Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of camel’s milk on the mice liver after induction by hydrogen peroxide. Twenty albino mice were randomly divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E. (each group consisted of 4 mice), the first group was control, administrated only normal diet and water. The second group was administrated with 1% of H2O2. The third group was administrated with 1.5% H2O2. The fourth group was administrated 1% H2O2 and treated with camel milk for 15 days and the fifth group was administrated 1.5% H2O2 and treated with camel milk for 15 days. The Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were increased and showed high significant changes (P < 0.01) in groups that administrated H2O2 only compared with control group and also the liver tissue showed different lesion including necrosis, degeneration of hepatocytes, infiltration of lymphocytes, sclerosing bile ducts and fibrosis, but when these groups treated with camel milk, the ALT and AST levels return to the normal ranges and the liver tissue became normal and repaired completely. It was concluded from this study that the camel milk has amply good effect on the liver enzymes and tissue repair.

Field experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2014 at two locations , first was in the fields of Agriculture Collage – Tikrit University and the second was in Baigie province (Al-Maleha village) to aim study the effect of three cultivars [FAO 200 (Ronaldino) –FAO 300 (zp341)-FAO 400 (zp434)] and three types of fertilization (Nitrogenous , Organic and Nitrogenous + Organic fertilization) to determine the field traits in maize (zea mays L.) by effect the cultivars with nitrogenous and organic fertilization .
A design of RCBD was used with two factors, The cultivar 400 was surpassed in the two locations in plant height (cm) , leaf area (cm2) , leaf area index (LAI) , Ears number and number of rows in the ear, while the organic fertilization was surpassed in the two locations . The nitrogenous and organic fertilization was surpassed in the two locations in plant height (cm) , leaf area (cm2) , leaf area index (LAI) .

This study was carried out in the Nursery of the college of Agriculture / University of Duhok / Kurdistan region/Iraq during growing seasons 2013 to study the effect of shading, seeds storage methods and GA3 treatments on nutritional status and chlorophyll content of loquat seedlings. Shading percentage (direct sunlight and 50 % shading), three methods of storage, without storage (direct planting), one month in refrigerator and one month in room condition) and three concentration of GA3 (Zero, 250, 500 mg/L-1).
Results obtained that the room storage significantly increased N percentage in leaf, whereas the both sunlight and 500 mg.L-1 GA3 effect significantly on the chlorophyll content ,P and K percentage in the leaf of Loquat seedling ,while refrigerator significantly increased chlorophyll content in the leaf. The interaction between the studied factors also significantly affected on the nutritional status and chlorophyll content of loquat seedlings, the interaction of sunlight + room storage + 500 mg.L-1 GA3 was the best treatment.

A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of varieties and foliar nutrition with manganese and zinc on some growth traits of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill which was sown in two sites; in field crops of the Faculty of Agriculture - Research Station Tikrit University in the city of Tikrit, and the in Samarra located 60 km south of Tikrit city, during 2013 summer agricultural season. The study consisted of three soybeans varieties (Industrial/2, Iman and Shaima), with three concentrations of manganese foliar fertilizer application (0, 75 and 100 mg MnSO4. H2O mg.L-1), and three concentrations of zinc (0, 50 and 75 mg ZnSO4.7H2O mg.L-1). Results showed that Iman variety was superior with interaction of the three factors on plant height (cm) and height of the first Pod (cm) for both sites, while with combination of two factors in samara location Iman variety showed higher recorded data for number of brunches plant-1 and leaf area in Tikrit location. For two factors combination manganese concentration level of 75 and 100ppm showed superiority in both studied locations when treated Zn75. Whereas zinc foliar application caused higher averages for leaf area (cm plant-1), yiled (kg ha-1) in Tikrit location and the first pod height for both sites.

The aim of this study was to evaluat the ability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus in counteracting the deleterious effects of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) or Fumonsin B1 (FB1)in broiler chickens .One hundred and five Ross 308 , one-day-old broiler chicks were assigned 7 treatments, 3 replicates with 5 birds cages each for 42 reaed day. The experimental treatments were labeled as follows:-T1. BD no other addition (Control).T2. BD containing a 3 mg AB1/kg diet .T3. BD containing a 3 mg FB1/kg diet + Lactobacillus casei CFU ( 1.5×108 cell /ml).T4. BD containing a 3 mg AFB1/kg diet + Lactobacillus acidophilus CFU ( 1.5×108 cell /ml).T5. BD containing a 300 mg FB1/kg. T6. BD containing a 300 mg FB1/kg diet+ Lactobacillus acidophilus CFU( 1.5×108 cell /ml ). T7. BD containing a 300 mg FB1/kg diet + Lactobacillus casei CFU ( 1.5×108 cell /ml). Results of histological analysis showed that there was significant damage in the Liver and Fabricius tissues receiving AFB1 or FB1 alone. Feeding Aflatoxin caused liver fatty changes, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia and aggregation of lymphocyte. The fumonsin treatment caused moderate to severe hydropic/fatty degeneration in the hepatocytes of the liver and the tubular epithelium of the liver and follicular depletion in the bursa of Fabricius. The supplementation of L. casei or L. acidophilus to AFB1 or FB1 treated birds not significantly diminished the negative effects of dietary AFB1or FB1 (p˂0.05) on the compared to the control diet. In conclusion our results showed that addition of L. casei and L. acidophilus cannot reduce the adverse effects produced by the presence of AFB1 or FB1 in broiler chickens diet.

Rapid avian influenza virus antigen test kit and were used to detect avian influenza antigens by examine 954 samples taken from broilers, layers, house chickens, local poultry markets and poultry slaughters houses in period from January to June 2014 in Kirkuk city. Cloacae feces swab method was used for all samples and results showed that all tested samples were negative for AIV. In conclusion Kirkuk city was free from avian influenza virus till June 2014 and this test is rapid, easy and a reliable field test and can be done frequently.

Genotypes of upland cotton IK8, S29, S118, Coker 310, Curds 26, Condor, Deer 22 and Aleppo 33 were planted in the farm guidance for the development of cotton cultivation in Sharqat, the elimination of the Agriculture Department of Salah al-Din during the growing seasons 2013 and 2014 at the distances cultivation between plants 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm between plants (their combinations represent eight different environments) by using a randomized complete design with three replications, in order to evaluate it's stability for characters: number of days to first boll opening, plant height, number fruiting branches, number bolls per plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield per plant. Combined analysis of variance results showed that the mean square of each of the environments, genotypes and that related to the interaction genotypes x environments was significant for all characters expected number bolls per plant seed cotton yield per plant was not significant. The variations related to the environments was much greater than those of each of the genotypes and interaction for all characters. The broad sense heritability appeared high for number of days to first boll opening and number of fruiting branches per plant, moderate for plant height and low for the rest of characters. Results of stability parameters showed that genotype S29 was high stable for four characters (number of days to first boll opening, number of fruiting branches per plant, number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant), and showed a high response in good environments only for number of bolls per plant and boll weight, followed by the genotype Ik378 which showed high stability for three characters (number of fruiting branches, number of bolls per plant and boll weight) and its response was high seed cotton yield only in good environments, and these findings offer the possibility to benefit from genotypes of high stability in future breeding programs by hybridization to create new varieties characterized by good productivity and quality characters and stable in a wide range of environmental changes, in addition to the possibility of extend grow at a wide range of environmental conditions.

In order to know the performance and components of inbred lines variance of maize under the effect of nitrogen fertilizers, a field experiment was carried out during the two seasons of 2014 in Maize researches station-General authority for agricultural researches in Abu-Ghriab. Eight inbred lines of maize were used ( UMGW16, UMGW4, DAQ, HNG9, DL.A3, DL.B3, ART-B46 and ART-B21). The inbred lines were treated with two levels of nitrogen (175 and 350 Kg N. ha-1). Factorial arrangement was used in RCBD with three replicates. Many agronomic traits were studied from performance and variations and the values were counted for genetic and environmental variances as well as genetic and phenotypic covariance and heritability in broad sense. The behavior of the inbred lines was different in terms of performance. HNG9 and ART-B46 were superior in most agronomic traits that correlated with yield which in turn has been positively reflected in giving highest yield 158.6 and 158.4 gm.plant-1 for the two inbred lines respectively. The two inbred lines took lowest number of days (62 and 62.67) respectively. UMGW16 was superior by giving highest leaf area 0.524 m2 and HNG9 gave highest grain weight 81.51 gm and plant yield. ART-B46 gave highest number of grains per plant (665.2) and plant yield. The apparent difference between the two inbred lines in terms of yield components would help in producing a hybrid with high yield in the future, and make comparison with the lines performance. The increase of Nitrogen from 175 to 350 Kg N. ha-1 has led to significant increase in all traits under this study. It gave lowest averages of number of days to the flowering, highest average of plant leaf area, cob length, and number of rows in cob, number of grains, weight of grain and individual plant yield. The genetic variance was higher than environmental variance for all traits and that has been reflected to heritability ratio which was high in all traits and the highest average was obtained in number of rows (83.70) expect length of cob which the ratio was average (57.21). We concluded that most traits especially components of yield can be affected by genetic factors therefore we recommend to use number of grains and weight of grain in assessing the ability of productivity of maize.

A Field experiment had been performed in Shewn Research Station of the Agriculture Department in Kirkuk province during the summer season (2015). The study aimied at to study the effect of humic acid and spraying iron, zinc and as well as the overlap between them in growth traits of Datura stramonium L. The experiment had included two factors. The first factor includes four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2 and 3) kg. Acres -1 The second factor included four concentrations of spraying elements (Fe ppm250 and Zn ppm250 and Fe + Zn ppm250 and 0). The Experiment applies global testing system according to the design of complete random sectors design with three replicates . Results can be summarized as follows. . The level of acid humic was Higher 3 Cgm.dunm - in all vegetative growth traits ,such as plant height (104.49 cm.nbat -1) , the number of branches (10.46per plant) dry matter (456.79 Gm.) hunmic acid shows significant superior rates in corp. traits and yield components like the number of fruits (49.798 Tmrh.nbat -1) per plant weight of 1000 grains (12.69 g) and corp (541.06 Cgm.hectar -1). The concentration of spraying exceeds((Fe + Zn ppm 250 in all growth traits such as high plant vegetative growth (119.36 cm per plant) , the number of branches (13.11) ,dry weight (577.92 gm) The concentration gave ((Fe + Zn ppm 250) and is high as the number of fruits (62.853 Tmrh.nbat -1) and the weight of 1000 grains gave higher number(13.93 g) with yield(634.22 Cgm.hectar -1).

This experiment was carried out in the lath house of the department of Horticulture , landscaping / college of Agriculture / University of Baghdad during 10/04/2012 to 01/11/2013. Designed in accordance with R.C.B.D used with three replicate to study the effect of the impact local oranges soaking regulator BA concentrations (0,100,300) Mg.l -1 on three rootstocks of citrus (sour orange, volkamer lemon, Cleopatra mandarin), and after the success of the grafts is sprayed seedlings plant growth regulator concentrations Brassinolide (0.005,0.003,0) Mg.l -1 in the chemical and hormonal content of seedlings Done data analysis according to the statistical program sas averages were compared using the test Duncan’s multiple range at the possibility of 5%. The results can be summarized as follows: The study showed that it was not out of the impact on securities content of nitrogen and phosphorus, it has had a significant effect in the papers content of potassium content hormonal as continued volkamer lemon excellence in securities content of potassium and Zeatin as it gave content was 1.34%, 42.95, while superiority continued tangerine Cleopatra in Securities and carbohydrate content of Brassinolide and auxin and ghebrelin, amounting to 3.17% (28.04, 25.32, 34.5) -1 Maekerowerem.gram sequentially, Either on the impact of soaking Pal BA is observed superiority focus 300 Mg.l -1 giving him a higher content of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and Brassinolide and Auxin and Alghebrelin as it stood at 3.29%, 1.64%, 0.40%, 1.40%, (32.83, 24.67, 34.76) Maekerowerem.gram -1 sequentially, while the comparison given treatment less content of the qualities mentioned above. The effect of spraying Brassinolide Fimaa_khas was found superiority focus 0.005 Mg.l -1 morally and gave the highest content of carbohydrates and Zeatin and Brassinolide and Auxin and Alghebrelin, amounting to 3.21% (41.58, 33.41, 24.40, 41.72) -1 Maekerowerem.gram sequentially, while Attt comparison treatment less content of the recipes mentioned Anfa.ama on bilateral interactions and triple overlap there were significant differences as a result of these interactions.

Field experiment was conducted in a field belong to agriculture station of kirkuk seasonal period 2014–2015 to know the effect of two factors that were : The first three levels of CPPU spraying (0,5,10 ml.l-1) sympoled (C0,C1,C2) the second was three levels of spraying of nutrient Agroleaf (0,5,10 ml.l-1) sympoled (AO.A1,A2) and the interaction between them on growth , seed yield ,effective substances to fenugreek, RCBD system was as factorial experiment. The results showed : CPPU investigated significant augmentation in studied characters , so the second levels had superiority protein percentage (33.28%) with lower value (31.86%) , while the third level had superiority which gave highest number of shoots (6.36 shoots.plant-1) ,bods number (58.37 bods.plant-1) – bod seed number (15.6seeds bod-1) ,S.S.S (25.33%) compared with few rahe that were (5.5 shoots.plant-1) , (39.63 bods.plant-1), (14.4seeds bod-1), and (23%) respectively for these characters .
Agroleaf nutrients investigated significant increasing in studied character , the second level gave highest value in seed number (15.33 seed.bod-1) compared with lest value (14.5 seed.bod-1) , while the third level A2(10gm.l-1) had significant superiority in plant height (44.73cm), shoot number (6.46 shoots.plant-1) bods number (56.94 bods.plant-1), S.S.S (3.83%) , compared with less values were (41.43cm), (5.58 shoots.plant-1) , (36.53 bods.plant-1) and (23.16%) respectively.
The interaction , the treatment C1A2 (10gm.l-1 +5ml.l-1) investigated significant increasing in studied characters : plant height (47.1cm) protein percentage (34.45%) compared with lower value respectively (39.1cm) ,(31.61%). The treatment C2A1 investigated (5 gm.l-1 + 10 ml.l-1) increasing in seeds bod (16.3seeds.bod-1) compared with lower value respectively (13.9 seeds.bod-1) The treatment C2A2 investigated (10 gm.l-1 + 10 ml.l-1) investigated significant increasing in shoots number (7.26 shoots.plant-1) , number bods (67.6 bod.plant-1) , sugar percentage soluble (27%) compared with lower value that were (5.26 shoots.plant-1) , (30.26 bod.plant-1) and (22%) respectively.

This study was conducted at a vineyard of Agriculture college Tikrit university on three European grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) , Halwani , Dess Al-Anz and Black Hamburg. Trained by pergola system .the vine had pruned in 12 th February through the season 2013 , each cane contain 12 eyes the vine load were 72 , 84 and 96 eyes / vine. Split-split plot design was used with four replicated analyzed statically by SAS 2000 the means compared by Duncan at 5% levels .
The results showed that Halwani cultivar was significantly overtopped over the other cultivars in total yield per vine, cluster berries weight, total soluble solids , total sugars .While Deiss Al-Anz significantly distinguished in cluster number , total acidity in berries Juice. It is clear from the results that vine load level 72 eyes per vine was significantly surpassed in all characters except total acidity, cluster number and total yield the level 84 eyes /vine had secondly characters and lastly 96 eyes per vine was distinguished in total yield per vine, total acidity berries juice. The tables explain that shoot tip removal treatments was significantly surpassed in most Characters studied expect the total acidity which the control had its superiority.

This study was conducted on the farm of college agriculture - Tikrit university as a separated Experiments on two grape cultivars: Halwani and Kamali during the growing season of 2013 to study the influence of foliar spray with Boron ، Magnesium and spraying dates to vegetative growth and yield of two grape cultivars ( vits Vinifera L.).the Study was consisted of three factors first :Three concentration of Boron (0 . 0 , 30 and 45 mg / L ) , Second :Three concentration of Magnesium( 0، 2 ، 4 gm / L) Third : Two dates of spraying, first ( 7 – 10 days before flowering and the second date was done at veraison
( beginning of berries coloring )). A factorial experiment with three replications was carried out in a randomized complete block design ( R.B.C.D) . Every treatment consisted one vine per replicate . The results indicated that the concentration of 30 and 45 mg B / L was superior upon the significantly increased at the total Acidity in berries Juice Halwani cultivar ( % 0.419 and 0.417 % respectively ) and the least significantly of an anthocyanin in this concentrations in berries Juice kamali cultivar ( 1.377 and 1.740 optical density respectively ) . The results indicated that the concentration 2 g . Mg / L was superior upon the significantly increased at total acidity in Halwani cultivar and 4 g . Mg / L kamali cultivar ( 0.425 % and 0.464 % respectively ) . and the least significantly of anthocyanin in the concentration of 2 g. Mg / L . kamali cultivar ( 1. 565 O . D ) The interaction between 30 mg . B/ L × 4 g. Mg / L × second date of spraying gave highest total sugars and T . S . S . and the least significantly of total acidity in berries Juice kamali cultivar ( 15.704 %, 16.767 %and 0.550 % respectively ) .

This study was carried out to invest tigate the effect of adding chitosan to dietary in the some characters physiological on broiler chickens . (450) birds which are non sexed of (Ross308) day old broiler chickens have been distributed randomly into six treatments. Three replicates for every single treatment (every replicates consists of 25 birds). The first treatment was control on that is free of any addition while the treatments from the second to the sixth include addition of dietary (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1) g/kg respectively from (1-35) days. The results showed significant increase (P<0•05) for all the treatments of adding chitosan in the number of white blood cells (WBC) and the treatments of adding chitosan (0.6,0.8 and 1) g/kg dietary in the percentage of lymphocyte cells and the concentration of albumen for T5 compared with the control treatment. significant increase (P<0•05) in the concentration of globulin for T6 compared with T3 and T5 and significant decrease (P<0•05) in the concentration of triglyceride for all addition chitosan to treatments and T4 in cholesterol concentration compared with control treatment . There were no significant differences in the number of red blood cells (RBC) , hemoglobin (Hb) , Packed Cells Volume (PCV)% , glucose concentration , uric acid and blood enzymes AST , ALT and Total protein.

This study was conducted at one of the commercial flocks in the village of Trpa Spian - province of Erbil. 24 male of Karadi lambs aged (5-6 months) and an average initial of body weight of 25.13±0.66 kg were used. At the beginning of July 2011, the lambs were distributed into three groups equal in number. All groups were fed concentrate ration composed of (crushed barley 45%, wheat bran 45%, Soya bean meal 8%, salt 1% and limestone 1%) by 2.3%, 2.8% and 3.3% of body weight for 1st, 2nd and 3rd group respectively. The body weight of lambs, average of daily and total weight gain, average of daily and total feed consumption, the average of food conversion efficiency, the dimensions of the body and some of blood characteristics were studied. The results were showed a significant differences in body weight of lambs from the fifth week to the end of the experiment between three groups, and the third group surpassed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in average of the final body weight comparative with other groups, as well as the significant differences were showed in the average of daily and total weight gain (kg) and during most of the experiment periods (week). Also, showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in the average of daily and total feed consumption (kg), and not significant in average of efficiency of food conversion between groups. A significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were appeared in the body length and height at the rear between groups, and there were no significant differences in brisket circumference and height at the shoulders. As for blood characteristics groups showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) on the number of red blood cells and white blood cells.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fish oil in some of the productivity and physiological traits in rabbits. This study was conducted using 14 local rabbit at( one month of age were divided into two groups) fed on a standard diet, the second group set at half ml of fish oil (treatment group) The first group remained without fish oil (control group) and this experiment continued for 21 days which divided into three experimental periods,the results showed significant decrease in feed consumption in the second group compared to the control group in the second and third experimental periods and the experiment as a whole. While there were no significant differences in both of weights and ratio of weight gain, and food conversion it has improved in the second group compared to the control in the third trial period only, was also observed a significant increase for second group in spleen weight and the percentage of the spleen and heart weight to carcass weight compared to control group. The rest cutouts carcass were not significantly affected, fish oil led to significant decrease in both the concentration of cholesterol and albumin and LDL and increases in the concentration of enzyme GOT, also led to a significant decrease in both the WBC, LYM, MID, GRAN, RBC, HGB , HCT, PLT, PCT and LPCR and increases value of RDW and the percentage of RDW in second group compared with the control group, while the rest of the physical and chemical blood components were not significantly affected by fish oil.

The present study was conducted to investigated the efficiency of alcoholic & aqueous extract of Artemisia herba-alba in treatment of albino mice infected experimentally with T. muris. The doses of alcoholic & aqueous extracts of A. herba-alba for treatment were 13.75 mg/ mouse as a single dose (for seventh days). The efficiency of extracts under study was compared with Metronidazole drug that given as a single dose of 0.392 mg/ mouse/day, for seventh days.
The results of this study revealed the efficiency of both Metronidazole & extracts of A. herba-alba in the treatment of infection by T. muris. The extracts & the drug revealed effectivily & efficiency in treatment (100%), but there were difference in the time for reduction of infection & perfect cure.

This study was aimed to study adding different levels of aqueous extract of Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel on some physiological treats of broiler, we used 120 one day old Ross- 308 unsexed broiler which divided randomly to four treatment groups by (30) chick per treatment with three replicates as following:-
T(1) First treatment (control group) birds feed with standard diet + normal water.
T(2) Second treatments birds fed with standard diet + water with( 2.5 %) of aqueous extract of Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel.
T(3) Third treatments birds Fed with standard diet + water with( 5 %) of aqueous extract of Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel.
T(4) Fourth treatments birds Fed with standard diet + water with( 10 %) of aqueous extract of Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel.
to study the effect of above different levels on physiological performance for broiler chickens (Ross 308).

Field experiments were conducted during winter season of 2013 – 2014 at al-Shurqat Jazeera location to study the effect of tillage systems and phosphate fertilizer levels on growth component and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in gypsiferous soil. The experiments were conducted with split spot according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications for both tillage system (CT-Conventional tillage and RT-Reduced tillage). Phosphorus was applied in six levels( 0,20, 40 ,60, 80& 100 kg P. ha-1) with symbols P0, P1, P2,P3,P4 and P5 as triple super phosphate (21%P). The total number of plots were 6 x 2 x 3 = 36 experimental units. Some of growth and yield parameters were studied (plant height, spike number , spike Weight, grains yield and straw yield). Data obtained in this investigation showed significant increased in all parameters for both tillage systems. Results refer to significant increasein reduced tillage system in comparison with Conventional tillage system in the growth parameters and yield components.

Field experiments were conducted during winter season of 2013 – 2014 at al-shurqat AL-Jazeera region to study the effect of tillage systems and levels of phosphate fertilizer in the Optical properties for wheat yield in a gypsiferous soil. The experiments were conducted according to Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD) with three replications. Using systems of Reduced tillage (RT) and Conventional tillage (CT) and Phosphorus levels were applied ( 0, 20, 40 ,60, 80& 100 kg P. ha-1 ) with symbols P0, P1, P2,P3,P4 and P5 as Triple Super Phosphate (TSP). The total plots were 6 x 2 x 3 = 36 experimental units. I used a digital camera to capture a set of digital images and then transferred to a computer and conducted by the image processing and radiation and then spectral analysis to the elements of the primary using ERDAS program. I studied of some the spectral indicators as(RGB,R%, HIS,HSB,CC, VIGreen and ChNRGB) Which have been calculated by Digital Camera and relationships of some growth parameters and yield components (spikes Weight, spikes number ,plant height, straw yield and grains yield). Data obtained in this investigation show significant increased in all Indicators when increase levels application. It observation a significant increase of Reduce tillage on the Conventional tillage and found a significant correlation positive and negative at the level significant (0.01) between spectral indicators with growth Criteria's and components yield.

This study was conducted to identify the most important clay minerals and molecular ratios of the major elements in the crystalline lattice to determine the severity of weathering processes. in alluvial soils along the Lower Zab River .Six sites selected for soils in the basin of the Lower Zab river, three of which are located on the right side of the Zab River in Abbasi township and three of them on the left side of the river in Zab township , two Pedons are alluvial soils adjacent to the river and the third Pedon far from the river for comparison in each side of the river, All Pedons were described morphological then soil samples excited to make some physical chemical and mineralogical analysis .
X-Ray diffraction analysis showed dominance of mica followed by chlorite ,Smectite, kaolinite, Palygorskite and vermiculite in fourth Pedon and Smectite, chlorite, kaolinite and Palygorskite then vermiculite in the fifth Pedon while the dominance in sixth Pedon after mica was kaolinite, chlorite, Smectite then Palygorskite and vermiculite for Pedons located in the Abbasi area while Pedons located in the Zab area dominant clay mineral was Smectite in the first and second Pedons followed by chlorite, mica, kaolinite and vermiculite then Palygorskite in the first Pedon and mica, chlorite, kaolinite and vermiculite in the second Pedon while the mica was the dominant in the third Pedon followed by Smectite, kaolinite , chlorite, vermiculite and Palygorskite. Results showed that the interstratified minerals disappears except the mixed layer mineral (Chlorite – Swelling Chlorite). Kaolinite mineral showed low content in the second Pedon and increase of the mineral content in sedimentary Pedons 1 and 3.
The results of some molecular ratios of the major elements in the crystalline lattice for the Mineral components to each other showed that sedimentary Pedons were more susceptible to weathering than the Pedons far from the river.

Field experiment was carried out at Goran agricultural field in Kara Hanjeer distract / Kirkuk, cultivated with wheat, to evaluate the spatial variation of soil moisture content. Soil moisture content was measured on stations along 10 m transect where the distance between the stations 25cm. Soil samples were obtained by mini auger for 3 depths (0-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-20cm) during three periods of wheat growth (flowering , ripening and harvesting). Soil samples were dried by Microwave oven.Data sets were analyzed according to the traditional statistic tools as well as geostatistics concepts (autocorrelogram and variogram). Results showed that the soil moisture content did not distributed normally according to the traditional statistics concepts. The central measures values (mean, median and mode) were convergent. The dispersion measures values (range, variance, coefficient of variation and standard deviation) in the ripening stage were higher than the flowering and harvesting stages. Autocorrelogram indicates that there was a weak special distance dependence of soil moisture content. The range of influence was about 175cm for all soil depths. Spherical variogram model indicates the precence of a spatial variation of soil moisture content ranged between 350cm and 950cm with an moderate spatial dependence class for all studied soil depths and growth stages.

This study was carried out at Agricultur College Lab./Tikrit University to evaluate Zn adsorption / desorption behavior under field conditions by using disturbed soil colums (4) soils different in Gypsum content , 5,8,14,18 % Gypsum .pattern of Zn adsorption and desorption were investigated by using four Kinetic model .first order ,second order ,third order and Elovich equations. Results showed that the dinemic equilibirium accured after 35 minutes and Zn adsorption was affected by soils clay and organic matter content,while Zn desorption affected by calcium carbonate and Gypsum content.Result also showed that first order and Elovich equations were that best fitted model describing Zinc adsorption and desorption in soils studied.which have highest correlation coefficient (R2) values ranged between "85-88 %" .

Study involved carrying out chemical tests and microbiological tests to detect the heavy metals and biological pollutives are found in samples of baby food. So the results show the heavy metals such as iron and zinc are found in more than one type of baby food. The two highest amounts of concentration that had been obtained were in Cerelac, wheat and honey, products and rice with milk which came to 456.3 a part per million and 77.59 a part per million successively.
The results of examination for microbiological pollutives in baby food show the existence of bacteria E.coli, Clostridium perfringens, Cl.difficile, Bacilluss, staphylococcus aureus, B.subtilus, in cirilac (wheat and honey) and cirilac (eheat, milk, fruit mixture) and rice with milk and cornflakes and cocopope successively with amounts reached to 18.35, 28.29 and 14.15 gram/o.t.m, while the total amount of microbes 3*10, 6*10, 3*10, 9*10, 78102 gram/o.t.m, in these materials. But the results show that nesquik and Osmospase are free from the pollution by any kind of these microbes. The results of the infection on rat feeding with baby food, group of cereals and its products which contained on heavy elements show in standards pictures of rat blood that the total number of hemoleukocytes WBC has abstractly raised in number at level (P<0.05) when it was 5.70 and 11.80 mm3/ cell in sequence when the rats were feeding on baby food compared with group of control which were 3.90 mm3/cell. As to the size of closely packed cells HTC it was affected on rats given group of baby food as this food caused lower in the size of closely packed cell HTC compared with group of control as the results were 33.40% and 32.40% while group of control were 42.40%. As to the rate of size of globule MCV it has abstractly gone down in condition that rats given to group of baby foods as they were 48.00 and 46.00 µm3 in sequence compared with group of control which recorded 50.0 µm3 while there was abstract change an rats given to group of cereals and its products as they recorded 51.3, 51.7, 47.40. 46.70 µm3, in sequence compared with the group of control which recorded 50.60 µm3. The results show many of tissue changes after the feeding of rats on baby food which contained heavy elements compared with group of control.

The study involved the extraction of Capsanthin from sweet peeper types (Red, yellow and green)and using the extract as an additive to corr oil . The study showed that the red peeper was outstanding in its fat content of 0.3g while the green peeper was outstanding in its carbohydrate content of 6.32g . On the other hand, the yellow peeper was outstanding in its protein content of 1g . The samples of sweet red peeper was the optimum sample for capsanthin extraction in comparison with sweet yellow and green peeper with extraction ratio of 823.174 mg/kg for red peeper by used petroleum ether comparison with other solvents .. the result showed that the ratio of extraetion 1;9 (w/v) and temperature of 40c and extraction time 300 min were the optimum conditions for extraction . TLC Technique has been used to separate and identify capsanthin with Rf=0.29 and three zones were seperatecl by column chromatography ranged from red to orange and with maximum absorption values λmax at 476, 453, 405 nm for three parts respectively.

The study included a variety of treatments for food within the common Utensils used like Stainless Steel consist alloy of Iron, Nickel, Chromium and Zinc, Tefal or Aluminum Teflon Utensils consist alloy of cast aluminum, Iron, Copper and other metals like Titanium and coated inside by Tetraflouroethylene, Heavy and Light Aluminum Utensils consist alloy of Dural aluminum, mixed with other metals such as Copper, Magnesium, Manganese and sometimes add Lead, Iron, Zinc, The study also included the effect of thermal treatment for sterilization and pasteurization and conservation on two different time for 12 and 24 hours of milk and water, cooking for the Mix tomatoes and potatoes 10, 30 and 60 minutes, The study also included the effect some food additives like salt, Hot pepper and citric acid added 10% to the mix tomatoes and potatoes when cooking and the difference of PH effect for yoghurt PH 4.6 and tomatoes concentrated juice PH 3.4 and strawberry jam PH 2.2 on the transition metals from those Utensils to the food , The results showed that treatment of food using Utensils Stainless Steel lack of transfer of aluminum and lead to food. while the results showed no transactions of lead to the food utensils Tefal when using but it noted that level of transfer of aluminum from to food utensils Tefal showed different level of such transactions and when comparing such levels with the standard limits of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) found that the aluminum level was exceeded the permitted limits in all water samples conservation time for 12 and 24 hours that has been preserved on different periods and in the mixture 2 consisting of tomatoes and potatoes added Hot pepper at 10% and the mixture 4 consisting of tomatoes and potatoes added citric acid at 10% in processed foods like yoghurt, tomatoes concentrated juice and strawberry jam where the Aluminum concentration reaching in one samples of tomatoes concentrated juice (1.223) mg/kg, Also it observed that level of Transition of aluminum and lead from light aluminum utensils to food were different and when comparing levels with the standard limits of (FAO) and (WHO) it was found that the aluminum level of allowable limit was exceeded in all water and food samples and the aluminum concentration reached in one of strawberry jam samples (13.842) mg/kg, while the level of Transition of Lead did not exceed the limit and reached its highest level in strawberry jam (0.06) mg/kg, The level of Transition of aluminum and lead from heavy aluminum utensils showed different level of transactions and when comparing such levels with the standard limits of (FAO) and (WHO) it was found that the aluminum level and lead exceeded the allowable limit in all water and food samples and the aluminum concentration reaching in one of the milk samples (6.240) mg/kg and the concentration of lead reaching in one of the mixture 2 consisting of tomatoes and potatoes added Hot pepper at 10% samples (0.516) mg/kg.

Then, the Resistant starch was produced in large amount and then used with various concentration (5, 10, and 15)g L in yogurt manufacturing as a thickener additive and to enhance its texture, flavor, and acidity characteristics where the addition was taken place according to Iraqi standard approval and study the properties of the product. Significant differences were found in the percentage of solid matters among treated substances which different by various resistant starch concentration added. The treated T4 recorded a maximum percentage of solid matters while treated T1 which is the control sample recorded a minimum percentage of solid matters after 12 days storage in cooler at 4-7°C. The results also exhibited a significant increasing in fat percentage among treated samples which different by various resistant starch concentration added. The treated T4 recorded a maximum percentage of fat whereas treated T1 recorded a minimum-fat percentage after 12 days storage in cooler. The study results revealed significant differences in protein percentage within different resistant starch added in which a slight rising in protein percentage was observed in treated samples with resistant starch and got spoilage of standard-control sample after 12 days of cooled storage. A high-significant vary was observed in lactose percentage within different resistant starch concentration added. In the case of ash content, differences were found in ash percentage with different concentration added and a Little increasing occurred with progression of the cooled storage period. Other sensual examinations including appearance, texture, flavor, and acidity were examined by evaluation form of yogurt.

The aim of the research was to determine the extension knowledge needs of farmers vegetables in the field of preventive maintenance of drip irrigation systems in ishaqi districl. The domains :( Network engine maintenance, maintenance of pumps, maintenance and purification unit, maintenance of water distribution networks and drippers) ishaqi District was chosen to do the research. Random sample of (50) framer of Data was selected . The questionnaire was used to collect date using personal interview, The results revealed that the level of extension knowledge Results of research showed respondents are of a moderate tending to high need, It have been found the highest extension knowledge needs in maintenance of pumps, The research showed also a Negativity cognition correlation between level agricultural extension needs and the following factors: (educational level, number of years, Direction and space Network). In the basis of the results and conclusions, the researcher recommends the following: repeating such type of study regularly to be familiarized with the variables that occur in knowledge level on the level of Salah al-din province, Also recommends that the various extension programs to intensify.

This study aimed identity the importance and determinants of zero tillage ,in salahdin province from the lecturer's viewpoint in College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit . The research aimed to identity its relationship of some factors as well as to know determines of use zero tillage in the province . The research covered all lecturers in soil and yield field department in College of Agriculture . The researcher used random sample which have 85% percent , they are 35 respondents. I used questionnaire to collect data , the questionnaire include two parts , the first part was some variables respondents , second part is (25) paragraph which use to measure the importance of the topic .we made sure of virtual honesty and content by the experts , so use calculated in Alpha Granbachs approach .the results showed that each paragraphs are important , Also we found there is different significant. The researcher recommended to plan the activities of the specialized educational and extensional farmers to adopt this type of Agriculture, because its importance , to provide the food for rural families . Finally , we can integration the traditional and modern tillage , and provided all supplies for it .

The tomato crop one family Solanaceae plants from self-pollinated vegetable crops, it comes in the first place among vegetable crops in terms of daily consumption as consumed either fresh or processed, and the yield of tomato and one of the vegetable crops that contribute to increased quite a bit in the agricultural economy in Iraq are give national income between (25-30) million a year to the all farm one, and it was possible to provide a yield to the consumer every day of the year through protected cultivation in plastic greenhouses or under the low-lying tunnels after it was seasonal crop production. The estimated cost function in the long run by using cross-sectional data of a random sample of farmers harvest tomatoes grown under tunnels low-lying (covered) They are (30), a farmer in the district of Kalar and representing (75%) of total farmers and (40) farmer's, a data analysis of crop adopted Cubism cost function as it passed the statistical tests and standard economic It was derived equation the average total cost for the long term and which were to determine the optimal level of production, which minimize the costs, which amounted to (6.977 tons), as well as been getting the optimum size of the farm, a (11.5) without, it was observed that the optimum space above the cultivated area rate actually and minimize costs should farmers crop that widen the size of cultivated areas to optimize its borders. The study of the economies of scale indicated that the crop growers have achieved a high rate of economies of scale reached 85% in most cases. This requires modifying their production levels as close to the ideal size.

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the mechanisms of resistance in cotton plant to Jassid on the more famous cotton cultivars in Iraq(Ashure, Marsomy4, Coker and Lashata).also determined the population density and seasonal presence to pests and evaluate the yield loss.The Results Showed that Coker C.V was the most infected host for jassid followed by Ashure and Lashata , the mean number of the pest was 0.555,0.415,0.361 insect/leaf respectively,and the reason of this Results was had this C.V the least number of hairs(23.63hair/cm2 ) ,the lamina thickness (0.444 micron) and leaf area were lest from the other cultivars(80.24cm2 ),while Marsomy4 C.V was the least infected host for jassid , the mean number of the pest was0.285 insect/leaf because this cultivar had the least number of gossypol gland(52.14 gland/cm2 ) and low gossypol concentration (0.413mg/gm), and hgihest leaf area(98.21cm2 )and hgih number of hairs (43.10 hair/cm2 ).