases. What influences his decisions? What factors increase or decrease the desire to participate? Electoral trends have become the cornerstone of explaining political behavior and predicting participation or boycott.
Therefore, the current study aims to identify the following:
• Measuring attitudes towards elections among university employees and leachers .
• The significance of the difference in attitudes toward elections among university employees and leachers according to gender variable (male/ female)
The significance of the difference in attitudes toward elections among university employees and leachers according to the academic achievement variable.
In order to achieve the study objectives, the researchers build a scale of the attitudes of the Iraqi public towards participation in the 2025 parliamentary elections, which in its final form consists of (27) items, distributed according to its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral).
The scale was applied to the study sample of (730) students and employees within the university community, with (332) males and (398) females.
The researchers found the following:
• The university employees and teachers have positive and high attitudes towards participating in the 2025 parliamentary elections.
• There is a statistically significant difference in attitudes toward elections between males and females in favor of males. This indicates that males have a greater psychological readiness toward participation.
• There is a statistically significant difference in attitudes towards elections between different levels of achievement, as the group with the lowest achievement (sceordoky school and below) showed higher attitudes towards participation compared to those with higher degrees.
The researchers came up with many recommendations and Suggestions.

The aim of the current research is to identify the level of verbal violence among kindergarten children, as well as to identify the differences according to (gender (male, female) and in order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a measure of verbal violence based on the comprehensive and integrative view as well as on theoretical frameworks and previous measures. The number of paragraphs of the scale in its final form consists of (20) paragraphs, and its psychometric characteristics have been confirmed, and the administration has applied to an intentional sample consisting of (150) boys and girls who were randomly selected from government kindergartens of the second Rusafa of the General Directorate of Baghdad Education for the academic year 2020-2021
In light of the objectives of the current study, the following results were reached:
1-The current study sample of children have low verbal violence
2-There are statistically significant differences in the level of verbal violence in favor of males.
In light of the results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions

The present research aims to identify the five love languages among children and the personality types of their mothers, as well as to explore the correlational relationship between the love languages and the mothers’ personality types. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a Love Languages Scale and adopted the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The final version of the Love Languages Scale consisted of 27 items, while the Personality Type Indicator included 28 Items. Both instruments were validated for their psychometric properties and administered to a sample of 200 mothers of kindergarten children from schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad, selected using the simple random sampling method during the 2024–2025 academic year. The findings revealed that:
1. Children express their emotions and needs clearly through the five love languages.
2. Mothers possess different personality types and traits that may influence their interaction with their children and their understanding of the five love languages.
3-The fourth personality type (assertive–flexible) showed the strongest correlation with the love languages compared to the other three types

Logical intelligence is one of the types of intelligence that is related to the ability for reasoning and solving problems in a systematic way based on observation and analysis. It is one of the basic components of intelligence that contributes to the development of scientific thinking skills among university students. The current research aims to measure the level of logical- mathematical intelligence among female students in the Home Economics Department, and to identify statistically significant differences in the level of intelligence according to the variable of the academic stage. The descriptive –analytical approach was followed, and the research sample consisted of (65) female students who were chosen intentionally. The researcher developed a scale for logical–mathematical intelligence based on Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, which included five dimensions: reasoning, numerical operations, logical problem analysis, pattern and relationship recognition, and scientific inquiry and systematic thinking. The scale consisted of (26) items. The items were organized in the form of a questionnaire according to the five–point Likert scale (applies to a large extent, applies to me, neutral , does not apply to me, does not apply to me at all). The research results showed that the level of logical –mathematical intelligence among home economics students was high, and there were statistically significant differences according to the academic stage in favor of fourth year students. The research came out with a several recommendations and suggestions.

The research population consisted of (1581) educational counselors, while the sample was around (200) counselors selected through simple random sampling for the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher adopted the descriptive–correlational method to investigate the relationship between the variables of creative leadership and decision-making. The psychometric properties of the research instruments were verified. The reliability coefficient for the creative leadership variable using Cronbach’s Alpha was (0.89), while for the decision-making variable it was (0.89). The test–retest reliability coefficient for creative leadership was (0.74), and for decision-making it was (0.79) The research reached the following findings: The members of the research sample, in general, enjoy a high level of creative leadership, and there are statistically significant differences in the level of creative leadership according to gender in favor of males. The members of the research sample also possess decision-making skills, and there are statistically significant differences in the level of decision-making according to gender in favor of males. The study also proved that there is a correlation between creative leadership and decision-making for educational counselors.

The current research aimed to identify the development of productive orientation and its relation to academic passion among university students, and to identify the significance of differences in productive orientation among university students according to the age variable (19-20) (21-22) (23-24) years, and according to the gender variable. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female university students, who were selected by using a stratified random method. To achieve the research objectives, a productive orientation scale consisting of (20) items, and a academic passion scale consisting of (20) items were prepared. The apparent validity and reliability of the research tools were verified, which were statistically significant. The researchers concluded that: There is a high degree of both productive orientation and academic passion among university students, and there is no statistical significance attributed to the gender variable (males - females) and specialization (science/humanities). The results of this research also proved that there are no statistically significant differences among the age groups (19-20) (21-22) (23-24) years, and therefore they are not taken as a basis. A developmental path depending on age. The results of this study also should a statistically significant correlation between the productive orientation variable and the academic passion variable, in addition to the contribution of the productive orientation variable to the academic passion variable. In light of these results, the researchers presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and proposals.

The present study aims to identify the level of cognitive empathy and academic passion among kindergarten teachers, as well as to explore the relationship between these two variables., the researcher build two scales—one to measure cognitive empathy and another to measure academic passion—basing on the scientific procedures for building psychological scales two instruments were applied to a sample of (200) kindergarten teachers.
The findings of the study revealed the following:
Kindergarten teachers showed a low level of cognitive empathy.
Kindergarten teachers demonstrated a high level of academic passion.
there was no between cognitive empathy and academic passion among kindergarten teachers.

This study aims to examine the development of intellectual extremism among youth and explore its relationship with the concept of self-determination, as one of the key psychological determinants of individual behavior and intellectual orientations. The descriptive-analytical method was employed, and the research sample consisted of 200 male and female students from the University of Baghdad, distributed by gender and age groups (18, 20, 22, and 24 years).
Two scales were constructed to measure intellectual extremism and self-determination following rigorous scientific procedures. The results indicated that both instruments demonstrated high construct validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of 0.83 and 0.75). Statistical analysis revealed that intellectual extremism did not significantly differ across age groups, but was relatively higher among females compared to males. In contrast, self-determination was found to be high across all age groups, with significant differences by age and gender, where males scored higher than females. Moreover, a negative correlation was identified between the two variables, indicating that higher levels of self-determination are associated with lower levels of intellectual extremism among youth.
These findings underscore the importance of supporting young people in achieving psychological and social autonomy as a preventive mechanism against extremist thought, and highlight the necessity of adopting educational and social programs that enhance self-determination.

The current study aims to identify the need for transcendence and ego strength among university students, and to examine the significance of statistical differences according to gender (male–female) for both variables. This study also seeks to determine the correlation between the need for transcendence and ego strength. To achieve the objectives of the study, the Need for Transcendence Scale developed by (2022), consisting of 22 items, and the Ego Strength Scale developed by Saif (2018), consisting of 34 items, were adopted. Both scales were administered to a sample of 200 male and female students selected from the University of Baghdad, representing eight colleges (four humanities colleges and four science colleges). The findings revealed that the sample demonstrated a need for transcendence, with no statistically significant differences in the need for transcendence according to gender. Moreover, the sample scored below average on the ego strength scale, with results favoring males. Furthermore, the study indicated an inverse correlation between the need for transcendence and ego strength.

The current research aims to know the impact of leadership thinking on developing the educational administration of intermediate schools in the three Rusafa Education Directorates in Baghdad. To achieve the research objective, it was necessary to have tools to measure leading thinking and develop educational administration among interrediate school principals in the three Rusafa Education Directorates the three in Baghdad. Therefore, the researcher resorted to build a leading thinking scale based on Fiedler’s (1967) Situational Theory, which consisted in its original form of (33) items. After extracting its psychometric properties, the scale in its final form consisted of (30) items with five-point responses (strongly agree - agree - neutral - disagree - strongly disagree). The scores are (5-4-3-2-1) respectively when correcting for positive items, and the scores are (1-2-3-4-5) when correcting for negative items. The researcher also resorted to build a scale for developing educational administration basing on Fiedler’s (1967) Situational Theory, which consisted of In its original form of (25) items, and after extracting its psychometric properties, the scale in its final form consisted of (20) paragraphs with five-point responses (strongly agree - agree - neutral - disagree - strongly disagree), and the grades (5-4-3-2-1) are taken respectively when correcting for the positive items, The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, and the current research community was intermediate school principals in the Rusafa Education Directorates the three in Baghdad, and the researcher conducted a comprehensive survey of middle school principals in the three Rusafa Education Directorates in Baghdad, consisting of (150) male and female principals. The results of the simple regression analysis showed that leading thinking is one of the factors that have a statistically significant impact on the development of educational administration among intermediate school principals in the three Rusafa Education Directorates in Baghdad, as the calculated F value reached (43.05) and was significant at the level (0.05). The results also showed that leadership thinking explains what percentage (36.8%) of the variance in the development of educational administration, which reflects the importance of developing leading thinking skills as an effective approach to developing educational administration in the school environment. Based on what the research results showed, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current study aims to explore the extent to which kindergarten teacher implement active learning approach was adopted, by the researcher as it is suitable for this type of the study. The research population consisted of 272 teachers working in public kindergartens affiliated with General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh First for the academic year 2023–2024, while the study sample consisted of 200 teachers.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of 25 items, covering for main dimensions such as planning activities using active learning strategies, implementing those strategies, children participatim, in the learning process, and evaluation and feedback. The questionnaire employed a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" , rarely , agree and strongly agree with (1,2,3,4,5) weights respectively.
The findings indicated that the overall level of active learning strategy implementation among teachers was moderate and there are statistically significant differences in the degree of implementation according to teaching experience.

The current research aimed to measure surface acting among nurses, and to identify the significance of differences in surface acting based on the variables of gender (male, female), age (22-32 years, 33-43 years, 44 years and older), and educational attainment (middle school, diploma, bachelor's degree and higher). The research sample was selected using a random method from six hospitals: Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital, Ibn Al-Baladi Hospital for Children and Women, Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital, Al-Shaheed Dhari Al-Fayyad Hospital, Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr General Hospital, and Al-Numan General Hospital.
The sample individuals were chosen from these hospitals using a stratified proportional method, comprising 400 male and female nurses. The researcher then extracted the psychometric properties by finding the discriminative power of each item and the relationship of the item to the total score of the scales. Reliability was also determined using Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest method. After statistically processing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the researcher reached the following conclusions: the research sample exhibited surface acting; there was no significant difference in surface acting based on gender; there was a statistically significant difference in surface acting based on educational attainment, favoring the middle school level; and there was no statistically significant difference in surface acting based on age. The researcher concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to examine the level of emotional self-regulation among kindergarten teachers and to identify the differences according to the academic specialty , years of service and academic achievement of kindergarten teachers. To achieve these goals, the researcher developed a scale for emotional self-regulation, which consisted of (41) items. After verifying the validity of the scale items by presenting it to a group of experts in the field of psychological and educational sciences, it was applied the scale to a sample of (321) teachers who were randomly selected from kindergarten teachers affiliated with the First Rusafa Directorate. It became evident that the scale has appropriate psychometric properties represented by validity and reliability that allow it to be applied to the research sample of (200) kindergarten teachers. The results showed that kindergarten teachers have self-regulation of their emotions at an average level, and there were no statistically significant differences in the level of emotional self-regulation according to the variables: academic specialization, years of service and academic achievement. According to the research results, the research presented some recommendations and suggestions related to the topic.

To identify: (1- Spitefulness among employees, 2- Differences in Spitefulness according to gender variable (males-females) 3- To identify knowledge hiding behavior among employees 4- Differences in knowledge hiding behavior according to gender variable (males-females), 5- To identify the correlation between Spitefulness and knowledge hiding behavior among employees). Research Methodology: Descriptive correlational approach. Research sample: (200) male and female employees, Research Tools: The scales of Spitefulness and knowledge hiding behavior were adopted in the current research, and the validity and reliability of the two scales were conducted, Statistical Methods: They were processed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Research results: (1- Employees have low and statistically significant Spitefulness, 2- There are no statistically significant differences depending on the gender variable, 3- Employees have low and statistically significant knowledge hiding, 4- There are no statistically significant differences in knowledge hiding depending on the gender variable, 5- There is a direct correlation between Spitefulness and knowledge hiding that is statistically significant at a significance level of (0.05). The research results were explained according to the two research theories adopted in the current research, including: - (Activating the culture of transparency and organizational justice in a way that reduces the sources of Spitefulness (appreciation, discrimination), and proposals including: (Conducting a study of Spitefulness and its relation to job satisfaction among employees).

This study aims to identify the level of transactional leadership practiced by kindergarten principals in the Second District of Al-Karkh from the perspective of teachers. The researcher adopted a descriptive correlational design, and the study sample consisted of (100) teachers from kindergartens during the academic year (2023–2024), selected using simple random sampling method.
To achieve the study objectives, the researcher developed a questionnaire comprising (27 items) distributed across three main domains: contingent reward (10 items), passive management by exception (7 items), and active management by exception (10 items), using a five-point Likert scale (Always applies, Often applies, Sometimes applies, Rarely applies, Does not apply). The psychometric properties of the instrument were verified by calculating item discrimination, face validity, which reached (90%), and construct validity through correlation coefficients between items, domains, and the overall scale score. The reliability coefficient was (0.92), confirming the suitability of the instrument for the purposes of this study.
The results indicated that kindergarten principals practice transactional leadership at a high level. Based on these findings, the study recommended providing both material and moral support to kindergarten principals by the Ministry of Education on a regular basis, as well as granting them the necessary authority to implement this leadership style, due to its significant role in enhancing teachers’ achievement motivation.