Modern Sport

The aim of the research was to identify which style of parental treatment (authoritarian, permissive, democratic) has the most influence on irrational thoughts among students at teacher preparation institutes, and whether there are statistically significant differences based on the gender variable (male and female).

The sample of the study included (120) male and female students from teacher preparation institutes. The researcher used the Al-Lami scale (2001) to measure parental treatment styles, and the Al-Riyahi scale (1985) to measure irrational thoughts.

The results were extracted using appropriate statistical methods, and the researchers concluded the following:

The authoritarian style is the most influenced by irrational thoughts, followed by the permissive style, and then the democratic style.
Parental treatment styles (authoritarian, permissive, democratic) are not influenced by irrational thoughts based on the gender variable.

The study aims to focus on walking as one of the important sports that is used by athletes in general and patients in particular to reduce the diseases of the modern era or limit the complications of these diseases.

The objectives of the study are:

To determine the cholesterol levels in individuals with high blood fat levels.
To understand the effect of a walking exercise program on bad cholesterol levels.
To understand the effect of a walking exercise program on good cholesterol levels.
The research hypotheses were:

The walking exercise program has an effect in reducing bad cholesterol levels.
The researcher used the experimental method, and the sample consisted of 10 women suffering from high blood fat levels, aged between 40 and 50 years.

Finally, the researcher concluded: That the prepared program (walking program) has a statistically significant effect on:

Reducing total cholesterol levels (TC).
Reducing triglyceride levels (TG).
Reducing bad cholesterol levels (LDL).

Identifying the level of competition anxiety among female volleyball players participating in the Volleyball Championship in Iraq and its relationship with team rankings.
Identifying the level of achievement motivation among female volleyball players participating in the Volleyball Championship in Iraq and its relationship with team rankings.
Identifying the correlation between the level of competition anxiety and achievement motivation among female volleyball players in Iraq.
The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method as it is considered one of the best methods for studying and understanding the psychological relationships and phenomena among the players.

Key findings from the study:

There is variation in the level of competition anxiety across its three dimensions (cognitive, physical, self-confidence) among female volleyball players, and a positive relationship with team rankings was observed. The top-ranking teams had the best level of anxiety.
There is variation in the level of achievement motivation (achievement - avoiding failure) among female volleyball players, and a positive relationship with team rankings was observed. The top-ranking teams had the best level of motivation.
A statistically significant correlation was found between achievement motivation and competition anxiety for the teams that ranked in the top four positions.

The research aimed to explore the relationship between agility and balance in performing the floor exercise routine in artistic gymnastics. The researcher addressed the first chapter by introducing the study, which includes the concept of motor coordination and its importance in the field of physical education. The study emphasized the importance of understanding the relationship between some components of motor coordination in performing the floor exercises in artistic gymnastics, which requires a high ability to organize and logically sequence the movements, based on the correct direction in motor performance.

The research problem arose from the variation in the performance of the movement sequence on the floor mat by most of the students, despite their good performance of individual movements. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem and derive results that may explain the reason for this variation and weakness in performance. The aim of the research was to understand some of the movements involved in motor coordination in performing the floor exercise routine in artistic gymnastics. The researcher hypothesized the existence of a statistically significant relationship between certain aspects of motor coordination in performing the floor exercises in artistic gymnastics. The areas of research and the key terms were identified.

The second chapter covered theoretical studies, where the researcher discussed the topic of motor coordination, its components, and the concept of floor exercises.

In the third chapter, which includes the methodology and field procedures, the descriptive method was adopted for its suitability to the nature of the problem. The sample of the research was randomly selected from second-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education for Women, with a total of 62 students. The researcher assessed the homogeneity of the sample, determined the tools and methods for implementing the research, and identified the key tests used. The researcher employed the progressive matrices test to measure agility and balance with the performance, and used the evaluation of judges for the performance of the floor exercise routine. The researcher also conducted a pilot study and identified the statistical methods used in the research.

Finally, in the fifth chapter, the researcher concluded that there is a positive correlation between the agility test and the floor exercise sequence in artistic gymnastics for the research sample. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the balance test and the floor exercise sequence in artistic gymnastics for the research sample. Based on the results, the researcher recommended the need to focus on developing the components of motor coordination, as they form the foundation for many sports activities, including artistic gymnastics and the floor exercise sequence.

Handball is a sport characterized by speed and continuous interaction, as it requires the ability to think, adapt, and synchronize with fast game situations. In this game, motor response is one of the essential motor skills that plays an important role in the tactical performance of offensive and defensive skills, and it is one of the key factors in determining the outcome of situations.

Shooting skills are one of the basic skills that determine whether the team's efforts result in success or failure and wasted effort.

This highlights the essential need for this motor ability and focusing on it in handball, as it is one of the most important abilities that allows players to progress in their level. Therefore, understanding the relationship between motor response speed and shooting accuracy is crucial. This was the aim of the research. The research hypothesis assumes that there is a statistically significant correlation between motor response speed and shooting accuracy.

The research sample consisted of handball players from Basra Governorate clubs, represented by the clubs of Nafth Al-Janoub, Al-Ahly, and Al-Zubair, who participated in the Iraq Premier League for the 2007-2008 season, with a total of 36 players. The tests were conducted at the Al-Janoub Sports Club and the Technical Institute Hall - Basra, with the research period extending from 20/9/2008 to 1/1/2009.

The researchers used a descriptive method with a correlation approach, and a special questionnaire was prepared that included shooting accuracy tests and motor response tests. It was presented to a group of experts who confirmed the suitability of the tests to achieve the research objectives. The results were then collected, processed statistically, and presented and discussed scientifically to achieve the research goal.

Based on this, the researchers concluded:

A significant correlation was found between motor response speed and shooting accuracy, specifically in high jumping and shooting after deception.
A non-significant correlation was found between motor response speed and shooting accuracy from a static position.
The researchers recommended a number of suggestions, including:

Emphasizing the variable of motor response speed, which affects the skill performance of both offensive and defensive skills in handball.

Performing combined grips is common in judo, as it helps in executing the strategies prepared by the coach and the athlete, or it may be a logical solution with no alternative to overcome the effective defense of the opponent. This gives importance to this performance, which is somewhat composed in such situations. Failure to master this skill clearly shows a deficiency in skill and tactical preparation, negatively affecting the final performance outcome.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of specific exercises on the performance of the combined grip under study (Ouchi-Kari) combined with (Ouchi-Mata), both of which are fundamental grips in judo. The researcher used a training method (single group method) to achieve the objectives of this study, due to its suitability for the nature of the problem. The research sample was selected randomly, with the selection of the Police Sports Club for advanced players, and their total number was (12) athletes.

From the results shown, it was observed that there was an improvement in the performance of the combined grip within one minute (number of points) after implementing the training program, and that the proposed training method has an advantage in improving the performance of the combined grip within one minute (number of repetitions).

This research aims to develop a rehabilitation therapeutic approach using assistive devices and tools based on certain biomechanical variables to evaluate some spinal deformities, such as thoracic kyphosis and lateral curvature, in addition to examining the impact of this therapeutic approach on certain physical abilities. This is particularly relevant as children between the ages of 10-12 years are more vulnerable to such deformities due to improper use of ligaments and muscles\' balance, incorrect use of body equipment during exercises, especially in work settings, in addition to bad habits, incorrect training, and poor nutrition.

The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistical evidence between pre-test and post-test results, as well as significant statistical differences between the development of physical abilities and the evaluation of some spinal deformities.

The researcher worked with a sample of elementary school students in Baghdad who suffered from thoracic kyphosis and lateral curvature, totaling 12 participants. The research was conducted in Al-Yarmouk Primary School from 18/5/2007 to 1/1/2007.

The researcher used a training methodology to evaluate two experimental groups. The training approach was developed by the researcher to improve some physical abilities through circuit training with the use of station-based methods. The program consisted of 36 therapeutic units over 12 weeks, with three rehabilitation units per week.

The researcher concluded that, based on the research objectives, hypotheses, procedures, and statistical treatment of the data collected from pre-test and post-test results, the developed methodology was applied effectively and showed no significant differences in the results of rehabilitation of these spinal deformities. Furthermore, the application of therapeutic exercises using devices and assistive tools led to noticeable improvements in strength, endurance, and flexibility of the spinal muscles.

Introduction and Importance of the Research: The importance of the research lies in establishing sound scientific foundations when selecting a successful, effective, and appropriate training method through the application and use of supramaximal intensity training based on determining the time duration for critical speed.

Problem of the Research: The problem of the research is the limited use of training methods and the regulation of these methods in terms of the components of training load, in addition to the lack of training with high-intensity interval training (supramaximal).

Objectives of the Research:

To develop supramaximal intensity training based on determining the time duration for critical speed to improve short-speed endurance in 800m and 1500m runners.
To investigate the impact of supramaximal intensity training based on determining the time duration for critical speed.
Research Hypotheses: There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the research variables in favor of the post-test, in addition to the research areas which included (human domain: 12 runners from the 800m and 1500m events) as well as the time and location domains.

Chapter Two: This chapter included the theoretical studies related to the research.

Chapter Three: This chapter included the following: The research methodology (the researchers used the experimental method) with the two equivalent groups and the pre-test and post-test design.

Chapter Four: This chapter presented the results reached by the researchers, followed by their analysis and discussion.

Chapter Five: This chapter included the conclusions and recommendations, which were as follows:

The use of supramaximal intensity training and determining the time duration for critical speed led to the improvement of short-speed endurance and performance in the 800m and 1500m events for all members of the research sample.
The recommendations included the necessity of conducting research and studies to develop speed endurance through its various components for similar events, as well as determining critical speed times when using supramaximal intensity training.

The current research included two objectives:

The effect of general agility training on some physical attributes in football.
The effect of general agility training on some basic skills in football.
The researcher used the experimental method, which is suitable for the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (12) young players, representing (57.14%) of the research population. The researchers designed several questionnaires for physical attributes and basic skills along with their tests. These questionnaires were distributed to a group of football experts. The researchers relied on physical attributes, basic skills, and the related tests that achieved an agreement rate of 75% or more.

The researcher adopted the one-group experimental design with pre-test and post-test. The research sample was tested in physical and skill-related tests, and the maximum performance time for the exercises used in the agility training program was determined. Several pilot trials were conducted. Pre-tests were carried out, followed by the implementation of the experimental program for general agility, and post-tests were conducted in the same manner as the pre-tests.

The researchers concluded the following:

The training program for general agility exercises proved effective in developing the general agility and other physical attributes of the research sample.
The general agility training program led to significant development for the research sample in the physical attributes and basic skills, indicating an improvement in the players' performance in these attributes and skills.
Recommendations: The researchers recommended that football coaches use the general agility training program in the general preparation phase due to its significant impact on developing general agility in football players, as well as its effect on physical attributes and basic skills in football.

The researcher conducted this study based on the principle of balancing mental training and skill performance, meaning not relying solely on physical and skill training and continuous effort in this direction without utilizing the mental aspect to contribute to learning and acquiring various motor skills. The basic skills in volleyball are considered the backbone of the game, as mastering these skills is a prerequisite for winning matches. This depends on selecting the best training methods and techniques that can achieve the fastest progress in these skills. The spiking serve is one of the crucial skills in volleyball that plays a significant role in match outcomes. This is why this study was conducted, where the researcher designed a set of exercises to develop mental imagery in improving the accuracy of the spiking serve. The researcher created a mental imagery program that included relaxation exercises, types of external and internal imagery exercises, exercises for voluntary control over imagery, as well as the development of learned mental skills and the performance of individual and group training using video clips. The sample was selected from some players of youth clubs in Baghdad, aged (18-16), representing Al-Jaysh and Al-Shorta clubs, with a total of (30) players. The researcher used the experimental method with two groups (control and experimental).

The researcher concluded that mental imagery exercises had a positive effect on the results of the accuracy of the spiking serve tests. The researcher also made several recommendations, including the implementation of the mental imagery program alongside physical, skill, and tactical preparation for learning and training the spiking serve skill in volleyball.

Introduction and Importance of the Study: Good performance in the foil cannot develop or improve without the availability of a good level of accuracy, speed, balance, and quick motor response for offensive and defensive operations. A player cannot develop movement balance and accuracy unless they can master the complex technical aspects of fencing and perform them easily at the highest possible levels of technical performance.

Thus, the importance of the research lies in the necessity of studying all the elements and their impact on motor performance, and understanding the relationship between them, as it provides a clear indication of the players' performance in foil fencing for youth, having an impact on maintaining performance balance and the speed and accuracy of execution during the thrust skill.

Research Problem: The problem of the research arises from understanding the relationship between the accuracy of the thrust movement and its relation to motor response, speed, and balance in foil fencing, and how to link them in order to master defensive and offensive skills and achieve good performance.

Research Objectives:

To identify the relationship between the accuracy of the thrust movement and motor response in youth foil fencers.
To explore the relationship between the accuracy of the thrust movement and speed.
To examine the relationship between the accuracy of the thrust movement and balance (static and dynamic) in foil fencers.
Research Hypotheses:

There is a statistically significant relationship between the accuracy of the thrust movement, speed, and motor response in foil fencers.
The accuracy of the thrust movement and motor response in foil fencers.
There is a statistically significant relationship between the accuracy of the thrust movement and static and dynamic balance in foil fencers.
Research Scope:

Human Scope: Foil fencers from the top-tier clubs (10 players).
Time Scope: From 20/7/2007 to 20/8/2007.
Spatial Scope: Al-Shab Hall.
Chapter 2: This chapter contains the theoretical studies related to the research variables and similar studies.

Chapter 3: This chapter includes the research methodology and its field sections, tools such as the sample and methods used in the research, and the identification of research variables, sample, exploratory experiment, and main experimental procedures, as well as the use of statistical methods.

Chapter 4: The results were presented, analyzed, and discussed for all the variables in the research, including attention concentration, response speed, and certain basic skills in fencing. Through this, the research objectives and hypotheses were achieved.

Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations:

1. Conclusions:

A statistically significant relationship was found between all the research variables.
2. Recommendations: The researcher recommends improving the accuracy of the thrust and emphasizing exercises for speed, motor response, and both static and dynamic balance.

The aim of the research is to determine the relationship between age, body composition, and the performance ability of athletes in tennis. This is done through various variables including age, the net body weight (after fat removal) for those under 21 years old from some clubs in Baghdad governorate, with 44 players completing the tests.
The researcher found a negative relationship between age and the players' performance ability in tennis, despite younger players having a higher success rate than older players. Additionally, body weight was found to be weakly correlated with tennis performance ability for men, although this correlation is positive. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was found between net body weight (after excluding fat) and tennis performance ability for men. Thus, the amount of lean tissue in a player’s body is considered a factor influencing their performance ability in the game.

The aim of the research was to identify the impact of teaching using building exercises on the development of some basic skills in handball. These exercises are considered the fundamental foundation for developing sports skills. The researcher used the experimental method to achieve the research objectives. The research sample consisted of 50 first-year middle school female students, divided into two groups: the first experimental group, consisting of 25 students, who used the program developed by the researcher, and the second control group, consisting of 25 students, who used the traditional program. After conducting the specific handball tests, the researcher concluded that the building exercises had a positive impact on the development of some handball skills. The researcher recommended using building exercises in teaching various sports skills, based on the principle of diversifying and renewing exercises.

Objective of the research: This study aims to investigate the effect of certain recreational boxing exercises on rehabilitating individuals with Type 1 diabetes, both men and women. It also aims to examine the impact of these boxing exercises on some functional variables of individuals with Type 1 diabetes, both male and female.

Research Procedures: The researchers used the experimental method, which suited the research topic. The research sample consisted of 21 individuals, divided into two groups: the first group included 10 male non-athletes with a mean height (164.2 ± 4.9) cm, weight (72 ± 6.8) kg, and ages ranging from 29 to 44 years. The second group consisted of 11 female non-athletes with a mean height (159.3 ± 7.37) cm, weight (67.5 ± 5.09) kg, and ages ranging from 27 to 50 years. The researchers used various devices to measure the research variables, including height (cm), weight (kg), blood sugar level, and stress and anxiety levels. The researchers developed a set of recreational boxing exercises in the form of a proposed program for rehabilitating individuals with diabetes. The program lasted for 3 months (equivalent to 12 weeks), with 3 rehabilitation sessions per week, held on 3 days.

Results: The results showed a significant difference in the levels of blood sugar, anxiety, stress, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, and body weight for the men between the pre- and post-test. A significant difference was also observed in these variables for the women between the pre- and post-test. However, no significant difference was found in these variables between the post-test results for men and women.

Research Objective:
To identify the impact of the training program on the development of physical and skill abilities in the sample of the study.

Research Hypothesis:
The researchers hypothesize that there are statistically significant differences in physical and skill abilities using the training program, in favor of the experimental group.

Research Procedures:

Research Method: Experimental method
Research Sample: National team boxers
Statistical Treatments:
Mean
Standard deviation
T-test for significance of differences
Conclusions:
The training program has a clear impact on the development of physical and skill abilities by improving the level of the boxers.