URUK FOR HUMANITIES

Daphne du Maurier’s Rule Britannia (1972) envisions a future Britain that, after withdrawing from the European Community, faces economic and political turmoil, and then establishes a new union with the United States called USUK. Concerns regarding identity, independence, and the ongoing conflict between various aspects of British consciousness had therefore been present long before the emergence of the Brexit referendum in 2016. The novel Rule Britannia explores the tensions between internal and external influences and the fear of Britain’s uncertain place in the world, causing people to feel a deep loss of identity and a resistance to what is to come, similar to emotional conflicts that would materialize decades later. This study aims, through a detailed examination of the novel, to demonstrate how fiction can reflect existing conflicts. Although the novel depicts an exaggerated dystopian view, many of its essential ideas resonate with Brexit’s aftermath, providing insight into potential future developments by uncovering hidden fears and tensions within British society.

The current study aims to examine how metaphors play a crucial role in political discourse and how they are used by politicians to legitimize their actions and delegitimize those of their opponents. In an effort to do so, two of Trump\'s speeches are examined, analyzed, and interpreted using a critical approach, namely critical metaphor analysis, developed by Charteris-Black (2005). Charteris-Black\'s theoretical framework is adapted to this study to detect the political ideologies that operate in the analyzed political speeches. The selected political speeches are examined through different types of metaphor suggested by Charteris-Black by analyzing the structures of each sentence that comprises the types of metaphor applied (which are nine in number) to show how Trump manages to legitimize his actions as well as delegitimize the actions of the Iranian\'s regime. The analysis proved that the selected speeches are loaded with ideological references and cues that are designed by the speaker to fathom out political ideology. Using various types of metaphors, Trump introduces and expands on Iran negatively, trying to gain the world\'s support in his conflict against it.

This study presents a stylistic analysis of Peter McDonald’s “Solitude”, a poem that has attracted attention for its layered description of isolation and human experience and named “poem of the week” by The Guardian on Sep. 1, 2025. Drawing on Leech and Short’s (2007) framework as an analytical tool, the study examines the poem at graphological, phonological, grammatical, lexical, and semantic levels to show how sound patterns, line arrangement, lexical choices, and structural choices contribute to shape the overall meaning of the poem. The study reveals that McDonald uses some stylistic tools such as; alliteration, assonance, and consonance to foreground tension between despair and beauty, while punctuation and visual layout are used to show the fragmented mood of solitude. By situating “Solitude” in both fields, linguistics and literature , this study shows how stylistic analysis provides a deeper understanding of contemporary poetic texts and contributes to uncovering their aesthetic beauty.

The American poet Anne Boyer has recently emerged as an innovative poetic voice, engaged with a range of socio-political issues, including the challenges of everyday survival, the precarious life in neoliberal capitalism, and most strikingly, the intersections of poetics and politics. The latter is the focus of this study that aims to explore Boyer’s Garments Against Women as a counter-discourse to the psychopolitical strategies of neoliberal capitalism. As theorized by the German philosopher, Byung-Chul Han, psychopolitics stands for contemporary power that insinuates itself within different social structures to create auto-exploited individuals with open-ended exhortation and self-improvement for capital maximization. Psychopolitics does not impose external power; rather, it reshapes the self with inner drives of endless compulsions of achievements and productions. In this context, Boyer opposes writing that reproduces the narratives of self-empowerment and everyday survival. While literature works independently of the market logic, Boyer interrogates the ways writing is also being commodified, claiming that literary institutions encourage realistic poetics of traditional confessions and memoirs that reproduce the narratives of resilience, personal success, and self-empowerment. Thus, her negativity is a self-aware poetics, reflected in hybrid, fragmented, and meditative texts functions as both an aesthetic and political resistance, beyond the conventional modes of production. Through negativity, she reconsiders literary works freed from commodification and the discourse of the achievement culture

This study aims to investigate the effect of integrating AI tools with a flipped learning strategy on improving grammar tenses among Iraqi EFL university students. The following questions were set:(1) To what extent does the integrated AI–Flipped Learning model improve Iraqi EFL students’ scores on a standard grammar test? (2) How does the model influence students’ accuracy in using correct tenses in writing tasks? (3) What are Iraqi EFL learners’ perceptions and experiences of the AI–Flipped Learning model?
The participants were 60 male and female students from the Department of English, College of Basic Education from Babylon University in the first semester of academic year 2025–2026. The participants were assigned to experimental and control groups. The grammar tenses tests (Pre-test and Post-test) consisted of 50 items, and the Technology Acceptance Model was used as an instrument. A quasi experimental, pragmatically driven mixed methods design was used. The study showed that bringing AI-driven feedback into the Flipped Learning model is an effective method for solving the challenges for Iraqi EFL learners with English tenses. The experimental group showed significant quantitative gains on a standardized grammar test and the tense‐based writing, supported by learners’ oral reports of increased autonomy, confidence, and engagement.

Palestinian poetry is a testimony of resistance that adapts itself to mirror the changing reality of its people. By investigating the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish (1948-2008), a poetic voice of the post-Nakba resistance period, and Mosab Abu Toha (b.1992), a contemporary poetic voice of the siege era, this research explores the evolution of the Palestinian poetry of resistance. It asserts that the transition from Darwish to Abu Toha stands as an essential adaptation in the Palestinian poetry of resistance. It signals a shift from a lyrical, symbolic, and collective representation of identity into a report-like, minimalist and private witness of Palestinian struggle. The research activates thematic, tonal, stylistic, and functional perspectives to highlight the significant transformations Palestinian poetry has gone through. Thematically, it has shifted from collective myth-making into trauma recitation. Tonally, it has moved from defiant assertion to burdened survival. Stylistically, particularly its images, it has departed lyrical construction in preference of visceral and sensory images. Functionally, the role of the poet has evolved from a national myth-creator into an eyewitness documentarian. Finally, the research indicates that, despite the shift in its poetic strategies, Palestinian poetry preserves its role as a site of resistance and consistency.

This research examines the ideological foundations of Iraqi electoral discourse, with a particular focus on political slogans as concise expressions of collective consciousness, party affiliation, and political transformations since 2003. The main question is: How do the ideological orientations of political parties manifest in their election campaign slogans? How do religion and nationalism contribute to this discourse? And how is symbolic language used to influence voters? The research aims to understand the multiple intellectual currents—nationalist, religious, revolutionary, and civil—reflected in the parliamentary election slogans of 2025. This research employs acontent analysis methodology, establishing a comprehensive link between the political and socio-political spheres through a theoretical framework that incorporates both classical and modern concepts of ideology and discourse. The findings indicate that Iraqi electoral discourse remains driven by ideology, with slogans used as tools for mobilization, polarization, and communication. A comparison of slogans such as "Empowered Iraq," "Don't Waste It," and "Rejoice, Iraq" reveals a significant overlap between nationalist and reformist discourse, where masses are mobilized through symbolic and emotional appeals rather than concrete policy proposals.

This study examines the concept of interpretive probability (al-iḥtimāl) in Qur’anic exegesis and its methodological role in directing meaning. It shows how interpretive probability reflects the breadth of Qur’anic semantics and reveals exegetes’ approaches to engaging with the text. The research demonstrates that early exegetes, such as al-Ṭabarī and al-Ṭūsī, adopted an expansive approach by presenting multiple interpretive possibilities supported by linguistic and textual evidence. In contrast, later exegetes, including Ibn ʿĀshūr and al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, tended to restrict interpretive probability by focusing on the most apparent meaning in harmony with the objectives of the Qur’anic discourse..

The study argues that the multiplicity of interpretations enables the Qur’an to address diverse theological, jurisprudential, and ethical issues and to engage with changing contexts. However, it cautions that unregulated acceptance of interpretive possibilities may lead to semantic ambiguity. Therefore, the study emphasizes adherence to methodological criteria such as linguistic accuracy, contextual coherence, and reliance on authoritative textual evidence. It concludes that interpretive probability is a disciplined methodological tool that enhances precision in Qur’anic interpretation and reveals the richness and adaptability of the text.

The current research aims to identify the importance of group counseling in secondary schools from the perspective of educational counselors. It also seeks to determine the statistical significance of differences based on gender (male, female) in their perceptions of the importance of group counseling in secondary schools for the academic year (2024-2025). The counseling relationship between counselor and counselee is not purely intellectual; it is impossible to provide complete assistance to the counselee through their cognitive processes or behavior. Group counseling has emerged as a cultural and educational focus, motivating numerous studies that have addressed the topic of group counseling. These studies aim to establish a more sophisticated and nuanced scientific foundation for understanding its details and developing sound strategies that align with the counselor's expertise and knowledge. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female counselors randomly selected from secondary and intermediate schools in Anbar Governorate. A questionnaire was used to achieve the research objectives. The questionnaire was reviewed by a group of experts and specialists in educational counseling, and its reliability was established through test-retest administration on the same sample. The scale, consisting of (24) items, was administered on a five-point scale (strongly agree, moderately agree, sometimes agree, disagree, strongly disagree). The results showed no significant differences according to the gender variable (male-female).

Orientalist studies on the Quranic Text have taken different paths, with many different approaches and readings. However, this work was not done to find the truth or to understand what the other person had; it was done because the author felt a deep sense of danger from the power of the Quranic text and its ability to cause civilisational problems based on his Western cultural background. He tried to prove that the Quran was not revealed by God but was instead a product of human beings and a social process. He portrayed the Qur'an as a cultural inheritance shaped by past civilisations, asserting, "the concept of transferring this celestial book to a preserved tablet is an ancient notion that predates the earliest civilisations."This historical projection has resulted in the conclusion that the surviving tablet represents a shared and evolved cultural artefact, rather than a static metaphysical reality; hence, this assertion implies that revelation is a cumulative historical occurrence.

Many critical, cultural, postmodern, and social studies have relied on the work of the American critic and philosopher Leach in the mid-1960s, and on Foucault's concept of discourse and power, and the relationship of discourse to scientific, literary, cultural, and epistemological institutions, our goal was to read the novel "The victim and the jellyfish by Rawia Masri" because of its overcrowding with a large number of diverse and different cultural formats, which deserve a systematic cultural study, as it represented a set of cultural formats embedded in the subconscious of the Lebanese people, which appeared during the Lebanese civil war, to float on the surface of the dominant authoritarian discourse, so the study with some terminological concepts of mechanisms, tools and formats of cultural theory The second research: it includes an applied analytical reading of a number of cultural formats included in the novel, in a concise form( for publication requirements) . Then the conclusion, which guarantees the most important results reached by the researcher in the study, is listed in the Journal of sources and references . It is God's good luck.

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To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher relied on the following:The researcher used the descriptive research method (correlational relationship) because it is more suitable for achieving the research objectives, and it is characterized by its reliance on qualitative data and its tendency to follow the discovery pattern of the scientific method. Constructing a test to measure generative thinking in students after the researcher has fulfilled the requirements and conditions of validity, reliability, discrimination index, and internal consistency of the test._ Constructing a test to measure students’ academic achievement after the researcher has fulfilled all the conditions of validity, reliability, discrimination index and internal consistency of the test. To further this, the researcher administered the test to a sample of (200) secondary school students in Iraq. After collecting, tabulating, organizing, and statistically processing the data using the statistical package, For Social Sciences (SPSS(The researcher reached the following conclusions: Fifth grade science students in physics. There is a direct correlation between generative thinking skills and academic achievement among students in this grade. There is a direct correlation between generative thinking skills and academiic achievemeent among fifthgrade science students in physics.

This study aims to examine the major factors influencing international relations by analyzing the Iraqi case as a unique model within the Middle Eastern regional environment. The research explores the interaction between internal political, economic, and social variables and external dynamics represented by the regional and international environment. It further assesses their impact on shaping Iraq’s foreign policy, particularly toward neighboring states such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran, in addition to the role of international actors.
The study employs both the descriptive-analytical method and the case study approach to develop a deeper understanding of the nature of Iraq’s external balancing strategies amid the multiplicity of regional and global power centers. The findings reveal that Iraq’s international relations are shaped by a complex interplay of internal structural factors and external geopolitical dynamics, which render its foreign policy characterized by cautious balancing and continuous efforts to preserve national interests within an unstable environment. The researcher argues that maintaining a policy of positive neutrality is considerably more challenging than merely declaring neutrality, particularly within a politically turbulent domestic, regional, and international context.

It is evident that the poetry of Ibn al-Kattani has long been neglected and its value underestimated, especially when compared with other poets who have received extensive attention in literary studies and critical compilations. Throughout history, poets have not been treated equally in literary scholarship; some have enjoyed prominence, while others have remained in the margins. This disparity raises an important question: why has critical focus been concentrated on one group of poets while another has been overlooked? The reasons may be varied, including media influence, personal biases, and the presence of dominant critical voices that resisted poetic styles that did not align with their tastes. At the same time, it is possible that the poet himself did not fully succeed in employing his poetic skill to bridge the gap between his work and the public, thereby creating an intellectual and cultural distance.
From this perspective, the present study seeks to uncover the poetic features of Ibn al-Kattani’s work, with particular emphasis on his praise poetry (al-madih). This genre, distinguished by its eloquence and artistic merit, demonstrates qualities that make it worthy of careful study and critical examination.

The education system is considered one of the most important tools used by modern states to construct national identity and solidify official ideological frameworks. In Iran during the Pahlavi era (1925–1979), education occupied a central position in the state project aimed at modernization, nation-building, and redefining the relationship between religion and politics. This study examines how Shi\'a identity was represented in textbooks during this period, focusing on the discursive shifts between the first and second Pahlavi periods and the ideological functions of this representation.
This study employs a discourse and content analysis approach, viewing textbooks as ideological texts that reflect the state\'s perceptions of religion and identity. It also draws on modern state theories of managing religion, particularly the concept of \"domesticated religion\" or \"official religiosity, which is reproduced to serve the goals of political stability and legitimacy.
Educational policies during the reign of Reza Shah were characterized by a secular nationalist tendency that aimed to reduce the presence of religion in the public sphere and reinforce an Iranian identity rooted in pre-Islamic traditions. This was clearly reflected in textbooks, where Shi\'ism was presented as a historical and cultural component of Iranian heritage, rather than as an active doctrinal or political system.

This research addressed the evaluation of the efficiency of the private education in Al-Muthana neighborhood for the year 2021 trying to answer the study problem which tackles identifying the components of the private education in Al-Muthana neighborhood, identifying the spatial distribution scheme and the spatial variations of the private education, the factors behind this variation and measuring the concentration of this phenomenon. This research also addressed analyzing the efficiency of schools through taking some indicators via the field study.
The study has concluded that the components of private education in Al-Muthana neighborhood amount to 33 primary and high schools. This number is exaggerated. The study also concluded that this variation is clear on the level of districts. As for the analysis of the efficiency of the private education services through some indicators and comparing them with the local criteria and the government schools, they are good indicators despite the variation from school to school. The study concluded that it is necessary to regulate the work and distribution of the private schools, because their spread needs rigorous laws and regulations which regulate the work of these schools.

The State of Qatar is distinguished by its geographical location on the Arabian Peninsula, which carries within it features of social structure and the cultural and civilizational identity of an Arab person who combines authenticity with keeping pace with modernity in the historical and media documentation of the State of Qatar. Abdullah Hussein Naama organized his memoirs with analysis and description of political, administrative, scientific, and cultural bodies and activities, along with expressing public opinion on various aspects and their impact on development projects, based on relying on creating media cadres capable of enlightening the minds of the masses and developing their cultural energies in the process of economic and social development through mass communication means. From this, the mutual influence between media and new developments in other fields of society becomes clear, which affect the media, especially efforts to provide living and health means and giving these aspects special priority, whereby media means become essential for the transformation and support of modern society. This matter gives his memoirs importance for understanding the social nature and local and external political development after Qatar achieved its political independence in the second half of the past century and made remarkable progress in various fields .

Urban communities suffer greatly from gun violence anxiety, particularly among those most vulnerable to firearm violence—people living in impoverished neighborhoods with limited resources. This suggests that gun violence, when addressed on a large scale, is more prevalent than previously thought. This research explores how green spaces in densely populated areas can influence violent behaviors and their outcomes. In areas of high social deprivation, residents often face increased pressures, such as poverty, unemployment, and gun violence resulting from conflicts and fights, in addition to indiscriminate gunfire and its resulting innocent victims. To address this problem operationally and achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a tool to measure gun violence anxiety (16 items) and a tool to measure exposure to green spaces (14 items). These measures were administered to a sample of 424 students from the College of Arts, randomly selected from the Al-Mustansiriya University community, aged 18–30 years (mean age 25). The research results were then analyzed in light of Stephen Kaplan\'s Restorative Attention Theory (ART) framework. University students expressed high levels of anxiety due to shooting incidents. There was a positive attitude towards exposure to greenery, in addition to differences between males and females on both scales, in favor of females.

This study aims to analyze the visual war in digital news websites during the Al-Aqsa Flood operation through a comparative semiotic analysis of the visual coverage provided by Al Jazeera, Sumeria News, and CNN. The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach based on semiotic analysis to examine visual symbols, connotations, implications, and media frames embedded in news images. The findings reveal that Arab news outlets, particularly Al Jazeera and Sumeria News, predominantly emphasized the humanitarian frame by highlighting Palestinian civilian suffering and employing visual symbols associated with resilience and moral violation, thereby mobilizing Arab and international public opinion against the occupation. In contrast, CNN focused on directing international public attention toward the brutality of the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, emphasizing shocking images related to Israeli captives and security incidents within a selective humanitarian and security-oriented media frame. The study concludes that news images play a pivotal role in shaping collective awareness and political and moral perceptions, and that visual framing constitutes a fundamental dimension of contemporary media conflict.

Narrative theory has theorized the claim that the semiotic construction of narrated events structures the perceptual and interpretive processes of readers. Grounded in this theorization, examining the extent to which narrative gaps, considering gaps as a mode of stylistic construction, has consistently demonstrated its analytical richness. In this narrative analytical context, it is worth pointing out that narrative gaps constitute the focus of critics, particularly in reader-response criticism, but such a field of analysis (narrative gap analysis) requires a theoretically grounded stylistic approach. The principal aim of this paper is to trace the representation of distinct conceptual configurations of narrative gaps through the application of a theoretically grounded reader-oriented narrative stylistic analysis. Such an aim shows the extent to which narrative gaps impose mental cognitive load on readers’ awareness, which in turn contributes to enhancing the thematic complexity of the text. The methodology constructs an integrative framework of stylistics with cognitive narratology, reader-response analysis, fictional worlds, and semiotic perspectives. The findings give rise to the conclusion that narrative gaps act as intentional stylistic techniques, structurally create ambiguity, emotionally stimulate cognitive engagement, and, from a meaning interpretative perspective, create multilayered meanings. Such narrative gaps and stylistic realizations are illuminated through discursively constructed linguistic-stylistic patterns, which are distributed across a range from deviations at the graphological level to techniques of narrative focalization.

This study explores the functions and strategies of translating biblical titles as paratextual elements across English and Arabic. The analyzed data are ten representative bible headings in the Genesis Book [1] and their equivalents in the Arabic version [1]. Those ten were selected out of the 25 representative titles, which represent the 4000 titles in the NIV, where the focus was on the titles that are nominalizations or have a nominalized part . Nord's [2] functional model of translation was used in analyzing the selected data. The results showed that the English titles are concise, informative, and theologically-oriented, whereas the Arabic ones pose extension to parallel the theological orientation of the English ones, informative, and thematic. It has been concluded that the most important function of Arabic titles is their reframing role to compensate for the targeted function of the English titles. It is implied that translators should merge the syntactic, cultural, and theological factors to give a complete, adequate, and functional equivalent for a given biblical title. Further research can be done to include analyzing other biblical titles. The implications of this study are of vital importance in the domain of translation teaching.

This research study investigated the impact of noise on the educational level of middle school students in gifted schools in Al-Muthanna Governorate during the 2025-2026 academic year. A field survey was conducted at various locations within the study sample. Indoor noise levels were measured at four locations at different times: 7-8 AM at the start of the school day, 9-10 AM during class, 11-12 PM during recess, and 1-2 PM at the end of the school day. Noise levels outside the schools were measured at one location at a distance of 1-4 meters. The study utilized a questionnaire, with 615 forms distributed to the entire study sample. The research aimed to determine the impact of background noise on educational performance by identifying spatial variations in noise levels across schools in the study area, measuring the extent of noise pollution, and assessing its health effects on academic achievement. The study found that 48% of students are exposed to noise pollution, 43% of them reporting that noise affects their concentration during class. 29% confirmed that noise becomes more bothersome during exams, and 41% of the sample... The students suffer from headaches due to the annoying noises, which consequently affects the student\'s concentration and mental presence regarding the scientific material.

This study examines the constitutional amendment enacted in Libya on 7 December 1962 as a significant turning point in the country’s history during the monarchical era, particularly under the premiership of Mohammed Osman Al-Said (16 October 1960 – 19 March 1963). The research aims to clarify his role in advancing and securing the approval of the amendment within the Council of Ministers and subsequently in Parliament. He capitalized on converging internal factors aimed at restructuring the state, as well as external considerations linked to the interests of certain foreign companies operating in the country. The constitutional amendment marked a fundamental shift in Libya’s political system, transforming it from a federal structure composed of three provinces Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan alongside a central government in the capital, Tripoli, into a unitary system divided into ten governorates. This transformation strengthened national unity, consolidated the authority of the central government, and reorganized administrative and financial competencies between the center and the governorates. The study concludes by identifying the principal outcomes of this constitutional transition, its impact on public life, and the influence of Mohammed Osman Al-Said’s leadership in supporting this transformative process.

This research aims to develop and improve the services provided in the dormitories of Iraqi public universities, using Al-Muthanna University as a case study. These services are crucial as vital university facilities that significantly contribute to attracting students from remote areas, governorates, and other countries. The research employed descriptive and analytical methodologies, utilizing questionnaires randomly distributed to 114 students out of 753 residing in the dormitories during the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample comprised 15% of the four dormitories on campus. The aim was to assess the current state of the various services. The research concluded that student satisfaction with these services was low, ranging from a high level of satisfaction (69%) for security and safety services to a low level of satisfaction (13%) for green spaces and recreational facilities. Satisfaction with the remaining services fell between these two percentages. The research proposes the formation of committees from Al-Muthanna University and the dormitories to study and implement plans for developing and improving residential, operational, maintenance, and basic services, as well as the educational environment. Recreational activities.

ABSTRACT
Industry, in all its branches, is a fundamental pillar of economic development and progress in all countries of the world, as well as in Iraq in general and in the middle Euphrates governorates in particular, as most of its components are available there. There is a similarity in the components of industry among the governorates of the region. The research relied on the use of some important statistical indicators to demonstrate the importance of industry relative to other economic activities in the middle Euphrates region, such as the size of industry, its importance, and the arithmetic mean in measuring the distribution of industrial workers and their concentration compared to the population of those governorates and the labor force in the region. The research showed that there is a variation in the importance of industry among the study governorates. Industry was concentrated in Babil Governorate, ranking first among the study governorates, while the concentration was equal among the rest of the governorates, except for Karbala Governorate, which was less concentrated in the region. Therefore, attention must be paid to the industrial aspect in terms of increasing expertise and introducing technological systems and modern equipment to maximize benefit and increase the level of development and progress in the middle Euphrates governorates in particular and Iraq in general.

In dystopian fiction, language is power where different forces seek to wield to control others, resist, and assert identity. While many studies view Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale as a critique of the patriarchal oppression, fewer have systematically examined the micro-linguistic realizations through which the oppressor’s ideology is resisted. The current research addresses this gap via the investigation of how evaluative language functions as a tool of ideological positioning and resistance within the novel. The research integrates Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Framework with Norman Fairclough’s Dialectical-Relational Model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyze selected extracts of the novel based on their richness of the appraisal resources. The approach here is a mixed one focusing on frequency identification—quantitative analysis, using LancsboxX corpus analysis software alongside qualitative analysis of the extracts. The findings demonstrate that resistance in totalitarian environments may not be physical but a linguistic act used to maintain psychological sovereignty.