journal of Basic Sciences

The researcher used a partially controlled experimental design with two equal groups, experimental and control , and according to the design , the research sample (sheikh saad girls school ) was chosen intentionally , as the number of female students in the fifth grade of primary school in the school reached (53) female students distributed between two division , and the division was chosen (A) to represent the control group , which consisted of (25) female students , who students according to the usual method , and (B) was chosen randomly to represent of (28) female students , who studied according to the word seller strategy . To ensure the internal and external integrity of the research groups ( experimental and control ) statistically with the following variables:-
Chronological age calculated in months, mid – year grades , parents , academic achievement , and scientific subject was intelligence test specified in the last six chapters of the science subject book for the fifth (revised,2023) the researcher prepared (20) teaching plans for both the experimental and control groups and after presenting them to the experts . The arbitrators made the appropriate adjustments , and after the researcher finished applying the experiments selecting the students , correcting the answers , and processing the data statisticaly using arithmetic averages , the second test for two independent samples , the square(K2) , the coefficients of difficulty and discrimination ,the effectiveness of incorrect alternatives for the achievement test items , and the corn-Bach alpha equation , the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference . Between the two groups ( experimental and control ) in the achievement test in favor of the experimental group .

The research aims to study and explore the duality of pleasure and pain in the poetry of Yusuf ibn Harun al-Ramadi, how this duality represents an apparent contrast in the poet's condition. It also investigates how it breaks the monotony and rigidity in the text, aiming to evoke an unexpected spirit in the mind of the reader. This duality reflects the personality of the poet, who experienced multiple stages of change and transformation due to compelling circumstances imposed upon him. His poetry is colored by this duality, through which we attempt to highlight its artistic and psychological values. The poet managed to express these values in his various poetic compositions, utilizing linguistic structures that serve as a translation of his psyche and internal complexities

This study aimed to determine the level of performance of mathematics teachers in the primary stage according to comprehensive education skills. In order to achieve the research goal, an observation form consisting of (33) items in its final form was prepared, distributed over (eleven) areas, and its apparent validity was verified by presenting it. It was determined by a number of arbitrators and specialists in curricula and teaching methods, as well as its reliability through the use of (Cooper’s equation) between the researcher and herself, and between the researcher and a second observer, and between the second and third observer. The reliability coefficient reached (0.83) It is a good reliability coefficient, and the population of this research consisted of all mathematics teachers in primary schools in the center of the city of Kut for the academic year 2023/2024 AD, and they numbered (1225) male and female teachers, including (295) male teachers, and (930) female teachers distributed among (255) A school, and the research sample was chosen by (10%) of the original community members, who numbered (1,225). This percentage is consistent with what was confirmed by specialists in measurement and evaluation, and thus the sample members reached (123) male and female teachers, with (60) teachers, and ( 63) A teacher. After the research began, it actually began to gain diversity in creative research on (12/17/2023), and after completing the application and transcribing the data used for researchers about the statistical methods, which are (profit, weight, and the Cooper equation), and as a result: the comprehensive education skills will increase and be achieved. Except for two paragraphs (26, 20).

This study is based on reading the opinions of grammarians about the movement of buildings, whether these structures are original; towards letters, verbs, or otherwise; towards nouns, present tense verbs, and searching for their intentions in that; To study and criticize it according to their grammatical logic, and to try to reveal its significance in the linguistic system. Most of them came based on a movement according to what was said about the Arabs, in addition to the fact that a number of building signs in some buildings - according to the grammarians - are inflectional signs, towards the verbs of the command, and the present tense related to the affirmative nouns, or those attributed to the nun of women, whether these signs accompany their origin , or amended to another; Because the shop is busy.

The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the Team Challenge Strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of Principles of Philosophy and Psychology. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis:-
"There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study the Principles of Philosophy and Psychology according to the Team Challenge Strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject using the traditional method in the achievement test."
The researcher used the quasi-experimental method for two groups (experimental and control) with a post-test for achievement. The research community was determined to be the daytime public high schools for the literary branch in the district of Al-Nu'maniya for the academic year (2023-2024). The class (A) was randomly selected to represent the experimental group that studied using the Team Challenge Strategy, and class (B) represented the control group that studied using the traditional method. The sample size was (69) students, with (34) in the experimental group and (35) in the control group. The two groups were matched based on variables such as chronological age (in months), first semester grades in Philosophy and Psychology, and intelligence.
The research tools consisted of an achievement test prepared by the researcher, consisting of 40 items. The validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed, with a reliability coefficient of (0.87) for the achievement test.
The researcher conducted the experiment by teaching both groups herself. The experiment started on Sunday (25/2/2024) and ended on Monday (22/4/2024). After completing the experiment, the results showed the following:

Nature - with all the great cosmic secrets it contains - is considered a sweet source from which poets have drawn throughout the literary ages. They did not claim anything in it without describing it, and they did not leave any of its manifestations without talking about it at length. This is a natural and unsurprising matter, especially if We learned that nature is what ignites the poetic soul, and pushes the spring located deep within the soul to explode, flow and release.

The purpose of this study was to identify the academic challenges encountered by a faculty member at the College of Education for Girls. To accomplish the research aims, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. Furthermore, the study used a questionnaire instrument called the Al-Ruqi scale 6102 to measure academic difficulties. The study sample comprised sixty teaching staff members, both male and female, from various scientific departments at the College of Education for Girls. These departments included the Department of Life Sciences, the Department of Physics (and Humanities), the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences, and the Department of History. The selection of participants was done based on specific percentages. The investigation yielded the following findings:
A - There are statistically significant variations, with a significance level of 0.05, between the averages of specific estimations, research, academic issues, and characteristics such as scientific title, teaching specialisation, years of service, and age.

B-If he used statistical techniques such as means, deviations, test coefficients ,and significance values, he succeeded .To comprehend every aspect of academic issues.


The findings indicated that there were statistically significant disparities in the faculty members' comments about the academic challenges encountered by faculty members at the College of Education for Girls, as well as the escalating workload imposed on them. Subsequently, the researcher proposed many suggestions, with the greatest significance placed on organising scientific conferences and forums at the university level. Additionally, it is essential to build dedicated centres to address the issues faced by faculty members in institutions.
We should not overlook the researcher's ideas, which he considers the outcome of his hard work. These proposals include doing a study on the academic challenges encountered by faculty members in other college departments, as well as establishing the essential scientific research centres in the colleges.

It’s an attempt to study around the world and it is the phenomenon of semantic development in its various forms (types ). So the researcher deliberately monitored a group of words that had been affected by evolution, the semantic, one of the contemporary poets and clarifying if its meaning in the origin of the language (the old meaning), by searching for the meaning of the word in the dictionaries of the Arabic language and then clarifying the evolution of its meaning ( the meaning) that development that exposed it to a change in its significance, towards wrapping, or generalization, and others.

Obaid Allah between Qais Ruqayyat, a poet of the poets of political spinning in the Umayyad era, politics affected a lot in his poetry, has varied his poems between pieces and poems completed, and when reading the poet's Diwan I found tends to pieces that abbreviate on one poetic subject and this indicates the renewal that hit the Umayyad poem, has worked a balance study between the poetry of Obaid Allah bin Qais Ruqayat, which was proven in his office and his poetry installed in the book of songs, as we showed the reason for the similarity and difference in the verses Poetry in the two books.

Industry is considered a fundamental foundation for the national economy in its various sectors. The industrial sector gains its importance through the forward and backward links achieved by the industrial movement and the mechanism it represents for activating the movement of economic activity and increasing its vitality. The research aims to uncover the stopped industries in Basra Governorate and explain the reasons for their stop and what are the problems and obstacles that led to their cessation in order to address them and develop effective solutions for them, and what are the economic impacts on Basra Governorate in particular and Iraq in general as a result of the cessation of these industrial facilities? It was revealed through the study that the number of large industrial facilities in Basra Governorate reached (32) industrial facilities, and medium ( 78) industrial facilities, (56) of which are operational and the rest are inactive. Their number reached (22) facilities employing about (1250) workers, whose degrees varied between bachelor’s, diploma and primary degrees. As for small industrial facilities, their number in the governorate reached (4500) small industrial facilities distributed over Throughout the province’s regions, the number of workers in these establishments reached (3,385), most of whom have professional experience and do not possess high academic degrees. This study revealed the discrepancy in the geographical distribution of these industries across the cities of Basra Governorate.key words: Industry, large industries, stopped industries, industrial structure, Basra Governorate

Introduction to the subject: It deals with one of the important and ruling principles of jurisprudence, starting from the first step in legislation by the Holy Law, and ending with its application on the ground of living reality. Through its legislation, it embodies the wisdom of the Wise Law, and in applying, it did not neglect the necessity of application, nor did it neglect the circumstances surrounding the application, and likewise it paid attention to at both ends of the application, “the legitimate ruler and the person in charge.” On the one hand, all of this was dealt with in the research, and on the other hand, we discussed its application to the most important part of the ruling system that was a monitoring site for those who trolled for accusing the legislation of being unbalanced, unobjective, and cruel, which is legitimate penalties crimes.
The aim of the study: to prove a rule that some people have overlooked, but it is - despite this - clear in terms of legislative theory, and embodied in application in a way that cannot be denied or glossed over.
The problem of the study: proving that the rule of balance has a definitive Qur’anic basis and is supported by the pure Sunnah and it is one of the most important policies adopted by the street in the legislative text and in the applied field (jurisprudence).

The drinking water purification industry is one of the most important industrial activity sectors as it is a food material for human life and all its categories and to preserve its health and safety. The research problem was represented in what are the bases for classifying and distributing water purification stations in Baqubah district, and what is the pattern of spreading water purification stations according to their variables in the administrative units. The research aims to reveal the reality of classifying and distributing water purification stations in the administrative units using geographic information systems. The researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach and the field study. The research concluded that the total number of stations reached (70) stations, with (50) stations in Baqubah center at a rate of (48.71%), with (6) stations in Kanaan district at a rate of (65.8%), with (4) stations in Bani Saad district at a rate of (72.5%), with (8) stations in Buhriz district at a rate of (4.11%), and with two stations in Al-Abara district at a rate of (84.2%). The total number of workers in water purification stations in Baqubah district was (217) workers. By applying the standard distance, standard ellipse, distribution direction and point density to distribute water purification stations in the administrative units, it was found that there is a spatial connection that tends towards concentration in Baqubah, the center, as a result of the population density and the concentration of economic activities and services. The research suggested working to provide electrical energy, fuel, raw materials and reserves and to solve the problem of the high percentage of impurities, mud and salts in the tap water, in addition to solving the problem of stopping some stations due to seasonal production.

Man has actively contributed to altering the Earth's surface, both through the exploitation of the resources available on the Earth's surface and subsoil, or through various activities of agriculture, industry, Amran, roads, military sites, etc. and may have a direct or indirect impact. All practices directly prior to influencing the functioning of the Earth's surface forms in the research area aim to review the basic facts that illustrate the role of man in changing the surface of the Earth. ", directly or indirectly, and the nature of that effect negatively or positively, Man contributed to the change in the shape of the Earth's surface through the region's exposure to wars and conflicts such as the Iraq-Iran war that continued (1980-1988) resulted in the destruction of large areas of orchards and agricultural land by digging trenches, planting mines and military missiles, which led the population to migrate, thereby reducing agricultural production and changing the shape of the earth's surface from agriculture and green space to bare lands, hills and trenches of military barracks. The other type of human influence on the Earth's surface is the lack of interest in agricultural land due to, inter alia, disguising and salinization due to the lack of use of modern technologies for agricultural uses such as aerial operations and the lack of inbreeding systems. On the other hand, the impact of humans is directly through brick labs and gravel quarries, which create slurry and gravel quarries, which are the first stage in the brick, sand and gravel industry, leaving behind large drilling that fills with water during the rainy season, and thus the shape of the earth's surface has changed from one to the next.

Eye diseases are one of the important health issues in Basra governorate ,and injuries vary between simple cases such as eye infections and more complex cases such as refractive disorders and light adaptation after sight, environmental factors such as pollution and dust play a big role in exacerbating these diseases ,in addition, patients face great challenges due to the lack of health awareness and specialized medical services, highlighting the need to strengthen efforts to improve visual health care in the governorate, This study deals with the temporal dimensions of patients with some of the most common eye diseases among the population of Basra governorate ,to determine the pattern of the temporal trend of diseases, according to the statistics of the Basra governorate health department, It turned out that the diseases under study do not take a similar pattern in their annual temporal behavior ,either in their general trends or in their changes from year to year ,and that this pattern is explained by various factors that can be called direct and indirect factors based on the level of their importance in the impact ,as well as some indicators by which Summer ,Autumn and Winter are the seasons with the highest incidence record in a month January and February amounted to (2714) (3342) infections with a seasonal value of(106.0)(130.5), respectively ,and the lowest infection rates are recorded in the Spring months in July and September reached (2194) (2192)infections with a seasonal value of (85.7)(85.6) infections, respectively, as for inflammatory disease and other disorders of the conjunctiva, the monthly distribution also indicates a clear quarterly trend, as the highest number of injuries is recorded in the month of March(8941)injuries with a seasonal value of (121.6)injuries. In addition, for the other eye diseases and their accessories, the monthly distribution indicates that there is a clear seasonal trend for them, as winter and spring are their seasons , and the lowest infection rates have been recorded in the summer and autumn months, as well as there is a group of local environmental factors that play a role in explaining the temporal and seasonal trends that have not taken a similar pattern.
Keywords: .

The current research aims to identify “Teaching according to the Judd and Lavoie model and its impact on eighth grade students’ achievement of mathematics and developing their logical thinking.” The two researchers adopted an experimental design with two equal groups that fit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (68) eighth grade students. They were selected intentionally from the Mehlan School for Boys, and this sample was randomly divided into two groups, one experimental, which included (35) students who studied mathematics for all using the Good and Lavoy model, and the other a control group, which consisted of (33) students, who studied the same subject in the traditional way. The researchers also prepared two tools: The first tool was the achievement test, which in its final form consisted of (20) multiple-choice test items. The second tool was the logical thinking scale, which in its final form consisted of (26) items. After completing the application of the experiment, the two researchers applied the two tools of the post-test and then analyzed the data statistically. Using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed:
1. There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average achievement scores of students who study mathematics using the Goode and Lavoie model and the average scores of students who study mathematics using the regular method.
2. There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of students studying mathematics Using the Goode-Lavoie model and the average scores of students who study mathematics in the regular way in developing logical thinking.
In light of the results, the two researchers came up with a number of conclusions and presented a number of recommendations, in addition to their suggestions and a number of titles for a future study.

The research aims to highlight and reveal the demographic characteristics of the rural population and the nature of its spatial variation in Wasit Governorate for the year (2023). Such studies are necessary in development plans to know the needs of the population from the necessary requirements, as the geographical distribution of the population in terms of number and proportion of the population, the characteristics of the age and gender composition were addressed. The level of administrative units and an explanation of the reasons for the discrepancy among administrative units, as well as a statement of the qualitative composition of the male and female population and knowledge of the rural and agricultural population density in the study area The research found that there is a spatial and temporal variation in the numbers of rural residents within the administrative units, as the total number in the year (2013) was about (509349) people, while their number increased in the year (2023) by about (578123) people, i.e. an increase of (68774) people, and reached its maximum in the districts of Al-Suwaira, Al-Kut and Al-Aziziyah, and its lowest was recorded in each of the Badra district and the sub-districts of Jassan and Zurbatiyah. The population growth rate for all rural residents within the administrative units reached about (1.27) people, and the growth rate and population increases are in dire need of an integrated set of infrastructure services to preserve these residents and reduce the level of differences between the city and the countryside and to stop migration from the countryside to the city, which is one of the most prominent concerns when addressing rural development.

Morphology is one of the most important and prominent Arabic sciences, having been essential in linguistic sciences. Morphology is integral to Arabic, which is known as the origin of speech from the excess enters it, and has gained great importance since the early linguistic composition. Therefore, linguists popularized morphology extensively, making commendable efforts in word form, structure, and origin, analyzing lexical changes, and deconstructing word-level alternations. Ibn Asfoor, a medieval Arab morphologist from Andalusia, had not been far from his predecessors be linguists or morphologists. Morphology, for Ibn Asfoor, received a high, well-arranged explanation. Therefore, Ibn Asfoor was a genius of grammar, linguistics, and learned sciences in the 12th century Andalusia. Aditionally, Ibn Asfoor spearheaded Arabic language sciences in Andalusia than any other contemporaries.
Ibn Asfoor had many opinions in grammatical and linguistic scholarship. This paper addresses the collection, analysis, and classification of Ibn Asfoor' purely opinions by commenting on his views on morphology in a late medieval treatise on morphology entitled "Annexation and Supplementation" thought to be written by another linguist who would be Abu Hayyan of Granada (ca 1344 AD). Abu Hayyan was a late-medieval Arab commentator, linguist, and grammarian. Thus, this paper aims to uncover Abu Hayyan's commentaries on Ibn Asfoor's morphological works. To achieve this, the paper highlights certain morphological topics, including lexical roots, affixes, lexicographic verbs, intervocalic stems, morphemes, irregular plural, metathesis, and morphophonemic changes. Finally, the paper draws some results, conclusions, and recommendations.
Keywords:

The unigueness of Sufism is unique in their under standing of the characteristics and role of the prophet and they are so differend from . speakrs ,philosophers people of religions , human and hwavenly .they been used to the prophet ring of the truth of muhommodiyoh to him as arwal credibility of the divine conditional it is the truth and false foundation of compared to it
Key words: .

This research aims to shed light on the problem of low efficiency of primary education and the spatial factors causing it in the city of Taj al-Din, the district center of Taj al-Din sub-district of the Aziziyah District, one of the districts of Wasit Governorate, which is located between the cities of Essaouira and Aziziyah to the left side of the Tigris River, and to the northwest of the city of Kut, the center Wasit Governorate, at a distance of about (120 km), and to the southeast of the city of Baghdad, at a distance of about (60 km), which includes (5) neighborhoods, namely: (Al-Mardan, Al-Hafriya Center, Al-Shuhada, Al-Khansa, and Al-Hakim), which has a total area of about (7.5 km2).
The approach that was adopted in this research is the descriptive analytical method, and it was prepared in its preparation on library sources, government data and statistics, as well as the field aspect represented by the comprehensive field survey using the questionnaire form that included all eight government primary schools, by (4) schools. For boys and (4) schools for girls distributed over (5) school buildings only, the most important results of the search were as follows: The geographical distribution of success rates revealed the presence of spatial variation in the efficiency of education in the neighborhoods of Taj al-Din city, as the two schools in the (Al-Mardan) neighborhood, namely (Al-Khansa’ and Al-Sayyida Sarah), which occupy the same school building, topped the success rates with (45) students out of (83) female students, at a rate of (55%) only, while the two schools in the (Al-Khansa) neighborhood, namely (Othman Al-Obaidi and Al-Atta) for boys, which occupy the same school building, ranked last with (23) students out of (115) students, at a rate of (21%) only, and the geographical distribution of schools revealed a shortage of school buildings, and a large spatial variation in the pattern of their spread, which causes pressure on them and reduces their effectiveness and the extent of the success of the function for which they were created, and geographical analysis using the (ArcGIS 10.8) program revealed a defect in the planning aspect regarding the locations of school buildings, which are distributed irregularly and unevenly, and are characterized by their distance from the centers of residential neighborhoods and their concentration in their outskirts, which makes most of them far away and at a distance of more than (400 meters), About the students’ homes, and it takes more than (12 minutes) to reach them, and geographical analysis of the quality of ventilation and lighting revealed that all school rooms are devoid of cooling devices, and that the quality of ventilation and lighting in them is at the second level (average), due to the presence of fans, broken lighting equipment, and damaged windows, resulting from double shifts and the pressure of use, and field research revealed the lack of large halls, laboratories, and audio-visual display devices, which limits the ability of educational staff to present their lessons using modern teaching methods. The lack of large halls and laboratories also represents a waste of money and the great efforts made by the Ministry of Education to provide audio-visual display devices, the illustrative models are among the best international sources, without educational staff being able to use them due to lack of a suitable place.

A geochemical study of the Quaternary Sediments in Baiji, Al-Abbasyia, and Abu- Dalf localities north of Samarra City was performed. This study involved the determination of SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, Al2O3, and MgO. The study aims to interpret the sources of these contents in the studied localities. The source of Si, Al, Ca, and Mg in the claystone also, and mudstone, gravels, and gypcrets was clay minerals. The source of Ca was carbonate grains, while Fe was iron oxide grains in the sediments. In the sandstones, the source of Si was mainly quartz with other silicate minerals; Ca and Mg were carbonate rock fragments, calcite grains, and carbonate cement. For Al the source was kaolinite and feldspar, Fe related to the iron oxide minerals and other heavy minerals. The differences in the percentages of coarse and fine fractions in the studied sediments (facies) are most likely responsible for the variations in constituent concentrations in each locality and between the three local

This study aims to investigate the proficiency of EFL teachers in blended learning both before and after undertaking training. With a one-group pretest-posttest design, this experimental study examines the impact of training provided to a single research group after treatment. This study also aims to show how blended learning teachers impact students' English reading comprehension outcomes. This research employed a quantitative methodology. Purposive sampling selected 26 teachers and 55 postgraduate international students at the University of Utara Malaysia for the study. We gathered the data using tests and questionnaires and then subjected them to descriptive analysis. The findings revealed a significant improvement in teachers' knowledge and proficiency in implementing blended learning courses. The reactions of both teachers and students to integrated learning are also favorable. The study found that blended learning practices effectively enhanced the proficiency of EFL university teachers and positively impacted their students' English reading achievements. Finally, this study helps universities reconsider and adopt blended learning to enhance the teaching and learning of English reading comprehension skills.

The current study is intended to investigate and analyze the pragmatics of swearing in Syriac (in the sense of taking an oath) in accordance to Searle (1975) Speech act theory, and the felicity condition as stated by Austin (1962). The purpose of this pragmatic analysis is to show the functional behavior of swearing in different contexts, i.e. its force as an utterance (locution) and its effect on the receptor. In order to explore how swearing in the Syriac dialect of Baghdede (a Nineveh district) is translated into English, 30 swearing expressions with associated situations and contexts were given to two translators with PhD degree in Linguistics and translation at the Catholic University in Erbil to translate into English. The study reveals that swearing functions as a means of communication that Syriac people use to satisfy different pragmatic functions in different communicative situations; it is a commissive speech act by which the speaker is committed to keep and/or affirm what he is saying. The study also revealed that literal translation is the most frequently employed strategy for rendering swearing expressions from Syriac into English. The translators resort to this strategy to avoid communication failure. In most of other cases, the translators used the closest natural equivalent of the Syriac language in terms of meaning.This study is a modest contribution to Syriac linguistic studies that most probably would encourage similar or cross-linguistic studies that tackle other aspects of this endangered language.

Climate change is a natural phenomenon that occurs every few thousand years, and the increase in human activities has accelerated the occurrence of climate change. Since climate is the average of successive weather conditions in a place for a long period, it may be a month, a season, a year or several years. Therefore, we find that climatology is concerned with showing the average or mean weather conditions prevailing in a region rather than showing daily changes in weather conditions in the region. Climatology is considered one of the natural factors affecting the formation of the Earth's surface and various aspects of plant, animal and human life. Climatology is also concerned with scientific applications to determine patterns of weather conditions, interpret them and the possibility of using them for the benefit of humans. The study addressed the effect of climate change on flood waves in the valleys of eastern Iraq over a period of 22 years, i.e. two minor climate cycles, to show climate fluctuations and change and their effect on flood waves using statistical methods and GIS and RS programs.

The study was conducted to identify the morphological description as well as the histological and standard examination of the cerebellum of the laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) and to determine its histological layers. 15 adult birds of both sexes were obtained from local markets in Baghdad, Iraq. The anatomical study included making an anatomical incision in the posterior part of the brain and carefully separating the skull bones to obtain the cerebellum. The results of the study showed that the cerebellum was the largest part of the hindbrain and contained ten cerebellar folia and three layers: the molecular layer, the average thickness of which in terms of folia thickness was (42.337±0.870) μm, the Purkinje cell layer located between the two layers, the average thickness of which was (23.6±1.07) μm, and the granular layer located below the Purkinje cell layer, the average thickness of which was (27.101±1.04) μm, where it appeared to be the thickest layer. The tissue layers also contained multiple nerve cells spread within the gray matter and the white matter.

from six different Bara-based locations. Descriptive, laboratory, and quantitative methodologies were applied, using advanced pollution indicators and statistical techniques to measure pollution with iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, lead, arsenic, zinc, and manganese. The results confirmed a striking presence of high concentrations of heavy metals, especially at Site 4, which consistently recorded high levels of iron, cobalt, chromium, lead, zinc, and manganese. P-values exceeding 0.05 indicate zero significant differences in metal concentrations across sites (P-value >0.05). The Contamination Factor (CF) results reinforced Site-4 as a pollution hotspot compared to environmental baseline levels. Using iron as the reference mineral for enrichment factor (EF) calculations, significant Pb enrichment was found at sites 4 and 6. The Pollution Load Assessment (PLI) also identified sites 3-4-6 as areas of high contamination concerns, while other sites showed moderate levels. Comparative analysis with similar research

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuro-developmental disorder of the brain which arises due to numerous genetic and environmental interplay. In our study, we utilized bioinformatics tools Enrichr and STRING) to find the functional networks as well as KEGG pathways associated with eight brain related genes (RELN, SLC6A4, ITGB3, AVPR1a, DISC1, SHANK3, RPL10, DYX1c1) that have essential roles in ASD. GO enrichment analyses suggested cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes in addition to those included that were associated with ASD like receptor binding. Using KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we detected multiple pathways to be highly associated with ASD including the synaptic vesicle cycle and glutamatergic synapse known for the essential roles in neurodevelopment (synaptic function), neurotransmission, as well as ECM-receptor interaction that plays a key role in neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity. STRING analysis identified an intricate network of interactions among the chosen genes. These results expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms causes the ASD disorder and propose potential targets for future investigation and therapeutic development.