iklil for Humanity Studies

Through this objective legal research, we have turned to the legal mechanism upon which the public employee bases his right to resort to the judiciary to invalidate disciplinary decisions, given the quantitative and qualitative expansion of public services and needs that the state works to satisfy, and the accompanying employment of huge numbers of public employees. Therefore, the main question was: to what extent has the legislator regulated the public employee’s recourse to the judiciary in the event of a disciplinary decision being issued against him?.

This study examines the impact of cyber warfare on international relations within the framework of international law, by defining its concept and characteristics and distinguishing it from cybercrime, and analyzing its most prominent forms such as sabotage attacks and digital espionage. It also addresses its repercussions on the balance of power and the stability of the international system in light of the increasing reliance on digital technology. Cyber warfare also raises complex legal issues related to attributing the wrongful act and determining the scope of international responsibility, and the extent to which the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and the rules of public international law apply to it. In light of this, the need arises to develop modern legal and institutional mechanisms capable of enhancing international cyber security and regulating the behavior of states in this field.

The phenomenon of corruption in Iraq constitutes a structural challenge that transcends mere behavioral deviation, becoming a formidable obstacle to the consolidation of citizenship and social justice. This research examines the Iraqi oversight and legislative framework as the purely legal instrument for addressing this challenge, seeking to dismantle the dialectical relationship between static legal texts and a fluid practical reality.
The study commences by reviewing the legal arsenal, defining the concept of corruption and its primary classifications, and analyzing specific laws in light of their alignment with international conventions, such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). Furthermore, the research highlights the pivotal role of the Federal Board of Supreme Audit and the Commission of Integrity in safeguarding public funds. It also investigates the problematic "multiplicity of oversight bodies" and the resulting jurisdictional conflicts or administrative redundancy that may impede the swiftness of judicial resolution.
In the context of in-depth legal analysis, the research discusses the significance of political will as a backbone for legislative provisions, clarifying that laws—regardless of their precision—remain deficient unless coupled with absolute judicial independence and effective protection for whistleblowers and witnesses. Additionally, the study addresses digital transformation as an imperative necessity to reduce opportunities for administrative corruption, while touching upon the ethical and legal dimensions of asset recovery

Resale rights in artistic works are considered a financial right of the author, characterized by being exclusive, temporary, and transferable. Resale rights in artistic works first emerged through French legislation and agreements. It then became widespread in the legislation of various countries around the world, based on considerations of justice it provides by granting the right to track down the owners of works that generate profits after being offered for sale at public auctions. The right to track down artistic works contributes to supporting the creative and intellectual aspect. his is due to the financial and economic benefits it provides to the owners of artistic works that were sold early in the authors' lives.

International disputes in general, and border disputes in particular, are among the most important topics addressed and recognized by the rules of international law. They are covered by numerous international agreements, established by customary law, and referenced by international courts in many of their rulings. International jurisprudence has also addressed these issues and problems, given their complexities and repercussions, which cannot be limited to legal, political, historical, or geographical backgrounds between the disputing states. The impact of these disputes, in one way or another, represents a potential threat to international peace and security .
This research sheds light on a fundamental problem between Iraq and Kuwait: the demarcation of their international border. Its aim is to identify the root causes of this problem and find appropriate solutions that can meet the demands of both countries, overcome obstacles, and resolve border disputes, whether land or maritime. The research also examines the role of the UN Security Council in reaching a border demarcation agreement between the two countries. The research arrives at several conclusions, the most prominent being that the border dispute between the two parties is rooted in historical, political, and geographical factors that have significantly complicated the issue. Furthermore, the UN Security Council's role in this matter has not been entirely positive. By participating in the demarcation of borders, exceeding its powers as defined by the United Nations Charter, which is to maintain international peace and security, by drawing the borders between the two countries in an exceptional manner surrounded by ambiguity and lack of neutrality between the two parties, the research also reached a number of recommendations, perhaps the most prominent of which is the importance of establishing a specific mechanism between the two countries through which the basic principles for demarcating the borders between the two countries are agreed upon, and in the event of failure to agree, the matter must be referred to the International Court of Justice, as it is the special judicial body of the United Nations, to take over the matter in accordance with the provisions of international law.

This study addresses the crime of human organ trafficking as one of the most serious emerging crimes that violates human dignity and fundamental human rights, and poses a direct threat to health and social security. The study focuses on studying the criminal liability resulting from this crime by comparing Iraqi, Egyptian, and Jordanian legislation, while analyzing the elements of the crime and the penalties specified for it. The study revealed that Iraqi law still lacks explicit and specific provisions regarding human organ trafficking, which reduces the effectiveness of prosecution and the application of penalties. Meanwhile, Egyptian and Jordanian legislation contain clearer and more comprehensive provisions. The study also reviews legal loopholes in Iraq and demonstrates the need to develop local legislation and strengthen judicial and security enforcement mechanisms. It also emphasizes the importance of regional and international cooperation and community awareness to reduce this phenomenon

This research examines the extent to which the legal rules governing the enforcement of foreign judgments in Iraqi law align with the provisions of the Riyadh Arab Agreement for Judicial Cooperation of 1983, as well as the effectiveness of this agreement in promoting Arab judicial cooperation and the enforcement of judgments within Iraq. The study adopted a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology to analyze national legal texts—particularly the Law on the Enforcement of Foreign Court Judgments No. (30) of 1928—and to compare them with the provisions of the Riyadh Agreement. The research concluded that Iraqi law is largely consistent in substance with the provisions of the Agreement. However, practical implementation faces procedural and institutional obstacles that limit its effectiveness, such as the multiplicity of competent authorities and the complexity of procedures. It was also found that the Riyadh Agreement has contributed to unifying fundamental concepts of Arab judicial cooperation, though achieving its objectives requires the development of Iraqi legislation and the simplification of enforcement procedures.

This study addresses the legal protection of the digital space in Iraq amidst escalating cyber threats that target not only state infrastructure but also extend to violating fundamental rights and personal freedoms. The significance of this research lies in highlighting the legislative gaps in keeping pace with cybercrimes and evaluating the adequacy of current constitutional provisions (the 2005 Constitution) in providing a protective umbrella for cybersecurity.
This research aims to establish the constitutional basis for cybersecurity protection in Iraq and analyze the role of the Federal Supreme Court in protecting digital rights in the absence of comprehensive legislation regulating this field. The research relies on an analysis of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution and a study of several relevant Federal Supreme Court decisions, with a limited comparison to the jurisprudence of the German Federal Constitutional Court. The research concludes that the Iraqi constitutional judiciary has played a pivotal role in filling the legislative gap; however, the need remains for a comprehensive cybersecurity law that balances security requirements with the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.

This research addresses the issue of the exclusion of the constitutional judiciary, as an integral part of the judiciary and the actual and legal protector of the constitution, represented by the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq, from the role of concluding international treaties and agreements, despite the fact that the constitutional legislator has granted the three federal powers (legislative, executive, and judicial) the authority to negotiate international treaties, we did not notice any role for the judiciary in this regard, as one of the federal authorities, until after the agreements and treaties became effective and binding on the contracting states. This has placed a heavy burden on the Iraqi constitutional judge in exercising his oversight role over the constitutionality of international treaties and commitments, given the absence of objective and formal criteria and limits governing the process of determining the constitutionality of international treaties.
The research reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, including: Despite the constitutional judge's indirect oversight of international treaties in an attempt to reconcile international obligations with constitutional principles, his attempts were timid and did not rise to the level of solutions. The study recommended that the constitutional legislator intervene by granting the constitutional judge constitutional provisions specific to the oversight of important international treaties in order to regulate and control the relationship between international and domestic law, which is the case that the research sought to study, and to develop more effective oversight tools commensurate with his position in the judiciary.

This study examines the phenomenon of justified kidnapping in Iraqi law, which represents a sensitive legal issue directly affecting human rights and individual freedoms. Kidnapping is generally considered a criminal act punishable under Iraqi Penal Law No. 111 of 1969, as amended, particularly in articles concerning the abduction of minors and adult females. However, the law provides exceptions that allow for cases of justified kidnapping when impediments to criminal liability exist, such as legitimate defense or necessity, allowing courts to assess the surrounding circumstances and determine the applicability of punishment in accordance with principles of justice.
The study analyzes the definition, conditions, and elements of justified kidnapping, distinguishing it from ordinary kidnapping, which is strictly punishable. It also examines criminal liability of the principal actor, accomplices, and instigators, highlighting the role of judicial and legal authorities in evaluating mitigating circumstances. The research emphasizes the importance of an analytical comparison between Iraqi legislation and international legal standards to identify strengths and weaknesses in the law and provide a basis for legal reform to protect individuals and society from abuse or exploitation.
The significance of this study lies in providing a clear legal framework for understanding justified kidnapping, explaining how impediments to criminal liability operate, and contributing to enhanced criminal justice. Furthermore, the research offers practical recommendations for improving current legislation to ensure victim protection and balance between individual rights and societal safety.

Electoral crime is a sensitive and significant crimes that impacts the electoral process. It manifests as actions and behaviors that undermine the freedom, integrity, security, and transparency of the electoral process, compromising its fairness and casting doubt on its results. Due to the relatively recent emergence of the term (electoral crime) , Legal scholarship, electoral legislation, constitutions, and election management authorities have all failed to provide a comprehensive definition of this issue , This difficulty has driven us to conduct research and analysis on the subject, with a view to defining it and determining the underlying motivations for its adoption , and explore how it is addressed and confronted both legislatively and by the electoral administration through the exercise of its administrative powers in managing the electoral process. Therefore, the researcher concludes that the electoral administration, represented by the Independent High Electoral Commission, addresses electoral crime through regulations, instructions, procedures, and codes of conduct. The Commission also addresses it through electoral complaints and appeals. Furthermore, the Iraqi electoral legislator treats the mere attempt to commit an electoral crime as punishable by the same penalty as a completed crime. Finally, the legislation protects public funds from being spent on campaigns. Regarding the electoral process, the researcher recommended: establishing a comprehensive definition of the term (electoral crime), increasing the sanction to a felony rather than a misdemeanor depending on the act or conduct, expanding the authority of electoral center officials in Iraqi governorates to adjudicate and resolve complaints and impugn related to electoral crimes within their governorates instead of referring them to the councile of Commissioners at the central office in Baghdad, and urging the Independent High Electoral Commission to For the purpose of educating voters and enhancing their awareness to prevent electoral crimes through all possible means .

The United States National Guard (U.S. National Guard) is regarded as one of the oldest and most significant military formations in the United States of America, due to its distinctive organizational and functional characteristics that combine both civilian and military dimensions, as well as state and federal authorities. The National Guard emerged in a historical context dating back to the colonial era, prior to the establishment of the regular U.S. Army, and gradually evolved into a key auxiliary force within the U.S. national security system. It performs multiple roles ranging from national defense and participation in overseas military operations to maintaining internal security and responding to natural disasters and emergency situations, The importance of studying the U.S. National Guard stems from the fact that it represents a unique model of what is known as a “citizen-soldier force,” whereby its members maintain their civilian lives alongside their military obligations. This dual character has granted the American political system considerable flexibility in managing military power and achieving a delicate balance between national security requirements and the preservation of the federal nature of the state. Moreover, the dual allegiance of the National Guard—being subject to the authority of state governors on the one hand and the federal authority under the leadership of the President of the United States on the other—has made it a pivotal actor in addressing both internal and external crises.

Placing a sports brokerage (agency) contract within its correct legal framework is extremely important and difficult, especially if the contract whose legal nature is to be determined is one of the newly emerged contracts such as a sports brokerage (agency) contract. The legal nature determines the applicable law in its specific meaning, from a.
Determining the legal nature of any contract is extremely important in legal studies because it determines which law applies to the contract and, consequently, the legal classification of that contract, as it enables the judge or those
concerned to give the correct legal description of the facts of the dispute over the contract. In principle, contracts are governed by civil law, which is based on a general theory that applies to contracts, whether named or unnamed. Contracts are civil in nature unless there is evidence of their commercial nature. To determine whether the legal nature of a sports mediation (agency) contract is civil or commercial, it must be considered an unnamed contract in Iraqi or Egyptian civil law. In the French system, however, it is considered a named contract, as it is regulated by the legislator in the Sports Law.

After the completion of procedures for resorting to alternative means of resolving international commercial disputes and the mediator's commencement of the settlement process, during which the mediator must exert considerable effort to find common ground between the disputing parties, the outcome of the discussions and negotiations between the disputing parties and the mediator undoubtedly determines the fate of resorting to these means. The consequences of resorting to these means reflect the outcome reached by the disputing parties, which is either the success of these means or the failure of the parties to reach an agreement and the failure to reach a settlement of the dispute. Among the most important decisions that terminate the mediation process are its termination without settlement or the amicable settlement of the dispute at hand, and an explanation of the most important consequences of these outcomes, including referring the dispute to the courts or arbitration, the termination of the mediator's role, and the non-reliance on the documents exchanged between the parties and the mediator, and how to implement the amicable settlement agreement based on the provisions of international laws and agreements regulating the mediation process.

Progress, civilizational development, and the growth of cultures in most countries have marked a turning point in the lives of societies and peoples. Most countries have begun to interact with others or other cultures, including their values, customs, and differences in religion and social orientations. Civilized countries have come to view change as a necessary necessity in order to keep pace with development and progress. Furthermore, integration and interaction with others have become a civilized value, or one upon which most democratic countries rely. Since the latter entails the necessity of recognizing or integrating others, this achieves integration to achieve prosperity and meet the needs of society.
Since most political thinkers believe that prosperity in societies must be achieved through the enactment of laws that are compatible with political and economic freedoms, this is achieved through the implementation of technical progress and keeping pace with technological development, which constitutes a path that transcends continents or perhaps the sovereign borders of most countries.
The transfer of values and cultures across national borders has created a link between knowledge and cultural communication between most countries. Furthermore, it has facilitated a form of commercial exchange through companies known as "multinational" companies, which transcend national borders. This political, cognitive, and cultural shift can be termed "globalization," which has taken various forms in the crystallization of political concepts and the decoding of multiple cultures. It may have formed links between countries for cooperation and agreements. These agreements are known as "political globalization."
The framing of political thought for globalization has produced theories and foundations that have formed several pillars of globalization, which have become the political bridge for most countries' systems to achieve political and economic agreements, development, and prosperity

This research aims to analyze the institutional foundation of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) role in promoting gender policy and protecting women. UNICEF’s institutional framework is based on its Gender Policy (2021-2030) and the Gender Action Plan (GAP), which emphasizes the close link between children’s rights and gender equality. The research demonstrates that UNICEF adopts a transformative, dual-track approach that not only focuses on integrating a gender perspective into all programs (education, health, and protection) but also prioritizes the empowerment of adolescent girls as the women of the future and leaders of change. The research concludes that UNICEF’s success in protecting and empowering women requires deepening local partnerships, increasing investment in gender-responsive social protection systems, and effectively combating harmful social norms to ensure the achievement of both structural and transformative equality.

This research addresses the orbits of cyberspace and the complexities it entails, which are evolving at an extremely rapid pace. It is no exaggeration to say that no single country can keep pace with the technological development of cyberpower. It is clear that cyber threats have taken on a national and international character, targeting vital state facilities from various official and unofficial entities, individually or collectively, as well as the activities of the private sector. These threats impact the national and international economy and the livelihoods of citizens, especially after the steady spread of the use of the international electronic information network (the Internet). Iraq has not been isolated from these threats, which collectively pose a challenge to Iraqi cybersecurity in terms of the physical, technical, and human infrastructure required to confront any cyber threat. Recognizing these challenges, Iraq has continuously sought to keep pace with cybertechnological developments and develop a cybersecurity strategy based on the principle of ensuring Iraq's security, protecting its presence in cyberspace, and protecting its vital national information infrastructure.

This research explores the concept of community security in Iraq, emphasizing its critical role in achieving social stability and sustainable development. It provides a theoretical framework for understanding the multidimensional nature of community security and distinguishes it from traditional security models. The study analyzes the current security landscape in Iraq, particularly in the post-2003 era, highlighting internal and external threats. Furthermore, it identifies key opportunities for strengthening community security, including institutional reforms, civil society engagement, and youth participation. The research aims to offer practical recommendations to address existing challenges and promote a cohesive, secure social environment. A descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, supported by relevant literature and case studies.

Sino-Iranian relations are a complex and interesting model in international relations, bringing together two powers with disparate ambitions but sharing important strategic interests. China and Iran have demonstrated their ability to build a multi-dimensional partnership covering the economic, political and military fields, despite the pressures and challenges they face at the regional and international levels. This cooperation was based on the integration of the needs of each party, as China found in Iran a rich source of energy and an important partner within its strategy to expand its global influence, while Iran found in China a strong supporter that would help it mitigate the effects of Western sanctions and deal with its international isolation.

The research examines economic diplomacy as a central tool in China’s foreign policy for advancing national interests and expanding international influence. It focuses on the Belt and Road Initiative as a practical model for employing economic instruments to support investment, secure energy resources, and strengthen China’s geopolitical presence. The study concludes that economic diplomacy has become a fundamental pillar in China’s rise and its influential role in the contemporary international system.

This research analyzes the American role in the Russian-Ukrainian war by examining its nature and political, military, and economic dimensions within the context of the structural transformations the international system has witnessed since the outbreak of the conflict in 2012. The research seeks to demonstrate how the United States has contributed to influencing the course of the war through its extensive support for Ukraine and its activation of alliance and economic tools, with the aim of containing Russian influence and maintaining security balances in Europe.
The research focuses on the strategic objectives that govern American behavior, particularly protecting the rules-based international order, enhancing the security of European allies, and consolidating American leadership within the Western alliance. It also analyzes the tools of American intervention and their effects on the course of the conflict. Furthermore, the research discusses the results of this role and its repercussions on the course of the war, European security, and international relations, ultimately aiming to anticipate potential future scenarios for the American role. The research concludes that while American intervention prevented Ukraine's defeat, it contributed to prolonging the conflict and complicating the prospects for a peaceful settlement, making it a significant factor in reshaping the contemporary international order.

This study examines the strategy for combating violent extremism in Iraq after 2014, considering it one of the most significant security and political strategies adopted by the Iraqi state to confront existential threats posed by extremist organizations, particularly ISIS. The research highlights the shift in Iraq’s approach from a purely military response to a comprehensive strategy that incorporates security, political, social, and ideological dimensions, in line with contemporary international approaches to countering violent extremism.
The study also analyzes the implications of this strategy for regional and international security, given the transnational nature of violent extremism and the impact of stability or instability in Iraq on neighboring countries and the international system. It demonstrates that the Iraqi strategy has contributed to reducing direct security threats, strengthening state capacity in border control, and reintegrating Iraq as an active actor within the framework of international collective security, particularly through cooperation with the international coalition against terrorism.
The study concludes that the success of Iraq’s strategy for combating violent extremism depends not only on short-term security achievements, but also on its ability to address the structural causes of extremism and to promote sustainable political and social stability, thereby enhancing regional and international security in the long term.

This study seeks to root the concept of 'Functional Engineering' as an analytical and procedural tool for achieving political balance and state continuity, moving beyond the traditional static concept of the separation of powers. By adopting a Comparative Functional Approach between the American and French systems, the research analyzes the mechanisms of 'compulsory integration' in the presidential model and the techniques of 'rationalized parliamentarism' in the semi-presidential model. The study concludes that the efficiency of political systems does not depend on the rigidity of texts, but rather on the flexibility of constitutional incentive structures and their ability to prevent functional deadlock, especially in cases of divided government or political cohabitation. It emphasizes the role of the Head of State as a safety valve and a regulator of the institutional rhythm to ensure the seamless flow of general performance.

Strategic planning for the management of the electoral process is considered one of the most important democratic instruments in democratic systems. Strategic planning represents an organizational framework upon which electoral bodies and commissions rely to ensure that the electoral process proceeds in accordance with the principles of integrity and transparency. Therefore, strategic planning in electoral systems is regarded as a vital tool for enhancing confidence in election results and achieving political stability through the establishment of strong electoral institutions capable of responding to political and social changes. It is a systematic process aimed at defining long-term objectives and formulating the policies and programs necessary to achieve them, while taking into account the analysis of the institution’s internal and external environment. In the electoral field, strategic planning includes setting clear standards for organizing the electoral process, determining mechanisms of representation, and developing the supporting administrative structures. Accordingly, this research aims to examine the Iraqi Electoral Law No. (9) of 2020, as it represents one of the legal instruments for building a democratic system and enhancing the legitimacy of the electoral process in Iraq.

This study examines anti-corruption policies in Botswana and Uruguay as two successful models for building effective integrity and good governance systems, and explores the possibility of benefiting from these experiences in the Iraqi context. The study begins with an assessment of the reality of combating corruption in Iraq, which is characterized by intertwined political and institutional challenges, most notably political quota-sharing, weak institutional independence, and an outdated legal framework. It adopts a comparative analytical approach to identify the key determinants of success in the two case studies, namely genuine political will, merit-based administrative reform, the independence of oversight and judicial institutions, and the promotion of transparency and social accountability. The study concludes that transferring these experiences cannot be achieved through literal replication, but rather through adapting their core elements in a manner consistent with Iraq’s political, legal, and economic specificities. It further emphasizes that building an effective national anti-corruption system requires comprehensive legislative and institutional reform that integrates accountability, transparency, and administrative reform, thereby enhancing public trust and consolidating the principles of good governance.

Revisionist powers possess a range of assets that enable them to influence the structure of the international system, particularly their military and economic power, in addition to other assets. This study also examines the visions and perceptions of revisionist powers regarding the international system, its institutions, and its mechanisms. The study is based on the premise that the revisionist powers' possession of the necessary elements of power allows them to influence the international system and work towards restructuring global balances.
The study clarifies that economic and military power constitute the fundamental pillars of the revisionist powers' ability to challenge the status quo by enhancing their global influence, forming political, economic, and security blocs, and adopting critical perspectives on the unipolar international system.

Egypt has made great efforts to reduce the spread of drugs and to control them. It is considered one of the leading countries in the fight against drugs and the first Arab State to establish a special office for the fight against drugs. It has developed its work in terms of awareness-raising campaigns and State support for members of society. The Egyptian Government has focused on a number of youth policies and has formulated preventive strategies, including legislation on laws and on role Since the basis of treatment in the event of an individual's exposure to abuse or addiction is directed towards health and in the case of trafficking, the first is the role of security.

Ralph Black’s “21st Century Lecture” (2007) and Grace Cavalieri’s “A Field of Finches Without Sight Still Singing” (2010) are read in this paper as eco-poems in terms of two central concepts in ecocriticism: the Anthropocene and posthumanism respectively. Canonical in ecocriticism, the Anthropocene and posthumanism have constructed the main themes in contemporary ecopoetry, which is to reflect on and address the environmental crisis. While Black attempts to focalise the grave dangers to which humanity is subjecting the environment, he lectures the readers about climate change. On a related, but different note, Cavalieri brings to the fore the other-than-human world in an endeavour to promote biocentrism. Black’s speaker adopts an outsider’s attitude to expose the Anthropocentric activities on the planet, whereas Cavalieri weaves a narrative that captures the historical struggle of singing birds. The melancholic tone the poems evoke is an attempt to accentuate the seriousness of the declining planetary system that the poets varyingly discuss.

This paper presents the phenomena of death and suicide in the poetic works of Sylvia Plath as the symbolic and linguistic systems, not just as the reflection of the biographical facts or symptom manifestation. The concept of analysis is focused on the poems in the collection \"Ariel\" (1965), especially on such poems like lady Lazarus, Daddy, Ariel and edge, and it shows how Plath works out human agony into the ultimate poetic constructions with the use of poetic images, rhythm, grammatical pattern and poetic voice. Death appears in her poems in the form of language, performance and organized symbolic machine, not just simple physical disappearance. Suicide as refined poetry discourse as opposed to the direct self-confession, and the identity becomes decoded into the form of poetry as opposed to being encapsulated into the conventional biographical discourse. The research uses a close textual analysis method supplemented with the current literature psychology theories and discourse analysis, to show that Plath is engaging in meaning-making semantic activity of annihilation. Her poetry rewrites the despair into symbolic structures in which trauma is changed into eloquent tropes and extinction a strict form of aesthetic. This view is not limited to reductive biographical interpretations, and Plath creative work can be seen as a unified poetic framework where death acts as an aesthetic structuring principle as opposed to a personal death. The results of the research substantiate that the poetry of Plath manages to convert personal misery into the entire human symbolic speech, and the readers have an opportunity to face death as a source of great meaning, not ultimate silence

Bu çalışma, Güney-Batı (Oğuz) koluna ait olan iki lehçe, Irak Türkmen Türkçesi ile Türkiye Türkçesindeki fiillerin anlam ve kullanım farklılıklarını incelemektedir. Irak Türkmen Türkçesi üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda genellikle giriş bölümünde Türkmenlerin yaşadıkları bölgeler, dillerinin tarihî kökenleri ve Oğuz grubundaki yeri hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Ancak bu tür bilgiler daha önceki araştırmalarda geniş biçimde ele alındığından, tekrar niteliği taşımamak amacıyla bu çalışmada ayrıca bir giriş bölümü sunulmamıştır. Araştırmada, her iki lehçede kökteş olan ancak anlam veya kullanım yönünden farklılık gösteren fiiller karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler, Irak Türkmen Türkçesine ait yazılı metinler ile Irak Türkmen Türkçesi sözlüklerinden; ayrıca Türkiye Türkçesindeki karşılıklarından derlenmiş, çözümlemede karşılaştırmalı-anlamsal yöntem kullanılmıştır. İki lehçe arasındaki bu anlam farklılaşmalarının, özellikle aktarma ve çeviri süreçlerinde yanlış anlamaya ve yorum hatalarına yol açabilir. Elde edilen bulgular, fiil anlamlarındaki farklılıkların iki lehçenin tarihî sürekliliği ve doğal dil gelişimi çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan lehçesel ayrışmalarla ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

Este artículo contiene una comparación de dos personajes que aparecen en la canción de Fairus Shadi y el cuento Rafael por Ana María Matute.
La canción trata sobre una chica que recuerda su infancia antes de la guerra civil libanesa, cuando solía jugar pacíficamente en la colina y había un niño llamado Shadi .
El tema de la narración es sobre la vida de un chico que se llama Rafael entre dos periodos de tiempo antes y después de la guerra civil.
Expondremos un contexto político-social de la guerra civil libanesa y la guerra civil española y la Literatura Infantil.
Intentaremos hacer un análisis que refleja el espacio, la temporada y los sentimientos de los dos personajes Rafael y Shadi antes y después de la guerra civil española y libanesa.

Bir dilin söz varlığının hangi ögelerden oluştuğu üzerinde duruluken, ilk anılması gerekenler, temel sözvarlığı ya da çekirdek kelimeler adını verdiğimiz ögelerdir. Bunun sınırı çizilirken, insanın odak olarak alınması doğu olmaktadır. İnsanın organ adları başta olmak üzere, onun en doğal gereksinimlerini karşılayan "yemek", "içmek", "uyumak", "gelmek", "almak", "vermek" ... gibi kavramlar, onun en yakın kişileri gösteren akrabalık adları, sayılar ve insanın maddȋ ve manevȋ kültürü içine giren çeşitli kavramlar sayılabilmektedir.

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מחקר זה בוחן את האתגרים הכרוכים בתרגום מונחים אידיאולוגיים מעברית לערבית, על רקע תהליכי חידוש המילים בעברית המודרנית כמכשיר לאומי. הפרק הראשון סוקר את תפקידה של האקדמיה ללשון בעיצוב מינוח טעון אידיאולוגיה, תוך התמקדות במדיניות השיום הגאוגרפי כמקרה בוחן לייצור לגיטימציה היסטורית ולמחיקה סמלית של הנוכחות הפלסטינית. הפרק השני מציע מתודולוגיה שיטתית לניתוח מונחים ולקסיקון מפורט (ובהם: ציונות, עלייה, התנחלות, ניקוי שטח ואנטישמיות), החושף כיצד שפה משמשת "שדה קרב" בין נרטיבים מתחרים. המחקר מדגים כי תרגום אינו פעולה טכנית-ניטרלית, אלא הכרעה פוליטית המחייבת מודעות ביקורתית למטען ההיסטורי והמשפטי של המונחים. לאור זאת, מוצעות למתרגמים ולמנהלי משא ומתן אסטרטגיות לתרגום מדויק, החושף מונחים מרככים ומשקף את המציאות המשפטית הבינלאומית.

This research tackles the theme of female empowerment that was significant in the Canadian society in 1940s, and serves as a main theme in the novel. It also argues how the protagonist in the novel Lives of Girls and Women, acquires empowerment and identity during childhood and maturation. The aim of the novel is to establish the narrator's principles and attitudes to strengthen and portray the community of females. In this paper, the protagonist's experiences are presented showing hidden and strict attitudes of the whole world around. The empowerment of the protagonist is recognized throughout the changes in her behaviour of how she humiliates sexual experiments and orders imposed on her by men. So, when rejecting the oppression of the male society, Del sets a new way of freedom to her as well as other females in the society. Thus, the protagonist, Del Jordan, achieves female spiritual awakening. Moreover, the research sheds light on how Munro, a new empowered female figure, penetrates the notion of gender in her community. The significant characteristic of the female characters is that they pay attention to their everyday experiences. These characters confront reality and are able to express any event in their voice.

This paper discusses the evolution of the dark comedy genre in the Contemporary literature of the English language since the year 2000, especially in the case of The Sellout by Paul Beatty . Dark comedy, the genre that intermingles the sense of humor with moral and social commentary, has proved to be a potent literary genre through which writers have revealed contradictions, injustices, and absurdities of contemporary society. The novel created by Beatty is a provocative and postmodern reformulation of the satire that directly challenges the problem of racial inequality and the fantasy of progress in post-Civil Rights America. Through irony, parody, and absurdity, Beatty disrupts the usual story of racial harmony and unravels the uncomfortable realities that linger behind the scenes of contemporary culture. Based on the postmodernism theory of things, critical race theory, and humor theory, this paper explains that The Sellout is an example of how dark comedy can be more than entertainment and can be used as a political and philosophical discourse. The results emphasize the role of laughter as defiance and discovery- as an activity that breaks down power relations, undermining the social contradictions that characterize the twenty-first century (Beatty, 2015).

The current research paper explores the semiotic values of colour in the novel The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern, and (black, white, and red) are the major colours that are investigated in the context of cultural and moral meanings. Basing on the works of Kress and van Leeuwen (2002) on visual grammar and Barthes on semiotic framework, the study explores the functions of colours not just as an aesthetic quality and signifier system that depicts overlay symbolic meanings within the story. This paper uses a qualitative, interpretive approach to explore the way in which certain colours convey some of the central themes including identity, duality, love, power, and sacrifice. As shown in the analysis, the black and white, which is traditionally related to contrast and balance is reorganized in the novel to question binary moral assumptions and as whereas red is used as a symbol of passion, vitality and danger. The results are relevant to the literature semiotics as they indicate that the visual aspects like colour can influence the emotional and cultural interpretation of literary texts by the readers. This paper provides an idea concerning the semiotic possibility of colour as a device of narrative creation and symbolic multifariousness in contemporary fiction.

Bu çalışmada, Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde isimlerde sözbaşı, sözortasıvesöz sonunda “y” sesinin düşmesi söz konusudur. Bu ses olayı örneklendirilerek sözcüklerin tarihçesine göz atarak Türkiye Türkçesiyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Başta Türk dillerinde ses olaylarından biri olan “y” sesinin düşmesi hakkında genel bir bilgi verilmektedir. Ardından Irak Türkmen Türkçesinden örnekler vererek, Orhon Türkçesi, Uygurca, Karahanlıca, Harezmce, Çağatayca ve Türkiye Türkçesiyle karşılaştırarak art zamanlı bir çalışma oluşmaktadır. Bu örneklerden hareket ederek tarihçe ses değişimleri ortaya konulmuş ve bir sonuca ulaşılması amaçlanmıştır.
Türkçede seslerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerinde sözcüğün yapısında mevcut bir ünsüzün düştüğü gözlemlenmektedir. Bu ses olayına ünsüz düşmesi denir. Bu olay Türkçe ek ve köklerde her dönem olmuştur

Se denominan oraciones nominales aquellas oraciones o enunciados que carecen de verbos conjugados y cuyo núcleo, siempre, es sustantivo o pronombre desempeña como eje central en estas construcciones sintácticas. El interés por este tipo de oraciones proviene de la importancia de éstas en el acto comunicativo donde hacen posible la transmisión de ideas de forma precisa y efectiva, sobre todo, en contextos políticos, en los que se pretende crear imágenes o impresiones específicas. Por otro lado, tales estructuras lingüísticas se emplean en titulares de la prensa hispana y la Agencia de noticias EFE.
Las oraciones nominales hacen un papel esencial en la creación de imágenes políticas y de expresiones ideológicas a la hora de verter textos de índole política del castellano al idioma árabe. Tanto el árabe como el español, las dos lenguas recurran a la nominalización, que se trata de sustantivar las cláusulas y verbos con el fin de realizar una condensación léxica e informática, además de conferir al discurso comunicativo un tono de forma más formal y objetivo.

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