Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The study was conducted during 2014-2015 at Bakrajo Agricultural Research Station, Bakrajo, Sulaimani, Iraq to investigate the effect of different organic manures (cow 10 and 20 t.ha-1, sheep10 and 20 t.ha-1 and chicken 4 and 8 t.ha-1) on the yield and quality of two Brussels sprouts hybrid “Topline F1” and “Attwood F1”. The results showed that “Topline F1” increased plant height, leaf weight, leaf area, bud size, yield. plant-1, yield.ha-1 and Ascorbic acid . “Attwood F1” took shorter time to harvest days. The highest yield.plant-1, yield.ha-1and bud number obtained from cow manure 20 t.ha-1, highest plant height and bud fresh weight obtained from sheep manure 20 t.ha-1 , while the highest leaf number, leaf weight , leaf area and bud size recorded for chicken manure 8 t.ha-1.. NPK gave highest protein and nitrate content values. The highest ascorbic acid obtained from the control treatment. Shorter period to harvest was recorded for cow and sheep manure 20t.ha-1 .
Key words: Brussels sprouts, hybrids, organic manure, growth, yield, protein, nitrate, ascorbic acid.

The study was conducted on Qadri cultivar plum fruits taken randomly at maturity stage from 14 year old trees planted at Barzinja, Sulaimani-Iraqi Kurdistan region on 10 September, 2014. Homogeneous fruits were selected and divided into three equal parts. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of (0, 3, and 6 mmols.l-1) salicylic acid and (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 %) potassium metabisulfite on some fruit properties stored in a cold room at 2 ±1°C and 90 % relative humidity for 60 days. A factorial experiment within Completely Randomized Design was used with three replicates. The results indicate that 6 mmols.l-1 salicylic acid increased significantly titratable acidity, hardness, and moisture content, while water loss, anthocyanin, and total phenols were reduced. On the other hand, 2% potassium metabisulfite caused increases in total soluble solids, titratable acidity, hardness, water loss, and total phenol, whereas moisture content and anthocyanin were decreased in fruits.
Keywords: plum fruits, salicylic acid, potassium metabisulfite, postharvest fruit quality

This study was carried out to determine the effects of some physical and chemical factors on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the aquatic Oligochaeta in sediment of Al- Hilla Rive. The samples were collected monthly from 3 sites for period from June 2014 to May 2015.In the present study 7 physical and chemical parameters were measured including (Water temperature (oC), Salinity (‰),pH, Dissolved Oxygen(Mg/L), Biological Oxygen Demand (Mg/L), percentage of organic matter (%) and Soil texture).The minimum and maximum values of Water temperature (oC), Salinity (‰), pH, Dissolved oxygen(mg/l) and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (Mg/L) were ( 10 - 24; 0.65-0.98; 6.21- 8.22; 5.53-11.93 and 1.45-4.67 ) respectively. The range of percentage organic matter (%) was (1.11- 4.30) and the nature of the bottom is a mixture of sand, clay and silt with a small percentage of stones, especially at Site 2.
The results were recorded a total of 20 species belong to 5 families and 11 genus including 8 species from Tubificidae family,7 species from Naididae family,2 species from Aeolosomatidae family, 2 species from Lumbriculidae family, and 1 species from Lumbricidae family. .
The results were revealed that the highest density values of Oligochaeta were 1480 (Ind./m2) in July 2014 and lowest values were 120 (Ind./m2) in February 2015, these values showed significant correlation (positive and negative) with some studied factors which indicated significant positively correlation with each of water temperature,BOD5 and percentage of organic matter(r = 0.77, r =0.75,r = 0.79,P <0.05) respectively while significant negative correlation with dissolved oxygen (r = - 0.65 ,P <0.05) .
In the present study the family Tubificidae was recorded highest density among other families ranging from higher value 850 (Ind./m2) in June 2014 to lowest value 50 (Ind./m2) in February 2015, while The second family Naididae was recorded density values ranging from highest value 225 (Ind./m2) in March 2015 to lowest value 30 (Ind./m2) in January 2015 .The results were showed according to relative abundance index that the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex and Branchuira sowerbyi were appeared as dominate species .while other species were appeared between few to rare species except species Peloscolex feroxand was abundant in all sites and species Dero sawayai in site1 .The results also showed that the highest biodiversity value according to Shannon-weaver Index was 2.125 (bit/Ind). in October 2014 while the lowest value was 0.551( bit/Ind) in July2014.
Key words :Annelida, Oligocheata, Al-Hilla River:

The aim of this study was to detect bacterial species in cows suffering from retained fetal membranes (RFM) by PCR technique. For this purpose, seventy two swabs were collected from uterus of cows with RFM. The bacteria was identified by standard microbiological procedures and vitek system. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the predominant bacteria. The results showed that the distribution of bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus (13%), Escherichia coli (68%), while (18%) of samples showed no growth. Moreover the results showed the 65% of Escherichia coli had hlyA gene which refer to the virulence of bacteria. In conclusion, it was found that Escherichia coli was the most prominent bacteria in RFM in cows in Iraq.
Keywords: Retained fetal membranes, cow, PCR, Escherichia coli.

The current study was implemented in a private farm at Mosul city in Iraq during the growing season of 2013-2014, to study the effect of treating faba bean plants (Sciabola Verde cv.) with salicylic acid application by soaking the seeds at concentration ( 0 , 350 and 450 ) mg L-1 and spraying plants with the same acid at concentration ( 0 , 10 and 20 ) mg L-1 which applied three times , the 1st one was sprayed at the 2nd . ternode formation , whereas , the others were achieved at monthly intervals. The third factor involved spraing plants with boron at concentrations (0 and 15 ) mg B L-1 which was added as boric acid (17.4 % boron ) in two sprays, the 1st.
After one month of germination , while the second spray done during 50% of flowering stage. Superiority of soaking the seeds with 350 mg salicylic L-1 ,Spraying plants with 10 mg salicylic acid L-1 and spraying plants with boron resulted in a significant increase in (plant height, leaf area, dry matter %, number of green pods , and leaves content of boron).

Key word : salicylic acid , boron , spraying , green yield.

A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season of 2016 in Al-Nile area, located 8 km north-east of Hilla city,Babylon for the purpose of study the effect of the varity and the spray with humic acid in the growth and productivity of corn Zea mays L. The experimental design included the first three synthetic varieties of corn namely Fajr1, EL-Maha, Baghdad3, and the second factor was spraying concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 gm.L-1, respectively as well as the treatment of spraying with distilled water only Control. The treatments were distributed in a Factorial Experiment according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The obtained results showed that Fajr1 and spray with a concentration of 2.0 gm.L-1 of Humic acid were superior and the interaction between them, gave the highest average height of the plant, total number of leaves, leaves area , leaves area index, leaf content of total chlorophyll, number of ear per plant, number of grains per aer, weight of 500 grains, Biologecal Yield and grain productivity,With 148.01 cm2 ,16.95 Leavs.Plants-1, 525.59 cm2, 4.75, SPAD 51.61, 1.59 Aer.plant-1, 572.54 grains.Aer-1, 143.51 gm, 24.25 tons.hectare-1 and 11.61 tons. hectare-1 on the sequence compared with the lowest average of those characteristics of AL-Maha varity which was 136.20 cm2 and 16.02 Leavs.Plants-1, 499.71 cm2, 4.27, SPAD 47.17 , 1.32 Aer.plant-1, 564.65 grains.Aer-1, 139.28 gm , 20.94 tons. hectare-1 and 9.29 tons. hectare-1 on the sequence we conclude from the results of this study that a positive effect of the variety and spraying of humic acid in increasing the growth characteristics and yield of maize crop.
Keywords: Variety of corn. spraying Humic acid

The current study was implemented in a private farm in telkaf reagion at AL-mosul city in Iraq during the growing season 2013-2014, to study on the effect of treating faba bean plants (Sciabola Verde cv.) with salicylic acid application by soaking the seeds at concentration ( 0 , 350 , 450 ) mg. L-1 and spraying vegetative part of the plants with the same acid at concentration ( 0 , 10 , 20 ) mg. L-1 which applied three times , the 1st one was sprayed at the 2nd . internode formation , whereas , the others were achieved at monthly intervals. The third factor involved spraing plants with boron at concentrations (0 , 15 ) mg. L-1 B which added as boric acid (17.4 % boron ) in two spraying , the 1st. after a month of germination , while the second spray done during 50% of flowering stage. and find their interaction in improving the quality and increase faba bean yield .Superiority of soaking the seeds treatment 350 mg salicylic. L-1 ,Spraying plants with 10mg salicylic acid . L-1 and spraying plants with boron resulted in a significant increase in (number of dry pods plant-1, average weight of seeds. plant-1, weight of 100 seed and protein % in seeds -1 ).while Soaking The seeds treatment at the concentration 350mg L-1 salicylic acid and spraying plants with (10 and 20 )mg L-1of the same acid with the spraying of boron showed significant increase in pod seeds.
Key word : salicylic acid , boron , spraying , dry yield.

Tow field experiment was carried out at Al-Jelawya village / Babel during the spring season (2015 and 2016) in order to study effect of organic and mineral fertilization: F0 (comparison treatment), F1(Nitrogen fertilization as ureia 320 kg/ha), F2 (original fertilization excrement domestics made in Holland 6 ton/ha) , F3 (added half of tow fertilization organic and mineral) on yield , quality two genotypes of mays
: Baghdad class (Iraqi) and Sultan class (Holland). In factorial experiments,Using RCBD design. The result showed:
the varieties : Baghdad variety was exceeded at all studied traits and for two seasons : ear length (20.12 , 21.07)cm, row/ear (14.23 , 14.33) row/ear, grain yield (164.33 , 169.53)g/plant, and protein ratio (10.47 , 10.362)% .
While Holland variety was exceeded at 500 kernels/weight(145.51, 145.91), oil ratio (4.733, 4.638)% for two seasons.
In ather side fertilization was superior F1(nitrogen fertilization) at all studied traits for both seasons except the oil ratio it was superior at (F0). It gives :ear length (21.09 , 21.99)cm, row/ear (15.50 , 16.30), kernel/ear (44.66 , 45.95), 500 kernels/weight (146.83, 147.68)gm , grain yield (188.40 , 199.70)g/plant, and protein ratio (11.489 , 11.252)%.
While the interaction between verities and fertilization: Baghdad with F1 and for both seasons was superior for studied traits: ear length (21.96 , 23.02)cm, row/ear (16.17 , 16.41), kernel/ear (46.53 , 46.12), grain yield (205.66 , 217.85)g/plant and protein ratio (11.75 , 11.447)% .
While the Holland verity with F1 for both seasons was superiors at 500 kernels/weight (151.39 , 152.23)g, but the oil ratio was superior with F0 (5.243 , 4.895).

Tow field experiment was carried out at Al-Jelawya village / Babel during the spring season (2015 and 2016) in order to study effect of organic and mineral fertilization: F0 (comparison treatment), F1(Nitrogen fertilization as ureia 320 kg/ha), F2 (original fertilization excrement domestics made in Holland 6 ton/ha) , F3 (added half of tow fertilization organic and mineral) on yield , quality two genotypes of mays
: Baghdad class (Iraqi) and Sultan class (Holland). In factorial experiments,Using RCBD design. The result showed:
the varieties : Baghdad variety was exceeded at all studied traits and for two seasons : ear length (20.12 , 21.07)cm, row/ear (14.23 , 14.33) row/ear, grain yield (164.33 , 169.53)g/plant, and protein ratio (10.47 , 10.362)% .
While Holland variety was exceeded at 500 kernels/weight(145.51, 145.91), oil ratio (4.733, 4.638)% for two seasons.
In ather side fertilization was superior F1(nitrogen fertilization) at all studied traits for both seasons except the oil ratio it was superior at (F0). It gives :ear length (21.09 , 21.99)cm, row/ear (15.50 , 16.30), kernel/ear (44.66 , 45.95), 500 kernels/weight (146.83, 147.68)gm , grain yield (188.40 , 199.70)g/plant, and protein ratio (11.489 , 11.252)%.
While the interaction between verities and fertilization: Baghdad with F1 and for both seasons was superior for studied traits: ear length (21.96 , 23.02)cm, row/ear (16.17 , 16.41), kernel/ear (46.53 , 46.12), grain yield (205.66 , 217.85)g/plant and protein ratio (11.75 , 11.447)% .
While the Holland verity with F1 for both seasons was superiors at 500 kernels/weight (151.39 , 152.23)g, but the oil ratio was superior with F0 (5.243 , 4.895).

The research was carried out to test the effect of spore suspension of Isaria fumosorosea in some biological performance of the Myzus persicae in laboratory. The results showed significant effect on the percentage of mortality, with rates of 51.8, 58.3 and 69.5% for the nymphs stage, while it recorded 46.9, 52.8 and 61.6% for the adult stage and for the concentrations 1 × 10 4, 1 × 10 6 and 1 × 10 8 spores / ml respectnely, compared with 16.7 and 12.3% for nymphs and adults respectively in the control treatment, The results Showed decrease in adult productivity where it decreased from 6.67 nymph / female in control treatment to 3.67 nymph / female at 1 × 10 4 spores / ml. Female productivity in other concentrations was not calculated because of sufficient number of insects did not reach the adult stage.

This study was conducted at the project of Organic Fertilizer Preparing and Mushroom Cultivation in Karbala governorate that belongs to the organic farming center of Baghdad, during 2015 and 2016 to study the effects of three factors (A) substrate type included : wheat straw (W), corn cobs (C), date palm fronds wastes (P), 50% wheat straw+50% corn cobs (WC), 75% wheat straw+25% corn cobs (WwC), 50% wheat straw+50% date palm fronds wastes (WP) and 75% wheat straw+25% date palm fronds wastes (WwP). (B) supplement type were three levels : without supplement (SU0), 20% wheat bran (SU1) and 20% grass land cutting wastes (SU2). (C) spawn level were three levels : 3%(SP1), 5%(SP2) and 7%(SP3), on growth and productivity of Oyster mushroom type Pleurotus sapidus as an experiment according to Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. Results showed a differently effect on fruit bodies quality.The fruit bodies produced from the (W) substrate were higher in protein, fat and crud fiber 23.76, 1.83 and 29.58% respectively, and gave a lower carbohydrate content was 38,52% . (WwP) substrate gave lower protein content 12.63%, lower fat,crude fiber and higher carbohydrate content 1.63%, 27.37 and 49.66 % respectively. Wheat bran supplementation gave higher content of protein, ash, fat and crud fiber 19.64, 6.75, 1.79 and 32.31% respectively. Effects of spawn level on fruit bodies quality were different where SP2 given a protein and fat content 18.08 and 1.77% respectively. SP1 level given a higher content of crud fiber 29.84% and carbohydrate 48.21%. A numbers di- interactions and tri- interactions between the factors of this study recorded a significant increase in the most morphological, productivity and quality characteristics of Oyster Mushroom fungi P.sapidus.
Keyword: Oyster Mushroom, Substrate, Supplement, Spawn Part of Ph.D. dissertation of the author third

The research was conducted at two sites, First in the Mashroo region / Babylon province, the second location in Alsuwera \ Wasit province during the autumn season of 2016 to compare the behavior of five varieties of potatoes (Bureen, Rivera, Arizona, Rudolph, Almodo), (RCBD) design with three replications .The results showed :
At mashroo site , Bureen was superior to the rest of the varieties except Rudolph in plant height and number of leaves, and was superior to the rest of the varieties except Rivera in the leaf area and dry weight of the vegetative total, and gave the highest average of tubers number (7.20 tuber.Plant-1), total yield (506.77 g.plant-1) and marketable yield (24.33 tons.ha-1) was significantly surpassed on Elmundo, which gave the lowest average of these characteristics.
While in Alsuwera site, Bureen, Rivera, and Rudolph significantly surpassed Arizona and Elmundo in plant height. Rivera was superior to Arizona and Elmundo in stems number and the dry weight of vegetative total. Both Bureen and Rivera recorded the highest average of tubers number (6.27 tuber.Plant-1), significantly higher than Elmundo. Rivera gave the highest average of tuber weight (110.56 g), total (692.99 g.plant-1) and marketable yield (33.26 tons.ha-1), thus superior to the rest of the varieties except Bureen. While Arizona has the lowest rate for these characteristics.
Keyword : varieties of potatoes, Evaluating, The Performance , site

This study was conducted at the Poultry Farm, Department of Animal Resource, College of Agriculture Engineering Science, University of Baghdad during the period from 7/10/ 2017 to 11/11 2017 to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary Withania somnifera leaves powder supplementation on productive and immunological performance, carcass qualitative properties, oxidation markers and the microbial contents of the dodenum tract . One hundred and eighty day old , Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (45 chicks per treatment) with three replicates (15 chicks per replicate) . Chicks were fed on starter and finisher rations with 23 and 20 % crude protein and 3027 and 3195.3 Kcal / kg diet respectively, in addition to the four levels of Withania somnifera leaves powder (0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg per ton diet) as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively .
significant increase (P<0.05) in productive index also superior (P<0.05) in circumference of breast were noticed for them as compared with T1 group, Relative weight of breast was significant (P<0.05) increased T3 while relative weight of wings was significant (P<0.01) increased in T4 as compared with other treatments , The supplementation groups were superior significantly increased (P<0.01) in hot and cold carcass weight and (P<0.05) in dressing percentages compared with T1 group.
We can concluded from recent study that supplementation of Withania somnifera leaves powder to broiler diet led to improved productive performance and quality characteristics of carcasses as The 2.0% Withania somnifera leaves powder achieved better results.
Key words:- Withania somnifera , broiler, Characteristics of
carcass

This experiment was conducted to study the effect best management of fertilization on the colyx leaves content of the active substance and some nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, and Ca) for three types of Hibiscus red, white and Striped bag in Al-Husseiniya, - Al – Tali'ah District, Babylon Province. The experiment consisted of three types of Hibiscus(red, white and striped bag) and it was fertilized with (600) kg h-1 DAP (N: P18: 46)% Side dress. In addition to the organic fertilizer, 20 ton h-1(organofert) mixed with soil and spray by mixed of leaves fertilizers (Viva + Foliacon + Pro-sol) In a simple experiment based on CRD design. After the completion of the Flowering phase, the percentage of Hibiscin µg g-1 dry weight, concentrations of(N, P, K, Mg and Ca)% in calyx leaves were measured.
The results of the statistical analysis of the least significant difference (LSD) for the mean of the treatments below the significant level 0.05 showed the superiority of Striped followed by red and white sequentially in the calyx leaves content of the active substance Hibiscin, N, K, Mg and Ca% sequentially and the values (24.77, 18.43 , 12.13) µg g-1 dry weight , (2.96, 1.69, 0.73)% , ( 2.5, 1.51, 0.81)%,(2.20, 0.85, 0.52)%,(3.47, 2.34, 1.83) % respectively. White beating was excel followed by the Striped and the red for the phosphorus concentration (0.64, 0.39 and 0.27)% respectively.

Keyword: Hibiscus sabdariffaL., MANAGEMENT OF FERTILIZAION,DAP FERTILIZER,FOLIAR APPLICATION.

This study was conducted in the laboratory of plant cells and tissue/
Department of Gardening and Landscaping / College of Agriculture /
University of Baghdad in 2016 for the purpose of callus Induction and
overproduce of some alkaloids represented by (Hyoscyamine and
Scopolamine) from Hyoscyamus albus L. In Vitro.Using different
concentrations for each of JA, NaCl, and Phe , Culture medium that is provided
with JA concentration of 2 mg. L -1 with 0.0 g. L-1 of the NaCl with 0.0 mg L-1
of the Phe gave the highest percentage of dry Callus weight (69 mg). The
quantitative and qualitative assessment of the Tropine alkaloids were estimated
using HPLC device. The results of HPLC technology analysis showed the
superiority of medium provided with JA concentration of 2 mg. L-1 with 7.5 g.
L-1 of the NaCl with 30 mg L-1 of the Phe in giving the highest amount of the
Hyoscyamine alkaloid reached to 1242.51 µg. g dry weight-1. As for the
Scopolamine alkaloid, its amount increased to 3498.00 µg. g dry weight-1 with
triple interaction treatment including the addition of the JA concentration of 1
mg L-1 with 10 g L-1 of the NaCl with 30 mg L -1 of the Phe.

This study was conducted in the laboratory of plant cells and tissue Department of
Gardening and Landscaping / College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad in 2016
for the purpose of callus in vitro induction and overproduce of some alkaloids
represented by (Tropine and Atropine) from Hyoscyamus albus L.Using JA at
concentrations )0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) mg. L-1, NaCl at concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0,
7.5 and 10.0) g. L-1 and Phe at concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 30) mg. L-1 ,single and in
combination with each other, . Culture media that is provided with JA concentration of
2 mg. L -1 with 0.0 g. L -1 of the NaCl with 0.0 mg. L -1 of the Phe gave the highest
percentage of fresh Callus weight (876) mg. The quantitative and qualitative
assessments of the Tropine alkaloids were estimated using HPLC device. The results of
HPLC technique analysis showed the superiority of medium provided with JA
concentration of 2 mg. L -1 with 5 g. L -1 of the NaCl with 30 mg. L -1 of the Phe in
giving the highest amount of the Altropin alkaloid reached to 553.23 µg. g dry weight-1.
As for the atropine alkaloid, its amount increased to 922.73 µg. g dry weight -1 with
triple interacted treatment including the addition of the JA concentration of 2 mg. L -1
with 10 g. L -1 of the NaCl with 10 mg. L -1 of the Phe.

A field experiment was carried out in Al-diwaniyah province during the winter of season 2015-2016 to study the genetic parameters, broad sense heritability, genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations and path coefficient for grain yield parameters and it’s components for four varieties of barley. The results showed that environmental variances and values of phenotypic variance coefficient were close to values of genotypic variance coefficient for most parameters and the highest was for tiller number. The highest ratios of broad sense heritability were for the flag leaf area, plant height and grain yield (0.969 ، 0.961 ، 0,924) respectively. Genetic correlation coefficients of all studied traits were higher than phenotypic correlation coefficients, suggesting genetic variation among varieties was mainly genetic with little effect of environment. Grain yield has positive genetic and phenotypic correlations with studied traits (plant height and number of tillers per square meter) with the highest correlation value for number of spike per square meter (0.95 ,0.90 ) respectively. The highest direct effects on grain yield were of number of grain per spike and number of spikes per square meter with path coefficient values of (6.1 and 4.7) respectively, and hence Path coefficient analysis reveals that the direct selection of these two traits (number of grain per spike and number of spikes per square meter) will be effective in improving grain yield in barley crop.
Keywords: genetic markers, barley, correlation, path analysis

This study was carried out from (March to October 2014) at two different locations )Bakrajo and Kanipanka( in Sulaimani governorate to compare some chemical and physical properties and genetic diversity of eight tomato cultivars "Sangaw", "Early Person", "Dimond Star" ,"Guja Faranji", "Aljinan" ,"Egemen" " Heinz 2274" and "Sun" using RCBD design with four replications and the results shows that "Sangaw" had higher value of fruit equatorial diameter and lower value of polar diameter which gave it a broad shape, with lowest firmness .
Whereas "Sun" had gave a long cylindrical shape and the highest value of firmness obtained from "Sun". Fruits of "Sangaw" cultivar was superior in their Lycopene, Total acidity% and pH contents . "Early Person" had higher amount of Ascorbic acid, whereas "Dimond Star" gave maximum values of total sugar% "Guja Faranji" was superior in total soluble solid (Brix %), total soluble solid/ total acidity and dry matter% . Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was carried out on (8) tomato cultivars by (4) primers (OPB-18, OPC-08, OPC-09 and OPV-19). The genetic similarity among evaluated cultivars ranged from (0.4) to (1.00). The lowest genetic distance was (0.4) between "Sangaw" and "Egemen" cultivars which means that the presence of similarity is high, while the highest genetic distance was (1.0) existed among "Sun" , "Sangaw" , "Dimoned Star", "Guja Faranji", "Aljinan" and "Egemen" which means that presence of similarity is low.
...................................................................................................................................................................
Key words: tomato, cultivars, physical and chemical properties, genetic diversity.
Part of M.Sc. thesis of the 2nd author

study was carrieXd out at a Lath house of Dept.of Hort. – College of Agric. University of Baghdad in the fall season of 2014, to investigate the effect of foliar application of chelated Magnesium and Iron on growth and flowering of Matthiola incana. The plants were sprayed twice, the first one was applied after a month of planting, while the second spray was implemented one month after the first application. concentrations of chelated Magnesium were 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g⁄(l ), where as chelated Iron. concentrations were 0, 0.5 and 1.0 g⁄l. The results can be summanized as follows. Chelated magnesium concentrations improved most of parameters tested. The best increases in plant height (19.0 cm.); number of leaves per plant (28.42); chlorophyll content of leaves (189.78 m g⁄(l00g .) fresh weight); fresh and dry weight (8.98 g and 1.41 g) were achieved by spraying plants with 6.0 g⁄(l ) of Mg This treatment was more effective on flowering date (43 days); number of inflorescences⁄ plant (2.82); length and diameter of peduncle (11.67and 0.40 cm.) and fresh and dry weight of inflorescences (3.50, 0.55 g.). Chelated Fe concentrations significantly increased most of the studied characters; 0.5 g⁄(l ) of Fe was superior on increasing plant height (18.85 cm); number of leaves per plant (28.02); leaves chlorophyll contant (199.30 mg ,100g fresh weight); dry weight (1.42 g.); length and diameter of peduncle (11.59 cm, 0.40 cm.) and fresh and dry weight of inflorescences (3.2 g and 0.45 g), the interaction of two factors significantly enhanced the paraters tested. The treatment Mg3 x Fe1 was superior on increasing the number of leaves per plant (30.2); leaf area (10.45 〖cm〗^3 ); number of branches per plant (3.00); leaves chlorophyll content (210.98 mg⁄(100g.) fresh weight); fresh and dry weight (10.82 and 1.82 g.) length and diameter of inflorescence (12.0, 0.5 cm.) and fresh weight of inflorescences (3.8 g).
key words: flowering plant, micro element, Magnesium , lron

This study was conducted in the nursery of Horticulture and Landscape Design Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk - Iraq during the period from 1-4-2016 to 1-10-2016, to study the effect of organic fertilizing by Humic acid with three levels (0, 25 and 50)ml.L-1 and urea with three levels (0 , 1000 and 2000)mg.L-1 on some growth characteristics of fig saplings. a factorial experiment with three replications was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and four saplings for each experimental unit. The data were statistically analyzed by using (SAS V. 9.0) system , and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P> 0.05 was used to compare the means of the treatments.
The results obtained in this experiment could be summarized as follows: fertilizing with Humic acid and urea caused a significant increased in growth characteristics. The level of 50ml.L-1 of Humic acid caused a significant increased on (stem diameter, leaves number, leaf area, dry weight of vegetative growth and roots length) compared with control treatment, while the 25ml.L-1 of Humic acid caused significant increased on (stem length, fresh weight of vegetative growth , root diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots). Fertilizing with 2000mg.L-1 of urea showed significant increased in all vegetative growth characteristics and roots diameter. While 1000mg.L-1 of urea showed significant increased (root length and fresh and dry weights of roots) compared with other treatments. The interaction between treatments showed significant increase on study characteristics.
Keyword: Humic Acid , Urea , Ficus carica L , White Adriatic.

The study consisted of two experiments which carried out during 2014 growing season. One conducted in the laboratories of the college of Agricultural Sciences, university of Sulaimani, and the other one was in Bazian apiary at 34 Nº and 38 Km west of Sulaimani, Iraqi Kurdistan region. Six plant oils in different concentrations were used for control of varroa and studying their effect on honey bees in laboratory and apiary.
The results showed that the highest number of fallen varroa''1.747''occurred at 100% thyme, while the lowest was ''1.000'' at 100% mint. The number of dead bee workers under laboratory condition. Were ''2.307''when using thyme at 100%, but the lowest was 1.000 at 100% rosemary oil under laboratory condition.
In the field experiment, betony oil(50%) recorded the highest number of fallen varroa''43.33'' after four weeks of application while the lowest were ''1.833''was for eucalyptus(50%) after two weeks.
Results showed that, thyme oil with 50% concentration had the best results among other plant oils according to the results in both laboratory and apiary.
Key words: Varroa mites, plant oils, honey bees.

An experiment was conducted in one of unheated plastic house in Al- Abassia region during spring and autumn time of 2015-2016 seasons. A factorial experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates in two factors. First factor was foliar spraying ( AL Jameah Liquid Fertilizer) in three concentrations(0, 5 and 10 )ml-1 to it (C0, C1 and C2). Second factor was mineral fertilizers N, P, K with four levels symbolized as (F0, F1, F2 and F3),control treatment without mineral fertilizer,100%,75% and 50% of recommendation fertilizer. Results indicated that: The treatment(C2) that spraying foliar fertilizer at a concentration 10ml-1 was superior in stem diameter19.45and 16.34cm, leaf area 83.37and 58.71dmm and the percentage of dry matters 26.67and 24.44%. also The treatment(F1) that gave 20.05 and 16.94mm, 66.32 and 46.18dsm and 26.67 and 24.25%. Results showed that Interaction treatment (F1C2) that gave 21.45 and 18.34mm, 100.99 and 71.12dsm and 35.33 and 32.12%.

The research included the study of some traditional, thermodynamic and reciprocal characteristics in order to assess the availability of potassium in some soils related to Al-Hillah city in Babylon province between 436724° to 464299°E and 3575183° to 3608757°N.Its relation to potassium-carrier minerals and transformations occurring in mica minerals on surface horizons which consider more contact with environmental conditions and factors. Where the concentration of dissolved potassium in the surface horizons soils ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 cmol kg-1, and the quantity of reciprocal potassium between 0.17 to 0.37 cmol kg-1. Accordingly, the quantity of available potassium was between 0.22 and 0.47 cmol kg-1. The activation energy and effectiveness of potassium have revealed a state of equilibrium in potassium between the solid and liquid conditions of soil with values ranging from 0.0015 to 0.0086 (mol L-1) 1/2, and between (3835-) to (2817-) Cal mol-1 respectively. Gabon's preference coefficient has disclosed that the potassium is of connected with edges type, which ranged from 1.12 to 6.92 L mol-1/2.
The proportions of feldspars minerals ranged from 1.3 to 3.8% and mica minerals, consisting of muscovite and biotite, ranged from 11.91 to 19.17%, in heavy and light sand components respectively. The results of X-ray showed the basal distance of 12.06 and 12.26A°, with wide and broad peaks, confined between the two diffractions of mica mineral of 10A° and montmorillonite metal of 14A°, this indicates the presence of irregular and interstratified minerals resulting from the transformation of mica minerals towards the expanded smectite minerals (2:1).The minerals proportion resulting from its transformations in soil was between 7.65 to 17.67%. The results of XRD did not appear any transformations in mica minerals under subsurface horizon clays of soil pedon1.
Keywords: potassium-carrier minerals, minerals transformations, interstratified, potassium availability.

An experiment was conducted by using pots that contain 20 kg soil during the summer season of 2016-2017 in the Department of Biology/ College of Education/AL–Qadisiya University. To study the effect of foliar application of nano chelated iron, GA3 and organic fertilizer (Acadian) in macronutrients content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Using sandy mixed soil. The factorial experiment was designed by Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicate, included five spray concentrations of nano chelated iron (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) g.L-1 , three concentrations of GA3 (0, 200 and 400) mg.L-1 and with or without Acadian fertilizer (0,1) g.L-1 and their interaction. After five months from seeds germination date, the mineral content were measured. Means were compared by using Least Significant Differences (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Results showed that: Concentration of 2g.L-1 of nano-chelated iron achieved the highest percentage of N, P, K and Ca. While the concentration of 1g.L-1 was superior in Mg leaf content. The highest concentration of N, P, K, and Ca was obtained by GA3 at 200 mg.L-1. Whilst the effect of GA3 was negative on the percentage of Mg. Organic fertilizer had a positive effect on the increase in percentage of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Triple intraction of the study factors showed a significant increase for most of the studied traits, especially the combination of 2g.L-1 nano-chelated iron with 200 mg.L-1 GA3 with the use of organic fertilizer.
Keywords: Foliar application , Nano-chelated iron, GA3, Acadian, Moringa oleifera.

A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season of 2016 at a private farm in the area of AL-Tajia 6 kmsouth of Babylon province center to study the response of two maize genotypes to varous Levels, and application time of GA3 and their effect on yield and its components; afactorial experiment (2*2*4) within Randomized Complete Block Desin (RCBD) with three replication was used; two genotypes (furates and 6120), two times of application stages (8 and 10 leaves) ,and four levels of GA3 (0 , 50 , 100 , and 200mg/L). The genotypes were differ in most traits studied ,Furates was superior in number of grain comb and biological yield (482.8 grain.comb-1) and (18.926 t.ha-1)respectively, but 6120 gave the highest rate of number of rows per ear (15.59 rows.ear) .The appalication time of GA3 were differ in most traits studied,The first adding time was suprior in length of the ear (cm), number of grains per row , per row, biological yield (t.ha-1), and total grain yield (t. ha-1) with rates of 17.30 cm , 36.67 grain.row-1, 490.4 grain.ear, 18.002 t.ha-1 , 8.612 t.ha-1 respectively . The levels of GA3 were differ in most studied of the traits . The high concout ration of GA3 (200 gm/L)gave the highest number of rows per ear ,number of grian per row and ,the weight of 300 grains (weight) compared to the other conterol treatments which were 15.78 row. ear-1 , 38.69 grain. Rows, 105.19 g respectively.

The aim of this study is to using liquid sweet whey as substitute ingredient to milk or/and water in Yellow Layer Cakes. This main recipe was used to prepare the standard cake (control) while the milk was substituted by whey in cake Wm, and in cake Ww the water was substituted by whey. Also results showed that substitution of milk and water by whey in both cakes increased the shrinkage index to 2cm and 2.5cm compared with standard cake which was 1cm. The substitution of milk and water in both cakes (Wm and Ww) by whey caused increasing of cake volume index, and the volume index for standard cake was 17.3 while it was 18.24 and 17.15 for Wm and Ww respectively. The results showed that substitution milk with whey did not prevent the cake collapse, but there was a benefit effect for using whey instead of milk or water in the cakes uniformity index. The sensory evaluation results showed that, no significant effect of liquid whey addition on enhancingsensory characterististic of whey addition treatment comparied with stander cake.

KEY WORDS:
Whey cheese; Yellow Layer Cakes; shrinkage index; volume index

This study was conducted at poultry farm /fish and animal resource center / Agricultural researches directorate /Ministry of Science and Technology from 24/9/2014 to 4/11/2014 included farm and laboratory study to identify the effect of adding different levels of turmeric powder to broiler diet chicks on the production performance of broiler .Use 300 chicks non-naturalized of one day ross chicks were divided randomly into four nutritional treatments (75 chick per treatment ) with three replicates per treatment (25 chick per replicate) . chicks were divided according to the nutritional treatment into :First treatment (T1 ) in which the chicks were fed on basal diet without any addition. Second treatment (T2) in this treatment the chicks were fed on basal diet with plus 1 % turmeric powder. Third treatment(T3) in this treatment the chicks were fed on basal diet with plus 1.5 % turmeric powder .Forth treatment(T4) in this treatment the chicks were fed on basal diet with plus 2 % turmeric powder . Results showed significant increase (P ≤0.05 ) in the treatment T4,T3 ,T2 as the body weight traits which recorded 1949 g,1931g and 1929g respectively compared with the T1 (control treatment) which recorded 1908 g and the mentioned treatments showed significant increase compared with the T1 (control treatment) in weight gain traits . So T4 (2% turmeric powder ) showed significant decrease (p ≤0.05 ) in food conversion ratio trait which compared with other treatments It can be concluded from this study that the inclusion of dietary turmeric improve broiler production performance .

The effect of moisture content at three different level of 9-11%,11-13% , and 13-15% on rice husk quality cultivar jasmine (JA), Mishkhab 31(M31) , and Amber (AM) using a husking machine with rubber rolls (Satake rubber roll – THU-35A type). The experiment was carried out three replication in factorial experiment under Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications .
The results showed that the JA cultivar is significantly better than MC31 and AM cultivars in all studied parameters , they achieved production process 1.572t\h , 1.502 t\h and 1.414 t\h , power consumption 15.103kw,15.791kw and 16.015kw, milling recovery 64.478% , 64.016% , and 63.634% , husking efficiency 81.702% , 80.824, and 80.041% , brown rice 78.440% , 77.846% , and 77.201% , and the full rice percentage 64.793% , 62.523% , and 59.779% respectively . The moisture content of grain at range of 9-11% was significantly superior to other ranges of 11-13% and 13-15% in all studied condition
Keywords : Husking , Rice , Moisture content , Machine , Performance evaluation .

This study deals with the effect of Colti 5 pesticide on the growth of Clostridium sp. that isolated from water and soil, and Salmonella sp. bacteria that isolated from carp fish muscles raised in lakes and from soil, on culture media treated with different concentrations of pesticide. The results occurred that the percentage of inhibition growth of bacteria colonies were increased with increasing concentration of Clostridium sp. from water between (0-83) % with LC50 (0.32) mg/l, and from soil between (0-53) % with LC50 (0.81) mg/l. While the growth rates of colonies were decreased with increasing concentration for bacteria from the water between (36-6) colony/ml, and from soil between (70-33) colony/ml. The results also appeared that percentage of inhibition was increased with increasing concentration for Salmonella sp. bacteria that isolated from fish between (0-83) % with LC50 (0.51) mg/l, and from the soil between (0-72) % with LC50 (0.53) mg/l. The growth rates of colonies were decreased with increasing concentration for bacteria from fish between (56-10) colony/ml, and from soil between (103-29) colony/ml for concentration between (0-0.8) mg/l respectively. Results also showed a significant differentiation and presence of positive correlation coefficient with percentage of inhibition and negative correlation coefficient with growth rates of colonies.
KEYWORDS: Pesticide, Pyrethroid, Bacteria, LC50

The search was conducte at in the fields college of Agriculture , University of Baghdad to examine the influence of foliar application of nitrogen and cytokinin in the quantity characteristics and quality of the Okra Plant cv.Betera during the season of 2016 . The search as an experiment was design as factorial according to the Random Complete Block statistical design (RCBD) at three replications which include two factors : the first was adding urea directly to the soil at 182 kg.Ha-1 (universally recommended) as control treatment in addition to spraying with three levels of nitrogen at 1000 , 3000 and 5000 mg.L-1 which designated (N0 , N1 , N2 and N3) , respectively . The second factor was spraying with three concentration of cytokinin at 0 , 10 and 20 mg.L-1 which designated (CK0 , CK1 and CK2) , respectively . Means were compared following the least significant differences (LSD) at 5% level of significance . The results were as follow :
1- A significant effect was noticed regarding the different levels of nitrogen and cytokinins in most growth traits under investigation where the 3000 mg.L-1 nitrogen foliar application significantly increased the number of secondary branches , leaf area , N percentage in leaves , total Production , quantity vitamin C and fruit protein percentage when compared with other treatments . In addition , recorded where plants sprayed with 20 mg.L-1 cytokinin significantly increased the number of secondary branches , leaf area , total Production , quantity vitamin C , fruit protein percentage compared with other treatments , recorded the control treatment gave a rise of N in leaf tissues and the fruit’s fiber percentage when compared with the other treatments.
2- As for the interaction , a significant effect was also observed in term of tested when the 3000 mg.L-1 N and 20 mg.l-1 cytokinin treatment scored the highest in the number of secondary branches and quantity vitamin C in fruits when compared with the other treatments , recorded where plants While spraying with 3000 mg.l-1 N and 10 mg.l-1 cytokinin gave the highest leaf area and total Production , recorded where plants sprayed with 5000 mg.l-1 N and 0 mg.l-1 cytokinin’s treatment the highest percentage in N content , However , the foliar application of 3000 mg.L-1 N with 0 mg.L-1 cytokinin significantly increased the fruit content of protein in comparison with the other treatments , Subsequently , treatment with 1000 mg.L-1 N and 0 mg.L-1 cytokinin significantly increased the fruit’s fiber percentage when compared with the control.
Keywords : Foliar Application , Nitrogen , Cytokinin , Okra
*Part of M. Sc. thesis of the second author.