Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

This study involved the preparation of Schiff bases containing a furan ring in their
structure by the reaction of aromatic aldehyde [5-(4-Chlorophenyl)furfural] with aniline substituents in the para-position [-OCH3, -CH3, -Cl, -Br, -NO2]. The prepared
organic compounds were characterized using melting point, infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H.NMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance
(13C.NMR). Low-cost graphene nanosheets were also prepared by grinding coal balls
moistened with droplets of deionized water. These were used to prepare five nanocomposites by chemical sublimation with prepared Schiff bases in the presence of dioxane
solvent. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by spectroscopic methods
such as FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy
(FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface area analysis (BET).

This thesis includes the preparation and characterization of new complexes
of Ni)II( and Hg)II( ions with 4-Chlorobenzalenehedrazineyl ligands and phosphins (dppb, dppp, dppe, dppm, PPh3, and dppf) to obtain different complexes. The ligands and the prepared complexes were characterized using FT-IR
and 1H,31P-{1H}-NMRspectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the prepared
compounds was also evaluated against two types of bacteria and a fungus: Septococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Candida albicans. The compounds showed moderate to good activity against both bacteria and fungi.

This study aims to measure various vital biochemical variables in the blood serum of women
who have experienced abortions and to compare these measurements with those from a control
group of non-aborted women. A total of 90 blood samples were collected, consisting of 60 sam�
ples from women who had abortions and 30 samples from healthy women. The participants’ ages
ranged from 18 to 40 years. Samples were obtained from Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Salah al-Din
Governorate between September 16, 2024, and December 7, 2024. The samples were categorized
into three age groups: the first group consisted of women aged 18 to 25, the second group included
those aged 26 to 33, and the third group comprised women aged 34 to 40. Several biochemical
variables were measured in the blood serum of the participants, including the hormone resistin,
vitamin D3, insulin resistance, and zinc levels.The results indicated a significant increase in the
levels of the hormone resistin and insulin resistance in the blood of women who had abortions, with
a probability level of P ≤ 0.05. Additionally, the study found a significant decrease in the levels of
vitamin D3 and zinc in women who had abortions compared to those in the healthy control group,
also at a probability level of P ≤ 0.05

Kidney failure is defined as a condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to effi�
ciently remove waste and toxic substances from the body, and is categorised into two main
types: Acute Kidney Failure (AKF) and Chronic Kidney Failure (CKF). Kidney failure is
a common disease globally, with approximately 100,000 new cases recorded annually in
the United States of America alone, and statistics indicate that there are about 209 people
with kidney failure per million people. 60 serum samples were collected from chronic kid�
ney failure patients before undergoing dialysis sessions, and biochemical analyses included
measuring the concentrations of magnesium and potassium, as well as estimating the activ�
ity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme. The results showed that 5-LOX concentration was
significantly lower in patients with renal failure compared to the control group (P<0.05(,
while magnesium and potassium concentrations were significantly elevated in the affected
group compared to the control group at the same level of statistical significance (P<0.05(,
Regarding the effect of biological sex on the studied variables, the results revealed a signif�
icant decrease in 5-LOX, magnesium and potassium, which were lower in males compared
to females, indicating a possible role of sex as an influential factor in the severity of injury
and progression of renal failure.

In this message, we conducted a theoretical study to calculate several physical prop�
erties of various a number of azo dyes. The study included finding two types of variables:
one type is intensive, which includes charges, and the other type is energetic, which in�
cludes Van der Waals forces, dipoles, higher occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lower
unoccupied molecular orbital (LOMO), as well as the chemical potential (µ), the sphericity
electrophilicity index (w), and hardness (ƞ). The aim was to identify the factors affecting
the adsorption process of these dyes onto activated carbon surfaces, including the theoret�
ically determined Freundlich constant after studying it practically. The physical properties
of the azo dyes under study were calculated using different methods, including the Austin
Model 1 (AM1), Parameter Model 3 (PM3), Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Har�
tree-Fock (HF) method to find the best calculation methods via correlation coefficients.
The correlation coefficient values relating the theoretically calculated physical properties
to the Freundlich constant were good, with the best correlation coefficient value being
(0.996 = R2), which was obtained using the Density Functional Theory method; therefore,
it can be considered the best method. This indicates the potential for using such studies.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed to determine
sulfanilamide (SNA) by nitration and coupling using N-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-
reagent and a nitrating agent in an acidic medium. Sodium hydroxide was used as a
base to form a yellow product. The method yielded the highest absorption at a wavelength of 390 nm, with Beer’s law limits being (1.25-16.25) µg/ml. The molar absorption coefficient was 9901.5 L.mol.cm-1, the Sandell’s significance value was (0.0173)
µg.cm-2, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9983. The detection and quantification
limits werecalculated to be (0.080) and (0.245) µg/ml. g/mL, respectively. This method
has been successfully used for estimation in pharmaceutical preparations.

In this research, nano-phenolic graphene oxide Z8 was prepared by reacting
compound Z7 with compound Z2 using deionized water and sublimation. The
authenticity of the prepared compound was confirmed by spectroscopic methods including (FT-IR, FESEM, XRD, TEM). The scanning electron microscope
(SEM) results showed that the values of Sa = 0.02143 nm and Sq = 0.0435 nm
indicate the regularity of the layers at the atomic scale with slight roughness.
The X-ray diffraction result also showed the large widening in FWHM indicating the presence of a large number of crystalline defects resulting from surface
modification.

Twenty-four adult male white rats, each weighing between 300 and 400 g, were used in this study.
The rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of six rats, over two weeks. The aim was to investigate the effects of the herbal ginger plant in complementary medicine, focusing on its active components and ability to scavenge free radicals. The study examined the effectiveness of ginger extract in both
preventive and therapeutic contexts, particularly in white rats where blood clotting was induced using
ferric chloride at a concentration of 2% for 14 days. The first group served as the control (C) and received
no treatment. The second group (G1) served as the preventive group, receiving 0.5 cc of ferric chloride
daily, along with oral administration of aqueous ginger extract. The third group (G3) received only ferric
chloride, serving as an induction group. Finally, the treatment group (G4) received ferric chloride for
one week and then ginger extract for an additional week. Results indicated a significant improvement in
coagulation indicators, including D-dimer and clotting time. Analyses were conducted on the components
of the ginger extract, which were characterized using HPLC. The study also evaluated antioxidant activity, coagulation indices, liver function tests, complete blood counts, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress
indices. Biochemical analyses revealed improved levels of ALT, AST, and bilirubin in the treated groups,
particularly in G4, highlighting the restorative properties of the ginger extract. Additionally, results from
the COX-1 test showed a significant decrease in its activity, which reflects the anti-inflammatory effects
of the phenolic compounds present in ginger. The alcoholic extract of ginger demonstrated effective preventive and therapeutic effects against FeCl₃-induced coagulation and oxidative stress, attributed to its
rich content of antioxidant phenols and vitamins.

This research aims to prepare and characterize several number of tetrazole
compounds, prepared from hydrazones (SH2-SH6). These compounds were
characterized using spectroscopic methods (UV-visible, C13NMR, H-NMR,
FT-IR). The authenticity of the prepared compounds was confirmed, and their
biological activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
was evaluated.