Journal of University of Babylon

‎ This research aims to improve the cohesion forces , thermal and mechanical properties and ‎reducing cost for epomort epoxy adhesive by addition tarcoat epoxy adhesive as blends with ratio (25 ‎‎, 50 , 75 V %) . The results of bending strength testing , compression strength testing and shore A ‎hardness increasing for 75 % epomort + 25 % tarcoat epoxy adhesive blends more than 100 % ‎epomort , 50 % epomort , 25 % epomort and 100 % tarcoat epoxy adhesive blends .The results of ‎adhesion strength testing between concrete – epoxy adhesive blends at 25 oC and -2 oC show the ‎failure has taken place in concrete , while at 90 oC the failure has taken place in concrete for 75 – 50 – ‎‎25 % epomort and 100 % tarcoat epoxy adhesive blends except 100% epomort epoxy adhesive the ‎failure has taken place in epoxy adhesive . The crystallization temperature (TC) , melting temperature ‎‎(Tm) and decomposition temperature (Td) of all ratio epoxy adhesive blends are converged or nearby . ‎Reducing cost of epomort epoxy adhesive with addition tarcoat epoxy adhesive as blends by ratio ( 25 ‎‎, 50 and 75 %) . The 75 % epomort + 25 % tarcoat epoxy blend gives better mechanical properties , ‎thermal properties and low cost .‎

Experimental results on the test of 12 hollow circular reinforced columns with steel fiber matrix ‎of 1200mm long with 208mm outer diameter and 80 mm inner diameter are presented .The ‎experimental and analytical study were carried out to establish the influence of variables on the ‎mechanism of confinement provided by lateral hoop reinforcement .The test results showed a direct ‎relationship between absorbed energy and the spacing of lateral reinforcement. The addition of steel ‎fibers with Vf = 1% (for the fiber type used) to a hollow circular RC columns enhances the ductility with ‎an increment of (40 to 60) % , allowing these columns to absorb an energy of about (40-50) % greater ‎than that needed to deform a similar columns made of ordinary reinforced concrete to the same load ‎level .‎

‎ In this research the phase diagram of (Hf-Ta)binary system has been evaluated through ‎‎(CALPHAD)[calculation of phase diagrams] method by using the experimental data of phases ‎equilibria and thermodynamic properties. The computer programs in the language of quick basic have ‎been formulated for the calculation of stable phases relations with mole fraction as a function of ‎temperature, the basis of these programs is the approximate representation of free energy-mole ‎fraction curves. The Gibbs free energy of the liquid , body centered cubic and hexagonal closed ‎packed were calculated by the regular solution model. The present results were shown a good ‎agreement between the theoretical and experimental diagrams . The eutectoid point in the theoretical ‎diagram was XTa=0.24 and Tth=1609.4‎ ‎ while the eutectoid point in the experimental diagram was ‎XTa=0.2and Tex=1366‎

‎ This search includes developing a multi forms program to estimate the compressive strength for ‎cubes of concrete (fcu);which are tested in any age from ( 3 – 90 days) and putted back to (7 or 28 ‎days), which are the ages used to estimate the compressive strength of concrete for construction and ‎showing if the samples are conformable according to the Iraqi code (1987) for three specific designed ‎compressive strength (C17, C21 and C25).‎
‎ The style and mechanism for computing the required compressive strength has been developed by ‎multi forms program which depends on a part of dialog for (compressive strength of cubes (150 mm (6 ‎in)) ,different (w/c) ratios and different ages, storage under moist conditions and the cement used is the ‎ordinary Portland cement) which is established by [Neville].Where the ages in the dialog were (3 days ‎to 20 years) but the part is used is (3 to 90 days). To represent the dialog mathematically it is used ‎three equations, each equation represent a specific (w/c) ratio,( 0.40, 0.53 and 0.71).‎
‎ The performed program has been developed by using the ( VISUAL BASIC ) which is one of the ‎recent program languages. The language of ( VISUAL BASIC) is used to advantage from its property ‎to treat within windows environment which make it easy for any user.‎
‎ The results of the multi forms program have been compared with real results for measured cubes, ‎and it is gave a good agreement, which means that the program building is correct because it depends ‎on the dialog of [Neville] which is built on actual data. ‎

‎ ‎ in this paper detailed simulations based on Applied Wave Research (AWR) will be ‎introduced. This work will demonstrate the applicability of the feedforward technique to ‎linearize the behavior of a power amplifier used in wireless communication systems. The ‎linearized amplifier is a parametric model for AWR that takes into account actual operating ‎characteristics of a commercial unit used for multicarrier transmission. In this paper the linearity of ‎power amplifier will be improved, the third-order intermodulation products (IMD3) will be less than (-‎‎42dBc) and the intermodulation distortion cancellation reaches 24dB. The operation bandwidth is ‎more than 125MHz, the carrier frequency 5.8 GHz and maximum output power is great than 30dBm. ‎

In this investigation, the effect of burning by fire flame on the behavior and load carrying capacity of ‎reinforced concrete columns. ‎
‎ The experimental program consisted of casting and testing of 120 column specimens were divided ‎into two series with target compressive strength (30 and 40 MPa) and named series A and B respectively. ‎Each series was divided into three main groups axially concentric loaded, 30mm and 80mm eccentrically ‎loaded.‎
‎ Results indicate remarkable reduction in load carrying capacity after exposure to fire flame. The ‎residual load capacity was (86-87%), (83-85%) for concentric loaded specimens for the two series A and B ‎respectively, while it was (88-89%), (85-87%) and (110-112%), (108-110%) for column specimens loaded ‎at eccentricity of (30 and 80mm) respectively at fire temperature (400oC), whereas the residual load ‎capacity at fire temperature (600oC) was (43-46%), (39-41%) for concentrically loaded specimens and ‎‎(46-48%), (37-43%) and (46-52%), (45-47%) for columns loaded at eccentricity of (30 and 80mm) ‎respectively, whereas the residual load capacity at fire temperature (750oC) was (26-29%), (24-27%) for ‎concentrically loaded specimens and (28-32%), (23-28%) and (40-42%), (34-38%) for columns ‎loaded at eccentricity of (30 and 80mm) respectively.‎
‎ Load-deflection curves indicate deleterious response to the fire exposure. Also, it was noticed that the ‎maximum crack width increases with increasing fire temperature and amount of spacing between lateral ‎steel ties. ‎

‎ Current development in the design of asphalt concrete especially in the upper layers of flexible ‎pavements contains about acceptable proportion of mineral fillers, which contributes towards the mix ‎cohesion, resistant to rutting and improves serviceability. It is well recognized that mineral fillers play ‎an important role in the properties of mastics and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Better ‎understanding of the effects of fillers on the properties of mastics and HMA mixtures is crucial to good ‎mix design and high performance of HMA mixtures. This paper presents a laboratory investigation ‎into the effects of different fillers on some properties of HMA mixtures. ‎
‎ Three filler types , three filler contents and optimum asphalt content (± 0.3) were used to ‎investigate the effect of filler / asphalt ratio on the characteristics of HMA mixtures. ‎
‎ In this study, fifteen sets of bituminous mixtures using different types and amount of mineral ‎fillers were evaluated using the Marshall Mix design method. These mixtures were prepared using ‎Portland cement, hydrated lime, and limestone dust fillers with varying the content by the total mixture ‎and their effects on Marshall Properties were assessed, the best ratio of F/A was (1.4) for all type of ‎mineral filler .‎

Mixed convection in a two-sided anti-parallel lid-driven differentially heated ‎parallelogrammic cavity with the presence of magnetic field has been investigated and solved ‎numerically using the finite volume method. The top and bottom walls of the cavity are horizontal and ‎thermally insulated, whereas the left and right moving walls are maintained at different hot and cold ‎constant temperatures, respectively. Both the lid-driven left and the right sidewalls of the cavity are ‎allowed to move in an anti-parallel motion with the same sliding velocity. Calculations have been ‎made for a wide range of Richardson numbers from 0.01-100, Hartman numbers from 0-75 and ‎various inclination angles with gravitational direction (-60o≤Φ≤60o). Effort is focused on the interaction ‎of force convection with natural convection in presence of magnetic field is subjected in the horizontal ‎direction, while the gravitational force acts in the vertical direction. The working fluid is air, so that the ‎Prandtl number equals to 0.71. Flow and heat transfer characteristics inside the cavity have been ‎presented and discussed in terms of streamtraces, isotherms and average Nusselt number along the ‎heated wall for various combinations of different governing parameters. The accuracy of the ‎numerical method is checked by comparisons with previously published works and the results showed ‎an excellent agreement. The obtained results showed that the positive values of Φ cause a greater ‎increase in local Nusselt number than the same negative values of Φ, and both of them have great ‎effects on the heat transfer and fluid flow phenomenon in the parallelogrammic cavity.‎

‎ This research presents a computerized formulation of an optimum design of land forming ‎considering land slopes in the two opposite directions as the main independent variables .Rosenbrock ‎method of optimization is used in order to minimize the total volume of earth work (i.e cut + fill). The ‎formulation allows considering a large number of design parameters. The least square method is be ‎used to get the starting roles of land slopes, the four -point’s method is utilized to calculate the volume ‎of cut and fill.‎

‏ ‏‎ The analysis of flood discharge for greater - Zab river have been conducted using different ‎statistical models such models are , “ log – normal type III‏ ‏‎, Pearson type III‎‏ ‏‎, ‎‏ ‏log – Pearson type ‎III and Gumbel distributions “ . the models were applied to annual flood series for Greater - Zab River ‎at Eski - Kelek . The magnitudes of flood computed for different return periods‏ ‏‎. The models were ‎compared using statistical measures such as root mean square error , bias , and standard error‏ .‏The ‎goodness of fits of all these models was evaluated using the test of Chi-Square. According to this test ‎the log – normal type III could be regarded as the best for flood series for this river . Its useful to ‎determine the relation ships between the flood magnitude versus return period . ‎

This paper proposed a way for estimating the highest predictive EEG channel for mental tasks ‎‎(mathematics, relax and character recognition).The energy of un-mixing matrix (W) that is evaluated ‎by applying Fast Independent Component Analysis FASTICA algorithm is used with no further ‎processing. The highest predictive channel that discriminate between mental tasks for the same ‎conditions is obtained. A 100% prediction of the mental task is obtained when using these channels. ‎

It is very important reducing the cost in the modern industries also declining the pollution ‎which represents a big harmfulness to the environment. These days, the waste materials were used ‎increasingly in reinforcement and formation new materials, therefore this research came to use a waste ‎material to create a composite material has good properties and use in different engineering ‎applications. In this research, the effect of sunflower and water-melon seed shells powder on some ‎mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester thermoset, that comprised each of bending modulus, ‎flexural strength, impact strength, compressive strength and hardness were studied. The seed shells ‎were collected and milled by electrical mill, the set of sieves were employed to get on seed shell powder ‎by the suitable size. The seed shell powder was added to unsaturated polyester from 5 wt% to 25wt% ‎and then bending, impact, compression and hardness tests were carried out for prepared specimens. ‎The results showed that the flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness and compressive strength ‎increased with increasing of the shells powder percent. The flexural strength was (37.99 MPa) for pure ‎unsaturated polyester, while was (45.26 MPa) at percent of powder (25 wt %). It was observed that the ‎impact strength decreased with increasing of powder percent. The impact strength was (8.24 kJ/m2) for ‎pure unsaturated polyester, while was (3.77 kJ/m2) at percent of water-melon seed shells powder 25 ‎wt%.‎

In this research many tests are accomplished to different types of variable structure controller which ‎operated by sequence timing period. A second and third order control systems are used as a ‎mathematical fundamental to analysis the controller under test. It is found that the proper choosing of ‎arrangement alteration between the structures S1 and S2 is achieved by using the proportional or the ‎proportional-integral controllers separately. This will lead to treatment the steady state error and ‎increasing the stability of control system. Also, the efficiency of the control system will be increased ‎depending on some types of switches such as Rss or Iss which are defined by Vss value and exterior ‎disturbances as shown in the design of robot arm and electric lifts.‎
‎ In this work, we found that depending on the type of switch, the control system may fail in ‎disturbances and a steady state error treatment that is result in a fail in alteration between the two ‎structures S1 and S2 of the control system. This will give unsatisfactory response of the control system. ‎Best results are achieved by using intelligent control system where the information is compared by ‎using a feedback system.‎

Permeability and porosity are the most difficult parameters to estimate in the oil reservoir ‎because they are vary significantly over the reservoir especially in the carbonate formation. Porosity ‎and permeability can only be sampled at the well location. However, porosity is easy to estimate ‎directly from well log data, but permeability is not. In addition, permeability measurements from core ‎sample are very expensive.‎
Carbonate reservoir is very difficult to characterize because of their tendency to be tight and ‎heterogeneous due to deposition and diagenetic processes. Therefore, many engineers and geologists ‎try to establish methods to get best characterization for the carbonate reservoir.‎
In this study, available routine core data from three wells are used to develop permeability ‎model based on Hydraulic Flow Unit Method (RQI/FZI) for one of the Iraqi carbonate oil reservoirs. ‎
The results show that the HFUM is work perfectly to characterize and predict permeability for ‎un-cored wells because the R2≥0.9. It is indicating that permeability can be accurately predicted from ‎porosity if rock type is known. ‎

The subject of balancing production lines of the great interest by researchers that because of its ‎significant impact in increasing productivity and rising the efficiency of the production line as well as ‎reduce the time lost, which directly affect production costs.‎‏ ‏In this research the focus was on approximate ‎methods to solve the problem of balancing multi-model line where the problem was divided into a set of ‎sub-problems solved for the purpose of gradually was used ranked positional weights to solve the problem ‎in addition to the expense of overall efficiency of the multi-model line.‎‏ ‏The study has been applied in an ‎actual production environment in Al – Fida’a Company which is one of public sectors companies of Iraq ‎Ministry of Industry and Minerals. Four models of caravans with different sizes have been chosen. The ‎balancing of the problem is made for each sub-problem separately and finding the efficiency of multi-‎model line is reached to 78.8%‎‏.‏‎ ‎

This paper is proposed an enhancement for forward link channel of CDMA2000-1x system by ‎using 32QAM and 64QAMbased on SDR technology by using FPGA. The Simulink HDL Coder has ‎been used for converting the MATLAB-Simulink models to VHDL language. The verification of the ‎generated VHDL code has been done using Altera- ModelSimprogram, while the synthesis reports and ‎board programming files have been obtained using the Quartus IIprogram. System implementation ‎has been done using FPGA technology with Altera Cyclone II boards. The implementation of the ‎forward link channel by using Simulink HDL coder shows feasibility and flexibility in solving the ‎problem of complex multiplication of complex spreading code also the practical results were closed to ‎that obtained from ModelSimprogram. The results show that the forward link channel of CDMA2000 ‎with 32QAM and 64QAM is a suitable technique to increase the data rate up to 2Mbps in the presence ‎of AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel. However the results of simulation for forward link channel of ‎CDMA2000 system shows improvement when using three levels of codes (LPNC, Walsh code and ‎complex coding) within (0.5-3.2) dB in the presence of AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel. MATLAB ‎‎(2009) is used for simulation of the proposed system in the presence of AWGN and Rayleigh fading ‎channel.‎

This work includes theoretical and field measurements for long-term deflection of reinforced ‎concrete beams. The calculated deflection of field beams are made according to a proposed model ‎made in this work. This model takes into consideration the effects of construction loads on deflections, ‎effects of cracking, and with a statistical support using Mean Error (M.E.) criteria.‎
A field-measured investigation is made in this work for reinforced concrete beams in a ‎structure located in Al-Diwania city using precise leveling technique. The results are evaluated and ‎compared with the values resulting from various world-wide methods.‎
The comparisons show incompatibility of these methods with local field-measurements. The ‎reasons for which has been discussed. A proposed empirical formula to predict long-term deflection of ‎reinforced concrete beams suitable for Iraqi conditions depending upon field-measurements of this ‎work is presented and discussed.‎

An effective reliability program for assessment and planning distribution networks is impossible ‎without the collection, recording, analysis of the data and information obtained through the testing ‎and operation of the different equipments and elements of the distribution system, as well as without ‎the recording, retrieval, and use of information gained through experience with all manner of ‎components, systems, machines, environments user stresses, and human errors.‎
The main objective of this paper is to study the different outages of the feeders of five main ‎substations in Sulaimania City, namely Rizgari, Malkandy, Shaheed, Industrial, and Azmar.‎
Data were collected for five years , these data are classified and analyzed in order to calculate the ‎most important reliability indices, such as ‎ ‎ for the different distribution ‎feeders and reliability indices concerned substations such as SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, …..etc. Data ‎collection methodology is suggested, so that to establish a reliability data base system, for facilitating ‎of achievement reliability studies.‎

In this work, results are presented for a continuous wave diode laser single-end-pumped ‎Nd:YVO4 laser with maximum output power of 240mW in the TEM00 mode at an optical pump power ‎of 850mW. The laser performance under different output couplers has been studied both analytically ‎and experimentally. The theoretical analysis provides a good prediction of the laser performance ‎parameters which are in broad agreement with the experimentally observed results. An optical to ‎optical conversion efficiency of 28% and an average optical slope efficiency of 29% were obtained. ‎The fluctuation of the output power is less than 1.5% in 10 min. ‎

Asphalt durability is often linked to the thickness of the asphalt coating on the aggregate ‎particles. In order for a pavement to have adequate film thickness, there must be sufficient space ‎between the aggregate particles in the compacted pavement. This void space is referred to as Voids in ‎the Mineral Aggregate (VMA). It must be sufficient to allow adequate effective asphalt (that which is ‎not absorbed into the aggregate particles) and air voids.‎
Marshall mix design was used, first to determine the optimum bitumen binder content and ‎then further to test the mixtures properties of the various filler / asphalt ratio asphalt mixtures. In total, ‎‎75 samples were prepared to investigate the optimum asphalt content of the various mixes and to ‎specify properties of them. Five proportions of asphalt cement binder were used for each mix type and ‎state by weight of the total mix (4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6). The tests include the determination of bulk ‎specific gravity, maximum (theoretical) specific gravity, stability and flow. Marshall mix design ‎requires the determination of the percentages of air voids, voids in mineral aggregate, and voids filled ‎with asphalt.‎
Due to the results, we found out that when the filler asphalt ratio is in the range between 1.2 ‎and 1.5, the mixture's performance are better in all respects. If some aspects of mixture performance ‎need to be modified, the filler asphalt ratio can adjusted on this basis.‎

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of recent years multicarrier ‎modulation used in order to combat the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) introduced by frequency ‎selective radio channel. The circular extension of the data symbol, commonly referred to as cyclic ‎prefix is one of the key elements in an OFDM transmission scheme. This paper introduce a study of ‎Variable Length Cyclic Prefix and its influence on the performance of the OFDM system under AWGN ‎channel, flat fading channel and frequency selective channel with different path lengths. The 64-QAM ‎modulation is used. The adaptation of CP is done with respect to the delay spread estimation of the ‎channel which is evaluated by means of computer simulation. The simulation results shows that the ‎performance of the system is increase as the number of path in channel increase, the length of CP ‎must be at least equal to the length of the channel.‎

Alloy (Al-Cu-Mg) is one of these importance alloys and it is one of (2xxx) series where Copper is the ‎major alloying element act number (2) , several techniques were adopted to improve properties of the ‎base alloy (Al – Cu – Mg) using alloying elements such as (B) and (Ti), was prepard four different ‎types of alloys based and using heat treatments such as homogenizing treatment and artificial ageing ‎achieved with various temperatures on the chemical composition (150ºC,175ºC,200ºC) andwith ‎different periods of time . ‎
‎ Results showed that the addition of (1.0% Ti) to base alloy improve Vickers hardness by (‎‏82‏‎.12%) ‎at artificial ageing (200 ºC)‎‏ ‏‎ compared with base alloy. The addition of ( 0.1% B ) and (1.0% Ti) to ‎base alloy improve Vickers hardness by (65.91%) at artificial ageing (200 ºC) . The addition of (0.1% ‎B ) to base alloy effect on the Vickers hardness of all cases of ageing , either the study of ‎microstructure has been through the optical microscope for alloys after casting and after ‎homogenization and after all the operations of artificial ageing was view microscopic structure change ‎during the early stages mentioned and see the emergence of new phases in the structure of alloys , and ‎has been compared all results of last tests with some of standard values.‎

In this research used Novolac as ( Loading Materials) for reinforcement The matrix material ‎that used in research Natural Rubber(SMR20) Malezian Source with mixed Reclaim Rubber type Butyl . ‎two types from Thermosetting polymers , also can be used carbon black for reinforcement grad ‎N660,and addition Novolac to mixed with rubber and reclaim according loading level (0,5,10,15,20 ‎pphr) ,The results show that Decreased viscosity for samples of composite materials with increased ‎addition of navolac through decreased torque for Oscillation disk in Rheometer device with increasing ‎loading level addition and increasing in total period time for Resistance Curing at( ts2) , will be execute ‎to expansion (Processing Safty Region) this executed to increased in Rheology.and The results show ‎tha alos improvement of mechanical properties such as (Tensile strength at break,Modululs of ‎Elacticity (Mod300%) hardness) and decrease in (Rebounding,Elongation,Tear Resistance) thes ‎changes in properties will be execute to increasing in cross-links during Vulcunization when used two ‎types of curing factors (HMT for curing novolac and CBS for curing SMR20 with reclaim) ‎

This research aimed to product Al-Ni alloys by powder metallurgy method because of its ‎commercial and technological important. Nickel and aluminum powders were measured their particle ‎size then the powders mixed and blended with percent (Al - 20% Ni). Alumina (Al2O3) powder ‎added to matrix alloy powder with percent (0-3-5-7%) respectively then these powders mixed to obtain ‎homogeneous distribution, then the powders compacted in isostatic cold pressure at 7ton.The sintering ‎process done at (474°C) for one hour under argon gas. After cooling these samples grinded and ‎polished to microstructure, density, porosity, Microhardness and X-ray diffraction tests. From the result ‎the hardness increased with10% and compacting resistance (compacting value as function) ‎increased with 80% at 7% Alumina addition ,and it was the best result . ‎

This paper presents an attempt to exploit the Iraqi water drainage which go as losses, despite the ‎fact that most of them suitable for watering, especially that Iraqi soil needs every drop of water. As the ‎design, implementation and programming of Programmable Logic Control (PLC) to control the process ‎of irrigation and determine the viability of water drainage on the process of irrigation by installing ‎sensors dipped in water drainage to determine salinity - PPM (part per million - part per million) which ‎in turn feedback the information needed on the salinity of that to the PLC and that turn, and the basis ‎of these data you give instruct the Executive to work or to stop the plant to withdraw water, pumped ‎from the drainage and the transition to a source of water, the second alternative (well water) in the ‎case of non-conformity of salinity (height) than accepted in the irrigation water or in the case of lack ‎of sufficient water for irrigation or interrupted, as happens in most of the farms of Iraq some months ‎of the summer season due to scarcity of water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers because of the ‎drought and water policy for the countries Iraq's neighbors. The system above and given the ‎probability of it installed in remote locations far from sources of electrical energy has been reliance on ‎renewable energy (solar) in the operation control system, pumps and control electromagnetic valves. ‎The project was implemented and applied to a single punctures in the city of Babylon called ‎Mussayib. The results were very encouraging and promising as it shows how the possibility of using ‎waters that drainage and suitability for most days of the year and for many different types of field ‎crops, While the waters of these drainage go as losses every day . This paper also presents, and for the ‎first time in Iraq in such application technique and implementation as well as design and programming ‎for the extent and feasibility of the possibility of pairing between the systems of control very recent ‎‎(PLC) and systems of irrigation modern spray and drip irrigation systems in the possibility of reducing ‎the waste water as well as the use of alternative energy such as solar and clean in the operation of ‎irrigation systems. This technique opens the way to exploit and revive thousands of acres of farmland ‎abandoned due to scarcity of water sources and far away locations from sources of electricity‏.‏

A study had been made for the mechanical properties after the lubricated hot extrusion of the ‎produced samples of the high strength Aluminum alloys powders represented by the powder of the ‎Aluminum alloy (A7075) produced by Spinning Water Atomization Process (SWAP) which is one of ‎the most important methods used to produce the powders with very fine granules sizes and high purity ‎compared with other powder producing methods. ‎
The properties of tensile strength, micro-hardness, and yield stress of the samples produced by the ‎powders metallurgy, had been studied and compared the results with samples of the same alloy ‎produced by the classic casting method, ‎
It had been observed that the powders samples have excellent and outstanding tensile ‎strength, hardness, and yield stress, which were (457 Mpa, 140 Hv, 352 MPa) consecutively, compared ‎with the samples produced by casting. Also, it had been observed that the microstructure of the ‎extruded powders at temperature ( 350 Co ) contain metallic phases in homogeneous shapes inside the ‎very fine granules, while the same metallic phases accumulated in non-organized and along the ‎granular borders of the relatively big granules for the classic casting samples.‎
Also, it had been observed that values of the mechanical properties of the powders samples reduced ‎when the extrusion temperature increase, while the casting samples deviate from that in some ‎properties . On the other hand, the results show that the elongation of the powders samples are a little ‎less than the similar results obtained from the casting samples and at all extrusion temperatures. ‎

Research aims to make a comparison of the thermal performance between modern packaging ‎materials and traditional for walls of buildings in Iraq. Where increased in recent times the entry of new ‎materials used in the packaging and external facades of buildings or inside the building as decorative ‎materials. The study conducted a survey of those materials and thermal testing and analyzing the ‎value of convection (cooling load) when the use of such materials or other traditional materials. The ‎results showed that the percentage reduction in load when using internal packaging material ranges ‎between 12% -10%, which is higher than the value of the reduction of external packaging materials did ‎not exceed 2%. The study also pointed out the need to use a thermal insulation when covering the wall ‎to make the thermal specifications of the walls of the Iraqi within the international standard ‎specifications.‎