Psychological Science

The current study aims to identify the personal strivings of secondary school students, as well as to determine the statistically significant differences in personal striving among outstanding students according to the gender variable (males – females) and the school type (Schools for outstanding students–Regular schools). The research sample included (160) distinguished male and female students, who were selected using stratified random sampling from the first district of the Al-Karkh Directorate in Baghdad. The Personal Resilience Scale developed by (Jassim,2020) was adopted, consisting of (55) items distributed across fourteen domains, after establishing its face validity, construct validity, and reliability. The data was processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Pearson correlation equation, Alpha-Cronbach’s equation, t-test for one sample, and Two Way ANOVA. The results of the analysis showed that outstanding students had personal striving, and there were no statistically significant differences in the total score of personal striving among students according to gender and school type.

The current study aimed to identify the impact of changing official working hours on the Iraqi family in Baghdad Governorate. The study sample included (1038) citizens of both sexes, (632) males and (406) females, and their ages ranged between (18-67). The study sample also included (730) employees from various ministries, (156) teaching faculty, and (152) university students. For the purpose of the study, the researchers developed a questionnaire that addressed various questions about the repercussions of the experience of changing working hours. After processing the data, the study concluded that the vast majority of the research sample (63.6) believe that the experience of changing official working hours has been unsuccessful. This change has negative effects on the Iraqi family system. and negatively affects the relations between spouses. Researchers attribute this to the imbalance in the organization of routine life that existed before the implementation of this decision. The implementation of this decision resulted in a deficiency in meeting the family duties of women towards their children, and had a negative impact on the performance of the family’s daily needs and duties, including both spouses This decision of family members also due to the absence of affected the mood and mental state absence of the parents for long periods outside the home and negatively affect the parents’ follow-up of their children academically. The long period of tha parents, abscence and the lack of parental control due to this decision will affect the monitoring of the children’s behavior. and deprive the family of enjoying social visits and recreational trips.

After using the research tools and conducting statistical analysis, the results showed:
-There was of Proactive processing among state employees.
- There were no statistically signification differences in proactive process according to the gender variable among state employees.
-The presence of Post-event processing among state employees.
-There were no statistically signification differences in post-event treatment according to the gender variable among state employees.
- There was Self-compassion among state employees.
- There was statistically signification differences in Self-compassion according to gender among state employees, in favor of males.
-The relationship between Proactive processing, Post-event processing, and Self-compassion.
-  There was Post-event processing contributesto self-compassion among state employees, and the other contributions were weak among the variables.
        The research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions in light of the research results.

To achieve the objectives of the current research, the research tools (Parental Self-Efficacy Scale - Family Resilience Scale) were prepared and applied to the research sample (400) members of the University of Baghdad. After conducting the statistical analysis, the results showed:
- The members of the University of Baghdad are characterized by parental self-efficacy.
- There are statistically significant differences in parental self-efficacy among the members of the University of Baghdad according to the gender variable in favor of males, and specialization in favor of scientific specialization.
- The members of the University of Baghdad are characterized by family resilience.
- There are statistically significant differences in family resilience among the members of the University of Baghdad according to the gender variable in favor of males, and there were no statistically significant differences for the specialization variable.
- There is a positive correlation between parental self-efficacy and family resilience.
- Family Resilience contributes in parental self-efficacy.
Based on these results, the research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current paper aims to identify the prevalence of addiction-prone personality (APP), measure the level of addiction-prone personality among university students in Iraq, and examine if there are statistically significant differences according to gender. To achieve these goals, a sample of 1000 students, both males and females, from various Iraqi universities was used to identify the prevalence of addiction-prone personality, and another sample of (400) students was used to measure addiction-prone personality among students. After reviewing the literature, a scale has been developed for this research, and after statistically processing the data, this research concluded that the percentage with a high proneness to addiction was %17.6, and this percentage can be considered moderate. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender variable.

This research aimed to identify the level of interpersonal sensitivity among university students, and according to its dimensions (Interpersonal awareness, Need for approval, Separation anxiety, Timidity, and Fragile inner-self). and it aims to identify statically significant differences according to gender(males-females), specialization variable (science-humanities), and according to the university four academic stages. The research sample consisted of (150) males and females’ students from the University of Baghdad, with (68) males and (82) females, and (109) from the scientific specializations, (71) from the humanities, and (51)(43)(29)(27) from the first, second, third and fourth stages respectively. The sample was selected randomly. The results of the study showed that the research sample has a high degree of interpersonal sensitivity, and a high degree in all its dimensions. There were also statistically significant differences in interpersonal sensitivity according to the gender variable in favor of females. However, no statistically significant differences were found according to the specialization and the academic stage.

The current study aimed to arabization and verify the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) for the questionnaire (DDPPQ) Drug and Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire among medical and mental health and adaptit to Iraqi environment Kurdistan Relligoin, and to verify the psychometric properties of validity and reliability for the Objective Knowledge Scale for Conduct Disorder (special version for adolescents) on the same sample. The study sample consisted of to 124 medical and mental health staff . The results of the study showed that both questionnaires have validity and reliability. The researcher extracted the differences between the sample individuals (medical and mental health staff) on the two tools of the current study ( Drug and Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire, and Conducat Disorder, adolescent version),separately..

The present study seeks to investigate the following objectives:
1. Authentic learning experiences among university students.
2. The royal thinking style exhibited by university students.
3. statistically significant differences in the relation between authentic learning and royal thinking style based on gender (males vs. females).
4. statistically significant differences in the relation between authentic learning and royal thinking style based on academic specialization (science vs. humanities).
5. Correlational relationship between authentic learning and royal thinking style among university students.
In order to verify this, the researcher adopted the Authentic Learning Scale prepared by (Tizer et al. 2017) based on the theory of Newman and Alg (1993). The scale in its final form consisted of (22) items. Moreover developed , the researcher adopted the Royal Thinking Style scale prepared by (Al-Maamouri, 2018) based on (Sternbergs self-authority of thinking theory), and the scale consisted of (32) items in its final form. The sample was (140) student selected from students of the University of Baghdad. The research reached the following results:
1- University students have authentic learning.
2- University students do not have a royal thinking style.
3- There is no difference in the relationship according to the gender variable (males-females) between authentic learning and the thinking style.
4- There is no difference in the relationship according to the specialization variable (scientific- humanities) between authentic learning and the royal thinking style.
5- There is a positive correlation between authentic learning and the royal thinking style among university students.

The current research aims to identify the correlation between the illusion of understanding and cognitive immersion among post-graduate students. The researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach. The research community consisted of (63) male and female students accepted into post-graduate studies at The Iraqi University of Iraq for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher (250) male and female students, (95) male students and (155) female students, using the random stratified method. The researcher built the scales of the illusion of understanding and cognitive immersion among post-graduate students and verified the characteristics of the two psychometric scales. The research results showed a high level of illusion of understanding among graduate students, while its level did not differ according to the gender of the students. The results also showed a decrease in cognitive immersion among post-graduate students, and male students were more cognitively immersed than females. The illusion of understanding is also inversely correlated to cognitive immersion and is highly correlated among female students. The researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions based on the results of the study.

The current research aims measure the need for recovery among nurses, and identify statistically signi fican differences in the need for recovery among nurses according to gender (males, females), age (22-32 years, 33-43 years, 44 and above), and education (secondary school, diploma, bachelor\'s degree or higher), the research sample was selected from (six) hospitals, randomly, namely, (Fatima Al-Zahraa Hospital (PBUH), Ibn Al-Baladi Hospital for Children and Women, Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital, Martyr Dhari Al-Fayyadh Hospital, Martyr Al-Sadr General Hospital, Al-Numan General Hospital), the individuals of the research sample were selected from those hospitals in a proportional stratified manner, with (400) male and female nurses, then the researcher extracted the psychometric properties by finding the discriminating power of each temph of the scale and finding the relationship of the item to the total score of the two scales, Cronbach\'s alpha and retest methods, and after processing the paday statistically through the statistical bag for social sciences (SPSS), the research reached the following results: that the research sample of nurses have a need for recovery, and that there was no differences in the need for recovery according to the gender variable, and that there is no statistically significant difference in the need for recovery according to the educational achievement variable, and the age variable, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and saggestions.

Intrapersonal intelligence represents an internal aspect of an individual\'s personality, as it is linked to self- awareness and personal awareness ,and is considered essential for understanding how an individual can make informed and constructive decisions based on his or her self –knowledge .This intelligence is also the key to developing multiple life skills such as self –control, stress management, and achieving personal goals .The current study aims to measure the level of intrapersonal intelligence among university students , and identify the statistically significance differences in the level of intelligence according to the variables ( gender and specialization). The research sample consisted of (150) male and female students in both scientific and humanities at the University of Baghdad, who were chosen in a random .The research tool consisted of a scale that included (20) items that included the following dimensions (self- understanding , managing emotions ,self-motivation, and independence). The items were organized in the form of a questionnaire according to a three point Likert scale ( applies to me, applies to some extent, does not apple to me).The results of the research showed the following: The intrapersonal intelligence of University students was at an average level .This indicates that University students possess an average level of intrapersonal intelligence skills, but they need to improve their skills to reach a high level that will help them face academic and professional challenges .The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of intrapersonal intelligence based on the variables (gender and specialization) . The research came out with several recommendations and suggestions

The current research aims to identify the relationship between academic learning difficulties represented by dyslexia among students. The basic research sample consisted of (15) students of both genders from the two schools (Balat Al-Shuhada Primary School and Al-Diyaa Primary School) in the Al-Dora city in Baghdad. Their ages ranged between (8 - 10) years, and the researcher used the following tools to achieve its aim: (1 - Academic achievement records for students who failed in reading subject by school administrations, 2- Michael Best scale for detecting learning difficulties (Jordanian version/Yasser Salem, 1988), 3- Aquestiomnair of the possible symptoms of Irlen Syndrome (prepared by the researcher), 4- The Irlen Perceptual Reading Scale for detecting photosensitivity (prepared by Irlen, Helen 2010). The researcher used some statistical methods appropriate to its variables, through the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The researcher results revealed there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between learning difficulties (dyslexia) and Irlen's syndrome among students.

The study aimed to identify the level of administrative empowerment and the level of resistance to change and the relationship between them, and to identify the respondents’ perceptions of both variables depending on personal characteristics (gender, educational qualification, years of experience).
The researcher relied on the descriptive approach, which includes the field method of collecting data using a questionnaire (22) items for administrative empowerment and (20) for resistance to change. The questionnaire was applied to the research sample, which numbered (380) male and female teachers from the origin of the research community. Consisting of (15,968) male and female teachers
The researcher reached to the following results :
- The overall mean level of administrative empowerment was with an arithmetic mean (4.2848) and a standard deviation (0.3477).
- The general mean level of resistance to change was with an arithmetic mean (3.9844) and a standard deviation (0.25788).
- There are no statistically significant differences according to the gender variable for both variables.
- There are statistically significant differences for the academic qualification variable for administrative empowerment.
- There are statistically significant differences for the experience variable for administrative empowerment.
- There are no statistically significant differences for the variable of educational qualification and years of experience regarding resistance to change.
- There is an inverse correlation between administrative empowerment and resistance to change, where the correlation coefficient reached (-0.105) at a significance level of (0.023), which is a statistically significant correlation.

The current research aims to identify:
1 - The degree to which counselors cultivating affiliation values among intermediate .
2- Statistically significant differences in the degree of counselors' contribution to instilling national the values of national affiliation among values intermediate school students from their point of view according to the gender variable (males - females)
3- Statistically significant differences in the degree of counselors contribution to instilling national affiliation among values intermediate school students from their point of view according to the gender variable (science - humanities).
The sample of the current research consisted of (200) male and female students who were selected by a stratified random method from intermediate school students in Baghdad (Al-Karkh II) according to the variable of gender (males - females) and specialization (science - literary). research tool was develop (the questionnaire and it has (20) items, the researcher verified the psychometric properties ,validity and reliability, of the research tool and applied it to the research sample. The researcher used several statistical methods to achieve the research objectives, which are (T-test for two independent samples, the Cronbach equation, the Spearman-Brown equation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient) The researcher reached results conclusions, and recommendations
Results:
1-There is a significant contribution of the educational counselor in instilling the values of national belonging among middle school students.
2-There is a significant contribution of the educational counselor in instilling the values of national belonging among middle school female students to a greater degree than males. - There is a significant contribution of the educational counselor in instilling the values of national belonging among middle school students in the literary specialization to a greater degree than in the scientific specialization.