Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Humanities Sciences

The world today has witnessed an accelerating digital transformation in various sectors of life, as information and communication have become one of the most important environments for business at present. One aspect of this progress is the enormous revolution that occurred through the emergence of Internet technology in the field of shopping, which has directly affected the structure of the global and local economy. This study seeks to explore and analyze the nature of the impact of e-commerce on the local labor market, and to determine the extent of the changes that have occurred in traditional jobs versus the newly created opportunities.
The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to data collection and comparison of economic indicators for the employment sector before and after the rise of digital commerce. It examines two main hypotheses: the first posits a negative impact of e-commerce, resulting in the shrinking of traditional retail jobs and the closure of some stores; the second posits a positive impact, creating an entirely new job ecosystem based on digital skills. The study concludes that digital transformation does not eliminate jobs entirely, but rather reshapes them, posing a significant challenge to the local workforce to enhance its digital proficiency. The study also recommends updating educational and training curricula to align with the demands of the new market and enacting legislation to protect workers in the emerging digital economy sector.

This study aims to redefine the role of Geographic Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) in drought and desertification research, shifting it from a tool for spatial analysis and monitoring to an integrated epistemological framework for generating research questions and testable scientific hypotheses. The study is grounded in a central problem: most contemporary Iraqi geographical studies remain confined to a descriptive approach, focusing on measuring and spatially representing the phenomenon using standardized indices such as SPI and SPEI, without advancing toward genuine causal analysis or the construction of alternative scenarios.
The study is based on the analysis of a sample of 14 studies published between 2024 and 2026, representing the most recent research related to drought and desertification. The aim is to examine their research logic and reveal the nature of the relationship between the data used, the analytical tools employed, and the interpretations presented. The results indicate that these studies tend to reduce both phenomena to a limited set of climatic variables—particularly precipitation and temperature—leading, in most cases, to the construction of single-factor explanatory models. These models interpret drought and desertification as direct outcomes of climate change, with a clear neglect of human factors such as water resource management, land-use patterns, and agricultural policies.
The study further demonstrates that the use of digital tools, including Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing, remains largely restricted to processes of monitoring, classification, and map production, without being utilized for generating new knowledge or testing alternative hypotheses. Consequently, causality in these studies is often inferred through statistical correlations or composite standardized indices, rather than through causal models that reflect the interaction among multiple factors.
The study proposes a methodological framework for employing GeoAI based on three main epistemic functions:
1. Generating research questions by identifying gaps and contradictions in existing studies.
2. Constructing intervention hypotheses through the reconfiguration of relationships among variables.
3. Activating counterfactual thinking by testing alternative scenarios.
The study emphasizes that the scientific value of ideas generated by GeoAI is realized only if they are relatively novel, directly related to the research problem, measurable and testable, and defined within specific spatial and temporal contexts. It also asserts that the integration between the human researcher and GeoAI constitutes a fundamental condition for producing valuable knowledge, as artificial intelligence cannot replace scientific reasoning but rather serves as a tool to enhance and extend it.

Acquire the bang terrorize crimes by crimes scientist since long time, they are trying to connect between them and political projectile, economic and sociological, if it connecting by the native situations or the situations that deals with the internationalism relationship.
This phenomenon find its way to the Arabic countries then Iraq. Many reasons help it to spread and exacerbation, some of these reasons connected with political governments for many Arabic countries, three golf wars, greatest counties in the area and the others with Iraq.
The scope of this study is recognizing the reasons of the crimes phenomenon the search divided in to tow divisions, the first discussing the search problems, its important and display the concepts that deals with terrorism term and define its. The second discuss the terrorism, the steps that which passed through it and the relationship between this phenomenon and some of the society systems. In the last I suggest some proposais to solving the crimes phenomenon in Iraq at present time.

The study focused on the four tours in which George Shultz, the U.S. Secretary of State, visited the Middle East during the period (February 25 – July 31) of 1988, in order to present a new American initiative that he announced on March 4 of that year. The initiative was named the Shultz Peace Initiative. The initiative represented the most significant U.S. participation in the Arab-Israeli peace-making process since Reagan's initiative in 1982. The primary goal of the initiative was to achieve a final and comprehensive peace through direct negotiations between Arabs and Israelis. The initiative specified bilateral negotiations between the Israeli delegation and the joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation. The negotiations were based on the UN Security Council Resolutions 242-338. The negotiations were preceded by an international (symbolic) conference, to which the UN Secretary-General invites the five permanent members and regional parties. The conference does not have the authority to impose its opinions or overturn the results of the negotiations. The study traced the Israeli position on these four tours, which was characterized by the Israeli government's refusal to hold an international conference, even if symbolic. The Israeli government agreed to conduct negotiations between the Israeli delegation and a joint delegation comprising Jordanians and Palestinians.

Objective: The research aims to identify reading comprehension skills and their relationship to cognitive flexibility among students of the Arabic Language Department in colleges of education.
Methodology: The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach. To achieve the research objectives, the study population was selected from the Colleges of Education at the Middle Euphrates universities (Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Muthanna, Babylon, and Karbala). The total population consisted of (597) students. Using proportional stratified sampling, a sample size of (200) students was selected for the academic year 2025–2026.
Research Instruments:
• Reading Comprehension Test: To measure reading comprehension skills among the Arabic language department students, the researcher developed a test consisting of twenty items (combining both objective and essay formats).
• Cognitive Flexibility Scale: The researcher adopted the scale prepared by Al-Issawi (2024), which consists of (24) items constructed using the verbal situations method and distributed across two domains.
Results: After applying the two instruments to the research sample and utilizing the one-sample t-test, the study revealed that the research sample possesses reading comprehension skills to a good degree, and they also possess cognitive flexibility to a good degree.
Recommendations: In light of the study's findings, it is recommended to acquaint male and female Arabic language teachers with the mechanisms of utilizing reading comprehension skills and how to prepare for them. It is also recommended to design professional development courses to enhance their awareness of current pedagogical developments and updates.
Suggestions: The researcher suggests conducting a study similar to the current one that utilizes educational programs to measure their impact on other variables, such as scientific attitudes, inclination toward literature and texts, or mental motivation.

This research examines the narrative structure of the maqama in Subh al-A'sha, revealing that al-Qalqashandi presented it not merely as a narrative tale, but as an artistic form that combines narration, rhetoric, and didacticism. The narrative structure is based on the relationship between the narrator and the protagonist, who appears as a learned and cultured figure rather than a witty trickster, reflecting the intellectual and educational orientation of the maqama.
The maqama develops through a central event that unfolds by means of dialogue and description, leading to a resolution that highlights the protagonist’s ingenuity. Its narrative discourse is distinguished by ornate language, including rhyme, alliteration, and rhetorical embellishment, making language itself a fundamental component of the narrative structure. Narrative and rhetoric thus merge to create a text that balances storytelling with linguistic artistry.
The study concludes that the maqama in Subh al-A'sha represents a model of artistic narrative that combines entertainment and instruction, integrating narrative elements with rhetorical aesthetics to produce a distinctive literary structure.

Social solidarity is a fundamental value in cohesive societies, manifesting in multiple forms (mechanical, organic, psychological, and economic). This research examines the reality of social solidarity in Iraq, focusing on state-sponsored institutions, namely social security, the social protection network, residential care homes (for the elderly and orphans), and the employment department. It traces the historical and legislative development of these institutions, from the issuance of Social Security Law No. (27) of 1956 to subsequent amendments and laws, such as the Social Protection Law No. (11) of 2014. The research also seeks to uncover the challenges facing the implementation of these laws, including inadequate coverage, financial deterioration, procedural obstacles, and the failure of legislation to keep pace with economic developments. Finally, it presents current measures and efforts aimed at expanding the beneficiary base and achieving social solidarity in the country.

The current research aims to identify Shame among burn-injured individuals To achieve this goal, the two researchers selected a sample of (240) male and female victims for the year (2026). The two researchers built a scale of the feeling of shame based on the theory of (Lewis, 1971). The two researchers also performed statistical analysis of the items and verified the psychometric properties of (validity, reliability). The results of the current research concluded burn-injured individuals have a feeling of shame of two types (explicit and implicit).

The aim of this research is to study and analyze the psychological impact that shaped this opposing duality in Ibn al-Rumi's poetry. It traces and demonstrates how the poet's self was broken by the inevitability of death, and the manifestations of this brokenness in his choice of words. Furthermore, it seeks to reveal the close relationship and interconnectedness between the poet's experience and personal tragedies, and his methods of crafting expression. In his language, death becomes a stark reality that snatches away life's security and hope, transforming words from their abstract meanings to psychological ones imbued with anxiety. Accordingly, the research revealed Rumi’s personal experience and its impact on his poetry, leading to his psychological struggle with the duality of death and life, which manifested in his poetic words that formed and categorized the lexicon of his Diwan, to prove his skill in formulating his poetic text in which contradictions are met in a way that combines the sincerity of emotion and the strength of linguistic craftsmanship.

The current research aims to identify "moral hypocrisy" among government employees. To achieve this goal, the researchers selected a sample of (400) employees for the year (2026). The researchers constructed a moral hypocrisy scale based on Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The researchers also performed statistical analysis of the items and verified the psychometric properties of validity and reliability. The researchers concluded that government employees exhibit moral hypocrisy. There are no statistically significant differences in moral hypocrisy among government employees based on gender (male and female) or marital status (married and unmarried).

The current research aims to identify "emotional apathy" among male and female inmates of Iraqi prisons. To achieve this goal, the researchers selected a sample of (400) male and female inmates for the year (2026). The researchers constructed an emotional apathy scale based on the theory of (Lazarus, 1991). The researchers also performed statistical analysis of the items and verified the psychometric properties of validity and reliability. The results of the current research concluded that inmates in correctional facilities exhibit emotional apathy. There are statistically significant differences in emotional apathy among inmates of correctional facilities according to gender (male/female), favoring males, and according to marital status (married/unmarried), favoring married individuals

This research aims to shed light on the nature of medical risks faced by families, identify the sources of medical information relied upon by patients and their families, and demonstrate their impact on mental and family health. It also seeks to clarify the effect of medical and pharmaceutical errors on the psychological and social stability of the family. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical to assess the level of family health by examining health and preventative practices and the extent of awareness of medical risks.
The research reached several conclusions, most notably that weak health awareness and Insufficient education are major factors contributing to the exacerbation of family health problems. This is linked to the prevalence of harmful practices such as medication misuse and health neglect.
In light of the findings, the research recommended improving the institutional response system for domestic violence cases by establishing specialized medical units within healthcare Institutions. These units should meet the necessary privacy and confidentiality standards to encourage victims to seek treatment and report incidents without fear of social stigma. Furthermore.

Scientists show a clear interested about positive psychology and oncology to studying emotional and mental resource that increase the quality of life and recovery or adaptation with chronic disease. So for that this research explain concept psychological recovery for patients with Cancer middle Euphrates city in iraq ( Diwaniyah , Najaf , Babilon , and Karbala) so the psychological recovery means: is capacity of patient to recovery , resilience , resistance of stress and overcoming a psychological trauma or psychological disorder and adaptability and coping with stress of life . Therefore the researcher investigated the attempted to determine the and psychological recovery. For the patient withe cancer by reviewing the following objectives
1-the degree of psychological recovery in cancer patients
2-the significance psychological recovery in cancer patients according to sex (male or female)
3-the significance psychological recovery in cancer patients according to age ( less than 30 or more than 30 yrs)
4-the significance psychological recovery in cancer patients according to duration of illness (less than 1 yrs or more)
To achieve the objectives of this study the researcher designed the psychological recovery scales according to previous scales in theoretical framework ( Antony ,1993). and the researcher select the psychometric properties scales and analysis it’s items that show (255) patient’s in the middle Euphrates hospitals who are chosen by random methods in appropriate allocation .
After finalization the research procedure the final test was applied on sample consisting (255) patient’s.
With the aim of analyzing the study results researcher used statistical methods including t-test for one sample or t-test for tow deferent samples and [Pearson Correlation Coefficient - ????] ,[Cronbach's Alpha]and [z-test]
1-The psychological recovery was observed in Arithmetic Mea (69.8627) and the Standard Deviation ( 8.25914) whereas Assumed Mean ( 54)
4-There are no single significance psychological recovery according to sex variable
5- There are no single significant psychological recovery according to age variable
7- There are no singie significan psychological recovery according to duration illness variable
Based on light of the above the tow researchers found a several recommendations and conclusions

This research examines the emergence of indirect control strategies in Iraq, highlighting methods that shape societal behavior through attraction rather than coercion. Key elements include cultural diplomacy, media narratives, education, and entertainment, which legitimize power and secure consent. Economic mechanisms, like aid and trade agreements, foster dependency, while soft hegemony promotes leadership changes and global standards through digital platforms. Symbolic violence marginalizes opposition, creating an illusion of democratic participation. Globalization enhances these influences by disseminating consumer behaviors and cultural values, enabling compliance without direct coercion. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach.

The present study aimed to identify self-esteem and its relationship to rejection sensitivity among postgraduate students at the University of Al-Qadisiyah. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher selected a random sample of postgraduate students at the University of Al-Qadisiyah using a proportional sampling method, consisting of (120) male and female students. A self-esteem scale was constructed, as well as another scale for rejection sensitivity. The psychometric properties of both scales, including validity and reliability, were established using appropriate statistical methods.
The findings of the study revealed the following:
1. Postgraduate students demonstrate self-esteem.
2. There are no statistically significant differences according to gender (males–females) on the self-esteem scale.
3. Postgraduate students demonstrate rejection sensitivity.
4. There are no statistically significant differences according to gender (males–females) on the rejection sensitivity scale.
5. There is a statistically significant negative correlational relationship between self-esteem and rejection sensitivity.
In light of these findings, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The present study aims to identify emotional autonomy and its relationship to social anxiety among university students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher selected a random sample of (450) male and female university students using the proportional sampling method. The researcher constructed a scale for emotional autonomy and another scale for social anxiety, and established the psychometric properties of both scales in terms of validity and reliability using appropriate statistical methods. The results revealed the following:
1. University students are characterized by emotional autonomy.
2. There are statistically significant differences among university students according to gender (males, females) in favor of males, and statistically significant differences according to academic specialization (scientific, humanities) in favor of the scientific specialization.
3. University students exhibit social anxiety.
4. There are statistically significant differences among university students according to gender (males, females) in favor of females, and statistically significant differences according to academic specialization (scientific, humanities) in favor of the humanities specialization.
5. There is a statistically significant negative correlational relationship between emotional autonomy and social anxiety.
At the conclusion of the study, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This research was based on delving into the depths of the ancient narrative production represented by the tales of One Thousand and One Nights, and studying it according to a modern critical perspective, represented by the functionalist example of the Russian critic (Vladimir Propp), which he addressed in writing (Morphology of the Fairy Tale), in which he reached the conclusion that: Narrative characters, whether realistic or fictional, perform thirty-one functions. This was a reason for applying Vladimir’s vision to the tale of the hunter and the goblin, which was full of characters and events, which led to a multiplicity of functions in it .

This research represents a serious scientific attempt to diagnose defects within the traditional educational system. The researcher identifies a core problem: the prevalence of "rote learning," which prevents students from constructing a genuine cognitive structure. To address this issue, the research population was defined as all fourth-grade scientific stream students in daytime schools under the General Directorate of Education in Al-Qadisiyah. From this population, a purposive sample was selected from "Al-Diwaniyah High School for Boys" to serve as the practical field for the study. The sample consisted of 90 students, carefully divided into two groups: an experimental group (45 students) taught using the concept mapping strategy, and a control group (45 students) taught via conventional methods.
To ensure the integrity of the experimental design, the researcher conducted a precise statistical equalization process between the two groups. This process accounted for variables such as chronological age (in months), intelligence, and prior academic achievement in physics, ensuring that any subsequent differences could be attributed solely to the independent variable (concept mapping).
Regarding the results and statistics, the students underwent an achievement test consisting of 40 objective items designed to measure levels of knowledge, comprehension, and application. Statistical treatments using the T-test for two independent samples revealed significant differences at the 0.05 level in favor of the experimental group. This group recorded a mean score in both academic achievement and information retention that clearly outperformed the control group. This statistical superiority proves that concept maps functioned as a visual tool, enabling students to organize scientific material and store it in long-term memory, thereby reducing the "interference-driven forgetting" that plagues traditional methods.
In terms of conclusions and recommendations, the study found that concept mapping reduces mental effort and time while transforming physics into an engaging subject based on discovery rather than indoctrination. Based on these findings, the researcher provided specific, practical recommendations, including the necessity of conducting intensive training courses for physics teachers in Al-Qadisiyah to master concept map construction. Furthermore, the study recommended integrating these maps into textbooks as visual summaries at the end of each chapter. The researcher also suggested conducting similar studies to measure the impact of these maps on other variables, such as creative thinking or student attitudes toward the subject, to broaden the benefit and develop the educational landscape in a comprehensive and sustainable manner.

The housing reality in the countryside of Al-Daraji district was studied by clarifying the natural factors affecting housing in the study area. Housing efficiency was measured by knowing the numerical and relative distribution, residential density, and the percentage of housing deficit, as the number of housing units in the district’s countryside reached (2276) housing units corresponding to The number of families is (2603). As for the residential density of the family, it reached (1.1 families/housing unit), which represents a low residential density, while the residential density of individuals reached (8.6 individuals/housing unit), while the study area recorded a housing deficit of (327 Housing units, with a deficit rate of (12.5%). This percentage varied between the settlements of the study area due to the absence of a housing policy and because of the population increase that led to a deficit in the number of housing units.

This study seeks to reveal the importance of social work in the school setting as an educational process that complements the school's mission of preparing its students for their working lives. It aims to help students adapt to their environment, discover their talents, identify their aptitudes and abilities, and provide them with academic and vocational guidance.
Its main objectives are: to understand school social work; to identify the most significant challenges facing school social work; and to offer suggestions for activating and to submit proposals to activate and promote this profession in Iraqi schools .
The most important findings of the study are: is a humanitarian profession whose goal is to develop students, whether by strengthening and developing their abilities, helping them to meet their needs and confront their problems, or preventing them from falling into them. The emergence of the school social work profession in society marks a turning point in society's view of education and the role that schools can play. The training of Arab social workers has relied on the Western and American model. The profession aims to enable children, pupils, and students in schools to benefit from school opportunities and experiences to the fullest extent possible, according to their diverse abilities and aptitudes. It empowers both the learner and the school to increase the learner's academic achievement, enhance the school's ability to fulfill its social functions, and improve the effectiveness of educational attainment. One of the most significant challenges facing school social work is the large gap between the knowledge provided to social work graduates and the actual realities of school life. This is compounded by the traditional nature of social work institutions in some Arab countries and their outdated practices. There is a shortage of social workers in schools who are graduates of sociology and social work departments. Other staff members in the school, such as teachers and administrators, do not understand the nature of the social worker's role.
In light of the findings, the researcher has put forward a number of proposals, including: enacting the necessary legislation and social policies that strengthen the role of school social work; and preventing non-specialists from practicing school social work under various titles. Appointing as many graduates of sociology and social work departments as possible to schools to address the growing problems in schools today. Social workers should not be assigned teaching duties and should be free to focus on their work in social research offices. Activating the role of social research offices in Iraqi schools (primary, intermediate, and secondary) due to their significant role in problem-solving by appointing a sufficient number of social researchers. Developing training programs for social workers in schools to enhance their skills and keep them abreast of scientific advancements in the field. Active participation in scientific conferences and seminars in the field of school social work at the Arab and international levels to benefit from global experiences to advance the profession and learn about methods of developing it.

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of Iraqi security policies in the post-military victory phase against the terrorist organization ISIS in 2017, aiming to understand the mechanisms of the state’s transition from a liberation strategy to a sustainability and pre-emption strategy. The study’s problem stems from a fundamental question regarding the security institution’s capacity to prevent the reproduction of terrorism-generating conditions amid geographical challenges and institutional vacuums.
The study adopted the descriptive analytical method, relying on a theoretical synthesis combining the Human Security approach (Mahbub ul Haq), State-Building theory (Francis Fukuyama), and Network Disruption theory (Marc Sageman). The research was divided into two main sections; the first addressed the theoretical and conceptual foundations, while the second focused on field aspects represented by Will of Victory operations and the accompanying institutional and societal obstacles.
The study reached two pivotal findings: first, the state succeeded in restructuring the security sector by transferring urban security files to the Ministry of Interior and activating proactive elite efforts. Second, the field results of Will of Victory operations proved that securing soft areas (valleys and deserts) depends on technology and smart surveillance more than on human density. The study concludes that military victory alone is insufficient to ensure sustainable stability without parallel tracks of political reform, economic development, and national reconciliation

This study, entitled Substituting the Explicit Noun for the Pronoun and Its Relationship to Repetition in the Light of Terminology and Semantics, examines two central linguistic concepts: substituting the explicit noun for the pronoun (waḍʿ al-ẓāhir badal al-muḍmar) and repetition (al-tikrār). The study argues that substituting the explicit noun for the pronoun represents one manifestation of repetition, since its semantic function remains closely connected with repetition. The relationship between the two concepts can be described as that of absolute generality and specificity, in which repetition constitutes the broader category, while substituting the explicit noun for the pronoun represents a specific instance within it.
The study also shows that these terms often overlap in linguistic discussion. Some linguists and researchers have not fully recognized the analytical value that emerges from understanding the relationship between them. Moreover, the meanings conveyed by these terms themselves, when examined through Qur’anic and poetic evidence, reveal important rhetorical functions, such as semantic establishment rather than mere emphasis.
When each term is examined independently, without being conflated with other related concepts, it reveals a central semantic value that characterizes that particular term. The expressions associated with these terms contribute meanings that establish a semantic foundation guided by the technical term itself, without becoming absorbed into other layers of meaning.

This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of school bullying and its psychological and social effects on students, identifying the factors influencing bullying and the various responses to it. The research was based on a sample of 850 male and female students from middle and high school, aged 12-18 years. A comprehensive questionnaire was used to measure bullying experiences and their resulting psychological and social effects, in addition to in-depth interviews with 50 cases. The results showed that 32% of the research sample had been subjected to bullying in its various forms, and that bullying is strongly associated with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and social isolation. The results also revealed a statistically significant relationship between the family and school environments and the occurrence of bullying. The research offers recommendations for bullying intervention and prevention programs based on the results of the analysis of influencing factors and responses.

This study examines the concept of the Necessary Existent in the philosophy of Al-Farabi through an analytical and critical approach. It aims to explore the metaphysical foundations of the concept and its central role within Al-Farabi’s philosophical system. The study explains Al-Farabi’s distinction between contingent beings, whose existence depends on a cause, and the Necessary Existent, whose existence is self-sufficient and serves as the ultimate source of all beings. It also investigates the relationship between the Necessary Existent and the theory of emanation, highlighting its function in explaining the emergence of multiplicity from unity and its connection with intellect, existence, and cosmic order. Using textual analysis and comparative discussion, the study evaluates major interpretations and criticisms of the concept. It concludes that the Necessary Existent constitutes the cornerstone of Al-Farabi’s metaphysics and represents a significant contribution to the development of Islamic philosophical thought.

The term "text" can almost be classified among polysemous terms, as its form is unified while its meaning varies according to its usage and the cognitive field in which it is employed. Thus, it carries a meaning in religious discourse that differs from its meaning in linguistics, and both differ from some of its lexical meanings recorded in dictionaries.
In religious discourse, the text has been viewed as a transmitted entity or material that has reached us without—according to the scope of this study—examining the concept of the text itself, what may be included within it or excluded from it, or the criteria that render this material a “text” while excluding others from being so. These issues are precisely what the concept of text in linguistics investigates and points to.
Accordingly, the idea of this research is based on identifying the concept of this term within both religious discourse and linguistics, preceded by a preliminary discussion that approaches the concept within the intellectual heritage.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Hilda Taba model in acquiring rhetorical concepts among fifth-grade literary students. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the following main null hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.005 level between the average scores of students in the experimental group who studied rhetoric according to the Hilda Taba model and the average scores of students in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in acquiring rhetorical concepts.
The researcher identified the subjects to be taught during the experiment, which included the following topics: puns, good reasoning, repetition, and quoting from the Holy Quran and the Prophet's Hadith. These topics are from the Arabic language textbook taught to fifth-grade literary students for the 2024-2025 academic year.
The researcher followed the experimental design with partial control for the experimental and control groups. After the researcher chose Al-Diwaniyah Preparatory School for Girls in the center of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate from the research community, which contained two sections for the fifth literary grade, she randomly chose the formation section as an experimental group and section B as a control group. The researcher conducted equivalence between the two research groups.
To measure the extent to which students acquired rhetorical concepts, the researcher conducted a rhetorical concepts acquisition test for the research groups. She used statistical methods. After analyzing the results, the researcher reached the following conclusions:
There was a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.50) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who studied rhetoric using the Hilda Taba model and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied the same material using the traditional method, with the experimental group benefiting from the concept acquisition test.
In light of the results obtained, the researcher recommended the following:
Adopting the Hilda Taba model in teaching rhetoric to the fifth-grade literary section.
Adopting modern teaching strategies to develop students' mental abilities and avoiding traditional methods based on memorization and indoctrination.

Contributing to the research on affect and its relation to the functionalism of the mathematics teacher, the teacher on the descriptive correlational classes, and the research community from my school and physics teachers in the new district education directorate (Al-Qadisiyah, Najaf, Al-Muthanna) for the academic year (2024-2025), and the number of the research became (190) teachers, and it began to become affected and consists of (30) items, so learning to answer is on that, Ali most likely applies to Carolina, Ali rarely wears a jacket, Ali never wears a jacket. The second tool is the Functions Scale, which has (30) items of a five-point scale (often, always, must, rarely, creativity). The validity of both tools was verified by experts in educational psychology, measurement and evaluation, teaching methods, and philosophy. The proof was requested through use with Cronbach's alpha equation, which reached (0.84) for the necessity of affect, and (0.88) for job satisfaction. Learning and the use of large statistics were adopted to analyze the items of the scales through the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research reached results and then reached the light and remained as it formulated effects.

This study examines the globalization of beauty from an anthropological perspective by exploring the transformations that have occurred in body image and beauty standards within Iraqi society under the growing influence of globalization and digital media. The research is based on the assumption that globalization extends beyond economic and technological exchanges to reshape cultural perceptions related to the body, beauty, and personal identity.
The study adopts the cognitive anthropological approach (self-understanding approach), which focuses on investigating the meanings, perceptions, and cognitive frameworks through which individuals interpret social and cultural phenomena. Within this framework, the body is viewed as a cultural and symbolic construct rather than merely a biological entity.
The findings indicate that globalization has contributed to the production of new beauty standards that increasingly emphasize physical appearance through the influence of mass media, social networking platforms, celebrity culture, fashion industries, and cosmetic practices. These influences have generated significant changes in the perceptions of youth, women, and men regarding the body, leading to a growing concern with body enhancement and aesthetic appearance as means of achieving social acceptance and individual distinction.
The study concludes that beauty ideals in the researched community are shaped by an ongoing tension between traditional cultural references rooted in religion and social customs and globalized models promoted by contemporary media. Furthermore, the body has become a central arena of symbolic and social interaction, serving as a marker of identity and social status, reflecting profound cultural transformations associated with global consumer culture

This research aims to study the stylistic structure of selected poems by the princes of the Banu Mazyad dynasty, as presented by Imad al-Din al-Isfahani in his book "Kharidat al-Qasr wa Jaridat al-'Asr," within its political and cultural context in the city of Hilla. The research is based on the premise that style is a reflection of the poet's self and vision, and that stylistics is one of the most important approaches to reading literary texts in modern Arabic criticism. It allows the researcher to access the worlds of the text and uncover the complex relationship between the poet's personality at the moment of creation and their linguistic expression.
The research adopts a stylistic approach based on the analysis of major stylistic phenomena, such as deviation, parallelism, repetition, rhythmic structure, and poetic imagery, at three levels: phonetic, syntactic, and semantic. The analysis was horizontal, with the poetic styles of the Banu Mazyad poets intersecting at each level, rather than vertical, separating one poet from another. This horizontal approach aimed to extract general characteristics prevalent among the Banu Mazyad poetic group.
The research concluded that the stylistic structure in the poetry of the Banu Mazyad princes was not an isolated linguistic construct, but rather an expression of the nature of the poetic experience and its connection to its political and cultural circumstances. This gave the texts their artistic distinctiveness and contributed to revealing their inherent aesthetic dimensions.

The morphological level (the second) is considered among the levels of linguistic analysis. and the science that is concerned with studying this aspect of the language is called morphology, which is a science that is concerned with the structure of the word (noun, verb, sources, and derivatives). On this basis, we will address the comparison between the morphological words in the divine love poetry of Rabia Al-Adawiya in terms of the connotations of love in her poetry, her Sufi path, and the impact she left, assuming that the connotations of love were in her desire for compensation. We mentioned her life, upbringing, and her Sufi school or method, then some excerpts from her poetry, sayings, and supplications.
The research was based on Adolf Adler’s theory of compensation, and then the research concluded that not every mystic might be subject to the same statement, but there is something missing that the mystic tries to compensate for, and the struggle between matter and meaning in life, reflected in literature, philosophy, and various aspects of life, is a struggle that has existed since time immemorial, and that there are circumstances that make the individual choose which side to be on, and if exaggeration in luxury is against human nature, then exaggeration in entertainment might be the same.
After her repentance, Rabia Al-Adawiyya adopted Sufism, asceticism, and the love of the Divine Self as her path until she became one of the first Sufis through her use of past and present tense nouns and verbs. She attained fame and a high status despite the manifestations of austerity that she displayed.
Rabia exaggerated in her expressions of the beloved, who is God Almighty, to the point that it might come to the reader’s mind that the other party is a human being of flesh and blood. However, this can be explained based on Adler’s theory, whereby the feeling of inferiority and deficiency creates negative feelings, which results in a state of desire for compensation. Rabia’s deficiency may be due to feelings or a relationship with the opposite sex as a result of a negative experience that was not mentioned in the books or was not mentioned specifically. So we highlighted the compensation of the emotional side with divine love, and the evidence for that may be her emphasis on her desire, unlike many Sufis, to see God face to face, meet Him, and gain His acceptance. In her poetry, she appears in the image of love that may do the impossible for the sake of the beloved’s satisfaction and acceptance.
The aim of the study is to enrich morphological research on the one hand, while taking into consideration the importance of shedding light on this poet who, in her love for the divine self in which she appeared, and her exaggeration in divine love and the omission of human vocabulary in dealing with it, might support the hypothesis that she practiced compensatory feminine love in her relationship with God.

The Arabs of old recognized the beauty of words and their skillful use, and the quality of their structural compositions and imagery. All of these elements combine to form an eloquent literary style that serves as the foundation upon which poets are distinguished, and the basis upon which the judge of literary taste is definitively based. The creator's ability to translate the image from the realm of thought or imagination into the realm of language or existence is the source of the distinction that ranks poets and bestows upon them the distinctions that set them apart from others. This critical process, along with the development of literature, especially in the Abbasid era, became known as comparison, which was also linked to literary plagiarism, which preoccupied critics at that time, resulting in many works, especially what the great critic Al-Amidi produced in his book (The Comparison between Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi). It is noticeable from the title that the comparison was between two poets, and this art has developed remarkably in the modern era, which has led some writers to compare more than one poet. However, this simple work of ours follows the tradition of the ancients in comparing two poets. We have chosen two poets who hold a prominent place in our literary history: Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi and al-Sharif al-Radi.We are not attempting a general comparison between them, but rather we have chosen one of the themes in which they excelled: the theme of elegy. From among their elegies, we have chosen their poem lamenting the death of their mothers, highlighting the hidden beauty within it.

The research discusses the topic of life obstacles that affect palm tree cultivation in the study area. These life obstacles are represented by agricultural pests that affect palm production, whether these obstacles are (diseases or insects), especially since the study area has sufficient reasons, including many climatic and human factors, that help the growth of pests, such as (the nature of the climate, which is characterized by high heat, high humidity, low rainfall, and dust storms). All of these factors have helped in their growth. The research also touched on ways to combat agricultural pests.
The main problem addressed in this study was: "What agricultural pests affect date palm trees and how do they impact their productivity in the study area?" The main hypothesis was: "There are a number of agricultural pests, including various types of insects and diseases." Therefore, the study aimed to investigate how to treat infected date palm trees using safe methods. The study employed several geographical approaches to achieve its objectives, including regional, analytical, and crop-based approaches, the latter focusing specifically on date palms. Library sources were also utilized. Accordingly, the research was divided into three sections: the first section addressed the concept of agricultural pests and their types; the second section discussed methods for controlling agricultural pests in the study area.
One of the most important findings of the research is the variation in agricultural pests affecting date palms in the study area. These pests were more prevalent in 2016, including various types such as the date palm weevil, whitefly, date palm dubas bug, date palm pollen rot, termites, and others. However, in the 2024-2025 growing season, some insects and diseases disappeared while others proliferated. Among the most important recommendations of the research is the necessity of providing various extension programs and ensuring the availability of all necessary control measures, including agricultural, mechanical, preventative, and biological methods. The research concludes with a list of footnotes and sources that supported the scientific hypothesis.

The facts and analyses included in this study have allowed for a number of conclusions regarding Major Soane and his role in Iraqi politics up to 1920,The first point that can be emphasized is that Soane, in his treatment of contemporary Iraqi history, sought to appear as an administrative official who implements policies drawn up for him without having a direct role in formulating them, trying to convince the reader that what he did was merely the execution of his duties and the application of the policy approved by the British government, He also made sure to present himself as a collaborator with the ruling elite in Iraq with the aim of achieving political and administrative stability in the form that the British government saw as suitable for its interests. At the same time, Son played an active role in addressing the political problems and disturbances that Iraq witnessed during the period 1919–1920, through following a diplomatic approach based on providing advice and formulating political visions and proposals that he continuously raised to the political circles and political decision-makers at that time.

This study aims to investigate the extent to which teaching staff in Schools for distiguished Students demonstrate the trait of intellectual courage within the educational environment, and to explore its relationship with job performance. To achieve this objective, the researchers adopted the Intellectual Courage Scale developed by Richard W. Paul (2016), as well as the Job Performance Scale developed by Abu Hamad (2020). The study was conducted on a sample of 80 male and female teachers from the Schools for distinguished Students in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf. The findings indicate that members of the teaching staff exhibited a good level of intellectual courage, with no statistically significant differences attributable to gender or years of service. Furthermore, linear regression analysis confirms that intellectual courage is a predictive variable of job performance. The researchers conclude with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study examines the concept of invalid analogy as discussed by Islamic legal theorists. In legal theory, this concept refers to the rejection of an analogy when it contradicts an explicit textual source or stronger evidence, which renders such reasoning unacceptable in legal argumentation.
The study also explores the possibility of applying this concept to certain grammatical disputes between the Basran and Kufan schools. In many cases, grammatical rulings were based on weak or irregular analogies. When these analogies are confronted with stronger linguistic evidence, they may be regarded as examples of invalid analogy. By examining these cases, the study highlights the methodological relationship between the principles of Islamic jurisprudence and the foundations of Arabic grammar. It also shows how legal reasoning has contributed to shaping the evaluation and regulation of analogy within Arabic grammatical thought.

The current research aims to identify psychological Flourishing and its relationship to personal charisma among university professors. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female faculty members from Al-Qadisiyah University, selected using a random sampling method with equal spacing. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed two research instruments based on previously established scales. The psychological Flourishing scale comprised 22 items, while the personal charisma scale comprised 20 items. The psychometric properties of both scales, such as validity and reliability, were established, and appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the research results.
The most important findings of the current research indicate that university professors enjoy a high level of psychological Flourishing , and that there are no statistically significant differences attributable to the gender variable (male-female). The research also revealed a high level of personal charisma among university professors, with statistically significant differences based on gender (male-female) favoring males. Furthermore, a correlation was found between psychological Flourishing and personal charisma among university professors. Based on these findings, the research concluded with a number of important recommendations and suggestions.

The study examines repetition as a linguistic technique with its foundations and its effective impact, evident in the arrangement of parts of discourse. This is achieved by repeating the repeated word or phrase over and over again, either in word or in meaning. This serves to inform the recipient of the advantage of repeating a word or phrase in a sequential manner in an interpretive context, regardless of its interpretation. These situations may be multiple or may be limited to a single context. This will be demonstrated by demonstrating the repetitive effect and its impact on the phonetic segmental, verbal, or syntactic levels within the Qur\'anic discourse, or even the interpretive discourse.

The novel "Al-Zayni Barakat" by the Egyptian writer Gamal El-Ghitani is a historical novel that utilizes the historical values of the characters he invokes. These characters appeared in Egyptian literature during the Mamluk era. From this point, narrative criticism begins, accelerating its pace in an effort to keep up with the contemporary novel and the developments it has undergone in its internal structure and narrative techniques. Narrative criticism, therefore, has to keep pace with this development. I will focus on one of the contemporary novels to select a specific part of it.
narrator was the subject of this study, as he constituted a great importance in the narrative structure of the novel, being one of the narrative techniques employed by authors to be an effective element in constructing the narrative. I deemed it appropriate, in accordance with the nature of the subject, that the narrator should be of two types after we had laid the groundwork for the study on the nature of the narrator in narrative studies and the opinions of critics. The first section came under the title (narrative vision), and by it we meant – i.e., the patterns – the way in which the narrator presents his narrative to us and presents it to us. The second section came under the title (functions of the narrator), i.e., the tasks assigned to him.

This study examines parliamentary life in Iraq during the monarchical era (1921–1958) , as one of the most significant phases in the formation of the modern Iraqi political and constitutional system. The research aims to analyze the emergence and development of the parliamentary experience within its historical context, particularly the constitutional antecedents during the late Ottoman period, as well as the impact of the British occupation and the mandate system on shaping the political structure.
The study also highlights the constitutional framework that regulated parliamentary life, represented by the Iraqi Basic Law of 1925, explaining the nature of the parliamentary system it established in theory and comparing it with its practical application. Furthermore, it discusses the electoral system, the formation of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and the extent to which they genuinely represented the popular will.
The research concludes that, despite its relatively modern constitutional foundations, the parliamentary experience in the monarchical era failed to achieve a genuine parliamentary system in practice. This was largely due to the dominance of the executive authority, the extensive powers of the monarchy, and external influences and political interventions, which negatively affected the performance of the legislative institution and limited its effectiveness in both legislative and supervisory functions.

This research aims to identify the spatial distribution of community services and evaluate their functional efficiency according to local planning standards by analyzing the level of availability and efficiency of educational and health services at the district level in the rural areas of Al-Sudair Sub-district, which belongs to Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The study seeks to support planning decision-making and improve the level of planning management, thereby contributing to the provision of these services in a manner that promotes equity and equality. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the reality of community service distribution and their spatial patterns, while the statistical (quantitative) method was used to analyze data collected from the relevant official institutions concerning these services.
The study reached several findings, the most important of which is the existence of a clear spatial disparity in the distribution of primary schools and health institutions in the rural areas of Al-Sudair Sub-district. This has led to inequality in access to services. In addition, the shortage of educational and medical staff has contributed to a decline in the quality of services provided to rural residents. Consequently, the rural areas of Al-Sudair Sub-district suffer from low efficiency of educational and health community services.

The Stoic school is considered one of the late Greek schools that advocated the idea of global citizenship, that citizenship which is not confined by the boundaries of a city-state as before. Rather, its humanitarian call transcended narrow geographical borders to move to a broader and more expansive realm, which is the human realm based on natural law, not the positive law established by humans. Consequently, the importance of global citizenship emerges as the highest goal in Stoic philosophy, which strives to highlight the role of citizenship that, in their view, is not limited to a specific state but extends beyond national borders, connecting people through the bond of humanity, which is the most interconnected and cohesive bond of all. In this way, it abolishes ethnicity and racism to approach relations with others from the standpoint of humanity, and the necessity of recognizing others is, for them, the foundation of their universal theory that holds that all people are citizens of a single world, not necessarily citizens of one country or region, given that humanity is considered one large family without any distinctions among them in color, race, or ethnicity.

This research examines one of the scholars of Arabic who excelled in its various branches, including related fields such as jurisprudence and the Holy Quran. This scholar was Ibn al-Ajdabi, a linguist, grammarian, morphologist, prosodist, and jurist. His vast knowledge is evident in his works, and this research attempts to explore his linguistic contributions through his book "Kifayat al-Mutahaffiz," a work on nouns, adjectives, and their meanings. It was akin to a small dictionary specializing in meanings and topics. The research was divided into two sections. The first section introduced the life of Ibn al-Ajdabi, his most important works, his stature, and his book, "Kifayat al-Mutahaffiz" (The Sufficiency of the Cautious), and its methodology. The second section focused on an applied study demonstrating the great and rich efforts this eminent scholar exerted in serving the Arabic language in the book before us. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. It concluded with important results, most notably confirming the esteemed position of this scholar and his role in enriching the Arabic language and facilitating its study and learning for students and learners by explaining many nouns and adjectives related to rich topics connected to various aspects of Arab life.

This study examined the hydrological characteristics of Shat al-Shamiya and their impact on agricultural conditions (vegetation) and sustainability. It found that the average annual runoff during the period from 2021 to 2024 reached 44.58 m³/ha, with an annual water inflow of 1.4 billion m³ and a runoff coefficient of 0.99 L/ha . As a result of the scarcity of available water, the cultivated area has shrunk significantly, reaching an average of (54,700 dunams) in the winter season and (46,750 dunams) in the summer season, noting that the total area of the study region is (120,000 dunams). To address the water shortage and promote agricultural development, the study proposed several solutions. The first is to activate the role of Iraq’s water policy to secure its water share. Additionally, the study recommends activating the role of Iraq’s agricultural policy to improve and ensure the sustainability of agriculture in the study area. Finally, the research concludes with findings, recommendations, and a list of footnotes and references.

Objectives: This study focused on the morphometric analysis of the Shiou Asu basin, located in Erbil Governorate, northern Iraq, with the aim of identifying its morphometric characteristics and their relationship to surface runoff. This was achieved by studying these morphometric characteristics, mapping the main drainage network of the basin, and determining the prevailing drainage patterns within it. Methodology: A quantitative analytical approach was adopted, relying on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and ArcGIS 10.3 software. The analysis was primarily based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data with a resolution of 30 meters, supported by specialized maps including topographic, geological, and soil maps. Morphometric variables of the basin were extracted and classified into four. Categories: areal, linear, and relief characteristics, and the drainage network. Results: This study revealed that the basin’s shape tends towards elongation (semi-rectangular) with low drainage density. The combined characteristics indicate that the basin exhibits a slow hydrological response, allowing more time for surface runoff accumulation. Conclusions: The study emphasized the importance of morphometric analysis as an effective tool for evaluating the hydrological response of river basins and supporting water resource management. Therefore, the study recommends activating modern geographical techniques and developing water resources. It also stressed the importance of investing in sedimentary resources and hydrological monitoring, as well as advanced hydrological studies, sustainable agricultural development, and the necessity of developing ecotourism in the region.

The phenomenon of divorce is one of the most significant issues that has spread widely in society recently as a result of societal changes. Although Islam analyzes divorce, it considers it the most detested of permissible things in the eyes of God because it leads to the collapse and disintegration of the family and society and creates homeless children capable of committing various crimes. Regulating and strengthening the relationship between married individuals is among the most important matters that scholars, writers, and thinkers have addressed. Many Quranic verses and Prophetic hadiths emphasize the importance of a successful marital relationship, which plays a major role in the progress and development of society. A successful family leads to the advancement and development of society and the creation of a society free from chaos and violence. This research is divided into two parts: the first addresses the research problem, its importance, and its objectives; the second part discusses the concept of divorce, its causes, and its consequences; the third part covers the research methodology, the sample, the population, the statistical data, the research recommendations and results, and the sources used. The research sample consisted of 80 divorced men and women from the city of Diwaniyah. The research yielded several key findings, including: 1- The vast majority of respondents (75%) were divorced. 2- Most respondents confirmed that infidelity is a significant factor in divorce. 3- Respondents (61% to 75%) emphasized that interference from the couple's families is a major contributor to the high divorce rate. 4- Most respondents (69%) asserted that divorce leads to a significant increase in homicides. 5- Respondents (75%) also confirmed that the high divorce rate contributes to a significant increase in alcohol and drug abuse in society.

The play "Miserable Dreams" (Ahlam Shaqiyya) by Syrian playwright Saadallah Wannous represents an exceptional milestone in contemporary Arab theatre. In this work, Wannous transcends the boundaries of traditional narrative to dive into the depths of the human psyche through a high-caliber literary text.
The aesthetic power of this text stems from its superior ability to formulate "human pain" within an artistic framework that blends cruelty with tenderness, and hyper-realism with transparent symbolism. In this play, the text does not merely describe the tragedy of characters trapped within the walls of homes and traditions; rather, it reshapes the concept of "theatrical space" to serve as a mirror reflecting the eternal struggle between the individual's desire for liberation and the heavy shackles of society.
The aesthetic here is highlighted through the manipulation of language—making it as sharp as a scalpel when dissecting reality, yet as poetic as a dream when painting the characters' aspirations toward salvation. Accordingly, this research poses the following question: What are the aesthetic characteristics of the literary text in Saadallah Wannous's "Miserable Dreams"? In answering this question, we find that the aesthetic value in "Miserable Dreams" lies in the delicate balance between the spoken and the silent, and between overt theatrical movement and suppressed internal emotions. This balance transforms the text into a transcendent human document that resonates across time and space, mimicking the soul’s fractures and its tireless search for meaning in a world dominated by disappointment.