Journal of University of Babylon

Science of digital images processing and analysis is regarded as an important and modern science, because of its wide applications. It is considered as an important branch in the information science. Perhaps from the significant image analysis techniques is the enhancement of image. Sharpen the edges image classification as one of type of enhancement of digital image.
This project is directed to understand the relationship between characterization of some images and the sharpen the edges of these images processes efficiency that is achievable over each class.
Two medical images are using to test the performance of the system (Tissue, Vessels).

The proposed system aims to embed multi color(256) images (two up to four image)each with size(128×128)pixels inside sound file.
The system consist of two stages: The first stage is the embedding process throw using: discrete wavelet transform technique, image coefficients transformations, similar blocks technique and key generation. The output of embedding stage are: Stego_Sound file and key sequence file. The two files are transmitted by multi media communications to the receiver.
The second stage is extracting hidden images throw using: The key sequence which has been used as an index to extract the images coefficients from the Stego_Sound file, the inverse images coefficients transformations, the inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform.

The research aims to design and implements an expert system tool used in some televisions faults diagnosis domains. The intended purpose of this tool is to assist those who have no wide experience in these domains.
The designed system gives the ability to build the expert system in one of the diagnosis domain. The knowledge built under team of supervisions of domain expert. The produced system is experimented in real life on the television device form type (CTO-N) under the supervisions of domain experts, too.
The generated system cans interaction with user via friendly and easy to use interface using a simple form of menu driven style. The system is also capable to give conclusion throughout questions and answering technique.
The system is also offers some flexibility in updating some of its procedures, especially the procedure related to system- user interface and that dives it the ability of future extensions to follow the large developing on expert system projection.
The system is written using TURBO_PROLOG on IBM compatible PC.

In this research we give a study on the bounds of relations and we demonstrate several important theorems.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common agents causing bacterial infections in human and animals, because it’s ability to expresses a divers and array of virulence factors such as numerous protein adhesion ,Extracellular adherence protein (Eap) one of these protein ,have a major impact on the immune system by mediated adherence and colonization into host cells and effects on T and B cell proliferation. Hence, these studies show the role of Eap in proliferation of T and B cell in some immunological orgns .such as Bone marrow ,Spleen and Thymus , through out measurement of mitotic index (MI) for this organs.
Extracellular adherence protein (Eap) was extracted from the cell of S.aureus bacteria by using 1 M NaCL buffer (pH 5.5) ;Subsequently, the protein was purified by two steps including ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography which give partial purified Eap with high agglutination activity.
After microscopically examination of slides prepared for each one of organs,the MI was determined and found it,s value for bone marrow, thymus and spleen cells in treated mice with (2.5, 5, 10 µg/ml) of Eap induced a significant increase of mitotic index, while high dose of this protein (20, 30 µg/ml) showed significant decrease for all organ compared with control group.

In this research depending on inverse design method to investigate the objective focal properties for asymmetrical magnetic field by using the axial distribution of the magnetic field for (Grivet-Lenz model ) . The influence of the magnetic field model parameters on the objective focal properties and the pole pieces profile of asymmetrical magnetic electron lenses has been taken into account . The results have shown that the most effective parameters on the design configuration are the two half widths of the axial magnetic field distribution .Also , the pole pieces of various asymmetrical double pole piece magnetic lenses can be reconstructed according to the different half widths of the field on the object and image sides .

The research studies energy levels and possibility of electromagnetic transmission for a group of isobars 126Te,126Xe,126Ba,126Ce in order to obtain deformation effort V(,) and drawing of contourian and analogical shapes and to show deformation extance which are undergone from it in the case of increasing number of protons for it through transmission from spherical shape with nucleus 126Te to -soft state then reaching rounding state in the case of 126Ce isobar and the drawings are impressionistic about regions of IBM for every isobar .

Single crystal of PbSnTe compound was grown from melt by annealing furnace of two –zone. Some physical properties of prepared single crystal have been investigated experimentally. The crystalline structure of prepared ingot was determined by X-ray diffraction method. The source radiation was CuK with wavelength =1.54 Å. The (XRD) observations shows that the single crystal structures with (224) plane. Thin (16µm) epitaxial PbSnTe films evaporated in a vacuum on the single crystal of (CaF2) were investigated. The absorption spectra at the fundamental absorption edge of films have been measured at room temperature, which closed to the optical band gap in (0.13 eV) value. Measurements of current – voltage (I-V) of prepared films are exhibit linear behavior in the dark field.

The main objective of this study is to find the best angle for tilting extrusion die by linking the die with springs having different stiffnesses and the die having different coefficients of friction. The energy required for each extrusion process was calculated and found for lubricant is less than for unlubricant. The results show good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results. The results show that the energy increase in a ratio of 7.64% for the lubricated cases and 20% for the unlubricated case, while when the spring stiffness is changed from 1000N/mm to 10000 N/mm the energy decrease in a ratio of 18.1% for the lubricated case and 34.15% for the unlubricated case. From these the best angle of the die can be deduced which was 8.7 when the stiffness of the spring is K=10000N/mm with  =0.005.

Positron annihilation techniques provide several ways to probe atomic-scale defects in materials. This is because positrons are trapped by open volume and also by negative charged defects. We study the importance of the non-local electron-positron pair interaction for positron annihilation characteristics in a certain number of atoms. This is accomplished by using Hartree-Fock approximation, giving rise to non-local electron-positron correlation function. We apply this formalism to study the momentum-dependent electron-positron momentum densities (or the angular correlation). Our results of in the present approach is compared to those obtained within a various approximations, where we get a good agreement for (Kr,Xe)-atoms and reasonable for other atoms.

Copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc levels were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in surface soil and Palm Plants samples taken from both sides of the major street connecting Al Kufa bridge with the 20th revolution square in Al Najaf as shown in Figure (1) . Elevated levels of the studied elements were found in both soil and plant on the right side and on the left side of the road compared with the background values. The higher levels of heavy metals right of the road were due to the westerly prevailing wind at the sampling sites.
The contamination decreased exponentially with distance from the edge of the road and decreased to the background level at about 60 m. In soil samples, the average concentrations, 1.5 m right of the highway, were 40.32, 1.52, 200.5 and 167.8 µg/g for Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The levels of these elements in plants 3 m right of the constrictions of highway were 31.5, 17.5, and 122.3 µg/g for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The values of the heavy metals suggest that automobiles are a major source of these metals in the roadside environment and also these values were compared with results found by other investigators in various countries worldwide. Finally, the roadside soil and plants had significantly high contents of heavy metals and their levels increased with increasing traffic densities.

The present study carried out in early 1990’s is the first work in Iraq on the biology of the dwarf honey bee, Apis florae F., after its colonies had crossed the Iraqi-Iranian border and settled in frontier areas in Diyala province. The colonies were found in farms, woods, plains, and residential areas. Each colony builds only one wax comb attached to a support such as tree branch, niche ceiling, water pot stand . . . etc. The combs were found at different heights ranging from as low as two centimeters to as high as 10 meters above the ground. Largest comb measured 45.5 and 24cm in width and depth, respectively. Comb thickness at the worker brood area ranged from 1.8 to 2.0cm. Mean numbers of worker and drone cells per linear decimeter were 32.15 and 21.35 cells, respectively. Open and sealed brood areas of workers and drones in a comb reached 912 and 260cm2, respectively. One of the colonies consisted of 16293 adult workers, and it was possible to extract 1.645 kilograms of honey from one comb. It seems that the colonies practice a long distance seasonal migration in late fall and / or early winter toward unknown destination and return to the area during following spring. This study; however, represents an introduction to the biology of this exotic species, and the subject needs further extensive investigations.

The study aimed to evaluate the epidimiologic and clinicopathological features of infectious associated hemophagocytosis (IAHS) and associated etiological pathogens of such disease pro-cess in Hilla and neighbored discrit-central of Iraq. This comprise 19 case of young children mean age ± SD (46.95±36.06), male: female ratio (11:8). All case-patiens had fever,(89.4%)had splenomegaly,(42.1%) hepatomegaly,(36.8%) skin rash,(89.4%)Severe anemia, (94.7%)Neutropenia, (68.4%) thrombocytopenia, (84.2%) Hypofibrinogenemia and (89.4%) hy-petriglyceridemia. Bone marrow smear positive for hemophagocytosis in all cases. Regarding eti-ological pathogens, visceral lishmaniasis 10 cases, infectious mononucleosis 4 cases, brucellosis 2 cases and one case for each of typhoid fever, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic ostiomylites.
The IAHS among children is an important illness should be considered in patient with unex-plained fever and cytopenia in the setting of disseminated infection .

Palmo plantar keratoderma is a term that means marked thickening of the skin of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It may be either diffuse affect most of the palms and soles or focal mainly affect pressure areas. Keratoderma may be inherited (hereditary) or more commonly acquired. Palmoplantar keratoderma is not an uncommon disease. The aim of this work was to shed light on causes and clinical presentation of this condition in Iraqi patients at Hilla city.
A total of 60 patients with palmoplantar, palmar and plantar keratodermas were seen. Their ages ranged between 5–70 years (mean ± SD, 24.9 ± 18 years), while their ages of onset averaged from since birth or few months after birth to 68 years (mean ± SD, 17.9 ± 18.5 years). The duration of the disease ranged from 1-32 years (mean ± SD, 6 ± 7.2 years). There were 40 males (66.6٪) and 20 females (33.4%) with a sex ratio of 2 : 1.
Acquired causes of palmoplantar keratoderma were seen in 83.3٪ included the followings: psoriasis (66.6٪), cumulative irritant contact dermatitis (5٪), occupational (5٪), lichen planus (3.3٪), pityriasis rubra pilaris (1.6٪) and Reiter syndrome/ keratoderma blenorrhagicum (1.6٪). Hereditary causes were seen in 16.7 ٪ of cases and included the followings: Papillon–lefevr'e syndrome (3.3٪), congenital diffuse non–epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma/Unna–Thost(3.3٪), X–linked ichthyosis (1.6٪), Lamellar ichthyosis (1.6٪), Ichthyosis vulgaris (1.6٪), Striate keratoderma (1.6٪), Acrodermatitis entro pathica/primary zinc defiency (1.6٪) and palmoplantar keratoderma areata (1.6 ٪).
Psoriasis was the most common acquired cause of palmoplantar keratoderma in this study (66.6٪). Papillon – lefevre syndrome and Unna – Thost were the main causes of hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma (3.3٪). From a hereditary causes, Striate keratoderma, a focal palmoplantar keratoderma, autosomal dominant, as a part of epidermal nevus syndrome was the first reported case that show an association of epidermal nevus with rhabdomyosarcoma of the neck and eye proptosis . Family history was positive in 21.6 ٪ .
No previous study had evaluated palmoplantar keratoderma in our country, so this report was a first step towards shedding light on this subject .

An analytical method is presented for the elasto-plastic analysis of simply supported and continuous composite steel-concrete beams. A general formulation for the calculations of the deflection at elasto-plastic stage is developed. Numerical results are given and compared with a nonlinear finite difference analysis. Acceptable accuracy is found for the presented method.

The concept of elastic and plastic effective width is used to investigate the post-buckling behavior of welded steel plates compositing concrete-filled tubular thin-walled columns. The theoretical branch of this paper is presented by using the fiber element based on the nonlinearity of materials, while the experimental branch is represented by investigating the subject by many tested specimens. The effect of initial imperfections and residual stresses due to welding are considered in the analysis. New formulae are presented herein for the effective width equations depending on the experimental and the analytical parts. The results of both analytical and experimental approaches are compared and found in good agreement with difference not more than 6.6% for CFST column and about 15% for ST column.

or each plant of the system separately; this must be made before any enhancing treatment. In other words, the validity of any model is verified by various simulation results, in order to specify which control strategies can be used. In this paper plant of three phases Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) had been presented depending on direct blocks solution for the dynamic and mechanical load equations of (SRM) using Matlab / Simulink software blocks building. The output of (SRM) and mechanical load parameters (current, flux, torque and speed) had been observed to fulfill the main task of this paper.