IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Factorial experiment was conducted with complete randomized experiment with three replicates to evaluate the response of six local strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum specialized on Mungbean Vigna radiate L. which are isolated from plants cultured at different locations at Baghdad and Al-Anbar governorates, (Abu-Graib, Khan dariy, Al-Radwaney, Al-Karma, Al-Saqlawiya and Al-Halabsi. Ab, Kh, Ra, Kr, Sk and Hl) respectively, in addition to an imported strain M10 to evaluate their growth in yeast extract -mannitol broth containing different levels of salinity (1.05, 2.75, 4.05, 5.97, 6.85 and 8.54 dS.m-1) prepared by using drainage water with salinity (EC) of 16 dS.m'after inoculation with the corresponding rhizobial cultures. The flaks inoculated in a rotary shaker at 28C for seven days. Every 24 hours each flask was especially sampled and used for measuring rhizobial growth (optical density) by using a spectrophotometer at wave length 540 nm. The results of experiment indicated that increasing salinity level of the YEM broth from 1.05 to 8.54 dS.m¹ caused in more than 70% decrease in rhizobial population density. The highest mean (optical density) reading 0.82 was recorded with isolate Ra. While the lowest 0.47 was found with strain M10.Generally all examined rhizobial cultures, showed the highest growth after 5 days of incubation, the highest optical density reading 1.66 was recorded after 4 days with isolate Ra under the salinitylevel of 1.05 dS.m¹.

The experiment was conducted in summer season of 2004 year in the Kufa Institute by using alluvial soil classified as typic torrifluvents with silty loam clay texture to study the effect of three soil salinity levels (4, 6, 8 dsim) and three soil moisture contents (75%, 50% and 25%) of soil moisture capacity on the soil phosphours availability and plant growth and phosphorus absorption by green gram, using the complete randomized design with factorial experiment.
Results showed that:
1-There were no significant differences due to soil salinity levels on phosphorus absorption, while the general trend was a slight decrease in phosphorus absorption with the increase in soil salinity.
2-There was a significant increase in phosphorus absorption with the increase of soil moisture. Results indicated that the largest increase was in soil moisture content 75% from field capacity level.
3-No significant differences were noticed with the interaction between soil salinity and moisture on absorption of phosphorus.
It is necessary to increase the irrigation frequency for this crop when it is cultaviated in a higher soil salinity to keep the soil moisture near field capacity as much as possible to avoid the negative effects of salinity on soil phosphours availability the and absorped amount by plant.

Bacterial pollution in General Outlet water (G.O.W) was studied during April, May, September and November 2001. Water samples were collected from seven stations. These were Abu-Graib, Mahmoudia, Souaira, Al-Shomalee, Al-Nasirayia before the siphon, after the siphon and before entering in shatt- Al-Basra. The most probable number (MPN) was obtained for total coliform, feacal coliform, streptococcus, feacal Streptococcus and total plate count. The highst densities were 10 ^ 6 * 24 10 ^ 6 * 11 10 ^ 5 * 24 , 10 ^ 3 * 5 and 10 ^ 6 * 69 Cell/100ml, respectively. In April and May in station of Abu.Graib and Al-Nasirayia before Siphon, they were the most stations polluted with coliform and feacal coliform. Generally the total count of bacteria increased in downstream direction of studies area. Results showed an increase in bacterial count in (G.O.W), comparing with previous studies, which is indicating an increases of pollution with sewages water draings to (G.O.R).

This research was conducted in Agricultural Researches Station, Agriculture College, Basrah University during season of 2004-2005. Soil samples were taken from Al-Hammar marsh which located near the Al-Ghmage river (70 Km from Basrah). The soil texture is silt loam and it is classified as Typic torrifluvents calcareous mixed hyperthermic. The experiment was carried out in plastic columns to determine the effect of three irrigation saline water levels: river water (R), drainage water (D) and mixture of river and drainage water (M). The electrical conductivity of irrigation water treatments were 2,8 and 4 dsm-1 respectively.
The frequency method was used according to the growth stages of Sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor). The growth stages were (Seedling emergence, development, tillering and flowering). Each irrigation 25% of extra water was added for leaching requirement with Three moisture contents levels were chosen namely, 50, 75 and 100% from the field capacity for each treatments. Factorial experiment conducted in C. R. D. were used. The factors were, irrigation quality, frequency, moisture content levels and soil depth.
The results showed that treatments of RRR, DMR and MMM gave higher soil aggregate stability, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity while it gave lower soil bulk density. The above factors increased except the soil bulk density with soil moisture content treatment of 100% of the field capacity compared with treatments 50 and 75%.
The depth of (15-30 cm) gave higher soil aggregate stability compared with depth of (0-15 cm). The soil bulk density increased significantly while the total porosity decreased during crop growth stages

Mass rearing of jasmine whitefly predator Clitostethus arcuatus in a plastic house was initiated under controlled conditions 25±2 C and 55-60% R.H respectively during 2006 season. The predator was released in three different citrus locations in Diyala Province (10per tree) the Jasmine whitefly at its egg stage Results revealed a significant reduction the egg of jasmine whitefly (eggs /leaf) was decreased from 247.3, 450.05 and 246.7 per/leaf to 52.7, 111.and 123.9 egg/leaf respectively Meantime the adult stage was decreased from 68.4, 72.2 and 92.4per leaf. The nymph stage was very limited on citrus leave. Population density of the predator increase gradually with time. The study recommended that this important natural enemy should be considered in any IPM for jasmine whitefly.

This study was carried out from October 2004 to October 2005 in citrus orchard at the district of al-Gyrate, to determine the activity of citrus leaf miners Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton and their associated parasites.
The maximum density of larvae was 256 per 100 leaves. This densities gradually declined till disappearance during the cold months. The maximum density of the pupae was 96 per 100 leaves in Mid April. Citrus Leaf Miner has 11-12 generations during November 2005.
Two maximum peak density of the parasites with the leaf Miner was observed, The first one was during October which was 29 per 300 leaves with 14.1% while the second peak density was found during July when it reached 34 per 400 leaves at a ratio of 9.8%.
During the study, the most dominant parasites found were Ratzeburgiola incomplete Boucek, Cirrospillus sp., Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), pnigalio sp. and Baryscapus sp., with 37.07, 27.59, 24.57, 5.17 and 5.60 respectively, while the two species Tetrastichus sp. and Pediobius sp. were found in a very small numbers during the study.
Feild study showed that the occurrenenes percentages of parasites Ratzeburgiola incompleta, Cirrospillus sp., Neochrysocharis formosa, Pnigalio sp., Baryscapus sp., Tetrastichus sp. and Pediobius sp. were 52.94, 30.15, 6.62, 4.41, 4.41, 0.74 and 0.70% respctively.
The two parasites Pediobius sp. and Baryscapus sp.were recorded for the first time in the Iraq.

Several field experiments were undertaken to evaluate the influence of the two spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch on amount of yield loss of three cotton cultivars grown in Iraq, Lashata, Cocker and Ashur. Results indicated that the spider mite was present on the three cultivars during their growing season in the field. However, the peak of infestation occurred during August /2007. The cultivar Lashata was the most sensitive host to spider mite infestation followed be Cocker and then Ashur cultivar The means of eggs, nymphs,and adults mite on Lashata cultivar during the peak period were, 242.1,153.4 and 76.3 individual/ leaf respectively. The population density of the three stages on Ashur cultivar were respectively, 68.3, 42.2 and 23.7 individual/leaf. The Lashata cultivar showed superiority in earliness and characters of yield component compare to Cocker and Ashur cultivars. However, its sensitivity to spider mite infestation had significant influences on yield components. Percentages of yield losses were, 70, 55 and 35 %for Lashata, Cocker and Ashur cultivars respectively

This experiment was conducted during the season 2005/2006 to investigate the effect of planting space 40 and 60 cm between plants and foliar spray of Alga 600 at levels 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/l. on the growth and yield of cauliflower cv. Snow Queen. Spray was done twice, the first at the beginning of curd appearance and the second 20 days after the first spray using RCBD design with 3 replicates. Results showed a significant effect of planting space and foliar spray of Alga 600 on vegetative and quantitative characteristics. Alga 600 at level 0.5 g/l had superiority on all treatments. All properties values significantly increased when planting space was 60cm instead of 40cm. Highest average in head height, leaves number/plant, leaf area, diameter of curds and curds weight, were at the interaction of 0.5 g Alga 600/1+ planting space at 60 cm by 20.62cm, 31.60 leaf, 844.70 cm², 22.20 cm and 1.255 Kg. The highest average of total yield was 8.450 ton/donum produced at the interaction of 0.5 g Alga 600/1+planting space at 40 cm between plants, while it was 6.569 ton/donum in control

The study was conducted at Al-Nasser Station/Union Company for animal worth cooperated with Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission in May 2002, to investigate the effect of microbial treated and untreated residue of liquorice products on some performance traits of Friesian calves.
Thirty Friesian calves (6-7 month old, 140.6 kg average body weight) were randomly divided into five equal groups. Ground barley grains were replaced by 0 (T1), 5(T2) and 10% (T3) of untreated residue of liquorice products, 5 (T4) and 10% (T5) of microbial treated residue of liquorice products with Pleurotus ostreatus and white Agaricus bisporus mushroom respectively.
During the preliminary (2 weeks) and whole experimental (90 days) period, green roughages as well as minerals supplemental block and drink water were ad lib. available.
The results obtained were:
Final calves' body weights were increased for T2, T3 and decreased for T4, T5 in comparison with control group.
A significant effect (P < 0.05) was obtained for T3 in daily growth rate at 4 and 8 weeks, but it was insignificant at the end of experiment (12 weeks).
Insignificant differences were exhibited in feed conversion in all groups although it was at lowest (3.64) mean in T2, then T5, T4, T1 and T3 respectively. It is concluded that the utilized of Liquorice products in calve feeding improved some performance traits and microbial treated for residue of Liquorice products improved its digestibility, in the addition to it's economical benefits and environmental pollution elimination.

This study aimed to investigate some characteristics of protease (A1, A2) which extracted and purified from hepatopancrease of common Carp. The results of enzymes characterization were as follows: the molecular weights of the enzyme were, 63.09, 61.6 KDa for protease A1, A2 respectively, optimum pH for both enzymes were 7.5 for protease A, and 7 for protease A2, and both enzymes show stability at pH values ranged between 6.5-8.5, 6.5-8 respectively. The optimum temperature for proteases activity was 40C° and 35C° respectively. The activation energy for conversion of the substrate (casein) to products was 8.78, 10.13 Kca/mol for protease A, and A₂ respectively. The thermal stability were ranged between 15-40C° for protease A₁, while protease A2 show stability ranged between 15-35C°. protease A, retained entire activity over 14 days incubation at 42C, while protease A₂ activity declines to 11.3 to 21.5% on incubation at the same conditions.
It have been found that carbohydrates fraction of protease A, was 25.45% as determined by phenol-sulfuric acid estimation method, while protease A, has 21.92%. The results of kinetics constants study indicated that the average value of Mechalis constant (Km) and the average of maximum velocity were 0.6, 0.65% and 10.33, 9.77 mM/min for protease A1, A2 respectively

This surgical treatment procedure depended on emptying the abscess from its content through the skin covered the area without opening it as in the classical procedure, then filling it with 10% con. of iodine solution which cause cessation of pus production due to pyogenic membrane degeneration and abscess regression within short periods. This procedure was applied on different type of abscess on different site of the body region without complication. The main condition which limits the procedure application is the depth location of the abscess and the possibility of reaching it from the body surface. The procedure applied on cattle, sheep, goat, deer abscesses for about two year from 1998-2000 with 100 percent of success. The procedure characterized by simplicity, safety, no scar tissue left behind, not needed for high skillful operators or staff but only precise diagnosis, simple equipments and careful application

Glucose isomerase was extracted from Streptomyces sp-HM5 that had grown under optimum conditions for enzyme production.
The optimum extraction process was performed with 0.1% Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as compared with each of 0.1% Chloroform, Toluene, Tween 80, Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS). Glucose isomerase was purified for several steps that included concentration of extracted crude enzyme by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 25-75%, then dialysis, ion exchange chromatography by using DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 SF colum. The purification folds and the yield of the enzyme was 5.34 and 18.89% respectively.

This study was carried out to investigate some characteristic of pepsin (A and B) which were extracted from Siluris glanis stomach and effect of some additives on their proteolytic activities. The obtained resultes showed that the optimum pH of proteolytic activity for both enzymes was 5.5 at 37C and the optimum temperature ranged from 30 to 40C at optimum pH value. Both enzymes gave the highest proteolytic activities at pH values ranged between 4.5-6.5 over 30min incubation at 35C.
The results of proteolytic activities response toward some reagents such as (IAA, EDTA, STI) revealed that both enzymes neither serine or thiol nor metallo protease. Meanwhile the addition of CaCl₂ up to 5mM enhanced the clotting activity wherease NaCl addition depressed their cloting and proteolytic activities. The ratio of clotting to proteolytic activity for crude enzyme was 13.66 as compared to that for calf rennet which was 19.65. The curd obtained using crude extract of pepsin was less firm as compared to that obtained with calf rennet.
The results of kinetic studies showed that the Km, Vmax and Ka values for pepsin (A) were 0.81 m/ml,498 µ/min,19800 cal/mol respectively.

The present work aimed at preparing different weaning foods that consisted of tuna or chicken breasts as protein source, in addition to vegetable mixes, peas, carrots, potato and parsley. Three kinds of oil were also added, namely canola, olive oil and corn oil.
The sensory assessment was conducted on prepared recipes as well as, the chemical composition of protein, moisture, fat ash and fatty acids were also determined.
The carbohydrates and caloric values were calculated. The obtained results showed that recipes prepared from tuna and chicken breast can supply 64.07and 65.38% respectively of protein daily requirements for a child These rates considered high. The values for fats were 20.23 and 24.5%, respectively which considered good. The value for carbohydrates considered low as contributed 7.78% for both recipes.
The prepared recipes from tuna and chicken breasts can ensure 13.36 and 14.71% of daily caloric energy requirements. While recipes included canola ensured high daily requirement of Omega-3 fatty acids that valued 94.28 and 80% respectively.
However recipes contained corn oil supplied 50.57 and 52.57% of Omega -6 fatty acids respectively.
The recipes prepared from chicken were more acceptable than that prepared from tuna. Also recipes included corn oil showed better appeal than recipes contained kinds of oils

The researchers aimed had diagnosis the operation sides reality organize of the public relations in the agricultural extensional work in Iraq in It's three Organizes levels which are: (centre provinces decision) which used the descriptive approach to the goal of research.
To achieve this research put up the theoretical envisage of the reality element in a light of literature and studies and opinion of the some of the exporters.
Has been chosen the Random Sample from Provinces in the middle of Iraq as the follow: (Waist, Babel, Kabala) and sample from workers in extension at the three Organizes levels which it's value in 116 researches that they are contributions at the reality of 56 researches in the first level, the second level is 30 researchers and the last one is 30 researcher
The research had been summarized. absence of the Formal administration Organized for public relations at all three Organizes levels in extensional work and in spite of that the workers are doing in responsibilities which were included of the public relations responsible from work, without the authority needed.and the staff of agricultural extension believes that they hold the responsibity of public relation in Spite Lake in training in this aspect and the research recommend establishment of administration organizes for Public Relations at all these previous levels. specificafion the organizal system in the first level which was (department) and in the second level was (section) the third one was (unit). and origination of the branch units for the organizations of the Public Relations which was the suitable in the first and the second leveland preparing the washables and qualification staff in the Public Relations field throughout their participated in the training course to ensure for needing workers in it.

The aims of this study is to estimate the total cost function for long-run for Cabbage and Cauliflower crop by using cross-section data for sample of producers in samara farms during 2007 season long-run average total cost function (LRATC) was derived from estimated total cost function.
The LRATC function showed that the least-cost farm output is 8854 kg/don) and 18don for Cabbage and 11430 kg/don and 24.5 don for Cauliflower respectively. The optimal area is higher than actual area planted for two crops. thus the producers are recommended to expand their planted area in order to minimize their production costs and know the economies efficiency mounted to 82% in Cabbage farms and 92% in Cauliflower farms from number of farms work inside economies efficiency area

The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of new varieties (Waha and Umrabee) on the productivity of durum wheat in Ninewah governerate. Cross-sectional data to the seasons (2000/2001, 2004/2005) were used to calculate the total impact. To obtain the net impact, two logarithmic production functions were estimated, one function for each improved variety, the parameter of dummy variable was used to estimate the net impact. Results indicated that the new variety leads to a high level of productivity. Improved varieties (Waha and Umrabee) were exceed the productivity of local variety as total impact by about (24.8%) and (14.5%) respectively. Results of net impact showed that (Waha and UmRabee) have (46.8%) and (34.2%), respectively.
Theses results indicating a high potential of the new varieties to increases the productivity.

The aim of this research is to study and analyse the impact of investment in infrastructure on input demand in Iraqi agriculture.
To achieve this task an estimation of demand function for labour and capital and intermediate input as these function were derived from dual cost function.
The results showed that there was a positive effect of the expenditure in infrastructure in decreasing demand on intermediate inputs, this means that investment in infrastructure makes an economic use of intermediate inputs, The results also showed that there is a direct relationship between investment increase in infrastructure and the number of workers employed in agricultural sector. This entails that government can 000decrease unemployment in agricultural sector by increasing expenditure in infrastructure by erecting more reclamation projects, drainages, irrigation projects, rural roads and other infrastructure items. The results also showed that there is positive relationship between investment in infrastructure and private investment as this is going to encourage private investment.

Host reaction of 24 Iraqi registered and released wheat cultivars along with 34 hybrid lines [F6 of (Mexipak X R-24) X Saber beg with the causal agents of wheat bunt (Tilletia tritici and T. laevis) were investigated. The seeds were inoculated with teliospores (0.5 g/100gm wheat seeds) and planted in wet soil at Tuwaitha and Zuffrania Experimental Stations in 2005-2007 seasons. Data of disease responses of Iraqi cultivars revealed that almost all the Iraqi bread wheat cultivars including the landrace cultivars such as Abo-Ghraib, Tamoz 2, IPA 99, Latifiya and Iraq are highly susceptible. Disease incidence of these cultivars ranged from 71.83 to 33.25%. However, Mexipak, Salii and Waha- Al-Iraq showed moderate susceptible to susceptible reactions. Similar results were observed on the hybrid lines, where 29 are highly susceptible, 4 are susceptible and one line showed moderate susceptible reaction. Thus, the percentages of disease response of the tested wheat genotypes were, 87.04, 7.41, 3.70, and 1.85 for highly susceptible, susceptible, moderate susceptible and resistant reactions respectively, based on slightly modified scale suitable for Iraq.