Psychological Science

Abstract:
Childhood is considered one of the most important stages that a person goes through, as it is the stage is more vulnerable to being affected by the various factors that surround him .The first five years are the ones that leave their mark and imprint on the personality and continue throughout life and this is what makes raising a child during this stage an important matter that deserves attention and focus from all aspects. The temperament are among the situation that most children are exposed to during the kindergarten stage .The Temperament state is a distinctive feature of the child in which he is distinguished by the change of his feelings from one state to another state completely reversible, i .e, from the state of joy to the state of sadness and from the state of activity to the state of lethargy where the child is distinguished .This is what represents the temperament of the child, which fluctuates according to the daily situations he goes through, and accordingly the researcher formulated the research problem , which is the detection of the temperament of kindergarten children ,and according the current research aimed.



Detecting the temperament of Kindergarten children.
The validity and reliability of the scale has been verified through statistical processes using the (SPSS) the statistical bag, and it has been proven that all situations are distinctive in the temperament scale except for the position (14)
The research sample reached (300) children, who were chosen by random
stratified method from kindergartens in Baghdad, with its six districts and both sides (Karkh and Rusafa) and after processing
the research data using (Chi-square for two samples, Point- Bicerial
correlation coefficient, Kyodo-Richardson stability coefficient 20, T-test for one sample, single-sample analysis of variance, Scheffe test for dimensional comparisons) and after applying the scale to the sample members and analyzing their responses statistically, the research reached the following results :-
The children of the research sample have an easy temperament..1
.In light of the results of the research, the two researches presented number of recommendations and proposals . a

Abstract
The current research aimed at:
1- learning about the use of social media among kindergarten administrators.
2- Knowing the differences in the extent of using social media according to the variable of specialization
3- Knowing the differences in the extent of using social media according to the type of kindergarten (governmental - private)
4- Knowing the administrative responsibility of kindergarten directors.
5- Knowing the differences in administrative responsibility according to the specialization variable.
6- Knowing the differences in administrative responsibility according to the type of kindergarten (governmental - private)
7- Knowing the relationship between the extent of social media use and the administrative responsibility of kindergarten directors. The study was conducted on a sample of (108) kindergarten directors in governmental and private kindergartens affiliated to the directorates. The Six Education in Baghdad for the academic year 2018-2019 The researcher built two scales, one to measure the extent of social media use and consist of (28) paragraphs and the other to measure administrative responsibility and consisting of (32) paragraphs, after extracting the statistical characteristics of the standards and after applying the measures to the research sample, the results showed what The following: There are significant differences in the extent of using social media in favor of the sample mean. There are no significant differences in the extent of the use of social media according to the variable of specialization, as there are no significant differences in the extent of social media use between the public and governmental directorates of Riyadh, and the existence of significant differences in administrative responsibility and in favor of the average sample. There are no significant differences in administrative responsibility on According to the variable of specialization, as there are no significant differences in administrative responsibility between the directorates of Riyadh according to the type of kindergarten variable (government - and private), and there is a weak and insignificant link between the research variables.

In light of the findings of the research, the two researchers recommend the following:
1. Take advantage of the measures prepared in the current research by specialists
2. The necessity to emphasize the continuous guidance through seminars by consolidating the beliefs of Riyadh managers and their belief in their capabilities and capabilities and the efforts they can exert that qualify them to achieve advanced successes.
3. Investing in owning kindergarten managers' administrative responsibility in order to improve methods of dealing with children and with the problems facing Riyadh, and to achieve a balanced deal with its enormous pressures.

In light of the findings of the research, the two researchers suggest the following:
1- Conducting a similar study on other samples (teachers, university professors, employees, university students ... etc).
2- Study the extent of social media use and link it to other variables such as (social intelligence, academic achievement, level of ambition, self-disclosure ... etc).
3- Study administrative responsibility and link it to other variables such as (psychological stress, psychosomatic diseases, self-awareness ... etc.).

Abstract:
The objective of the research was to know the organizational trust of government and private kindergarten teachers. The two researchers used the related descriptive method as the research method. The research sample was a simple random sample composed of (150) teachers from the government kindergarten, and (150) teachers from the private kindergarten. Regarding the research tool, the two researchers have constructed the organizational trust scale, which consists of three dimensions (trust in co-workers, trust in work management and trust in supervisors). The two researchers have also verified the validity and authenticity by means of the appropriate statistical methods. After applying the organizational trust scale to the members of the sample, the data were analyzed and statistically processed using the statistical program (SPSS). Among the research results: Both governmental and private kindergarten teachers enjoy high Organizational Trust،Government kindergarten teachers have had an increase in organizational confidence compared to private kindergarten teachers.

Abstract:
The current research aims at (1) Degree of learning motivation among preparatory school students. (2) Degree of school climate among preparatory school students. (3)The relationship between the motivation to learn and the school climate among preparatory school students. (4)identifying the differences in the motivation of preparatory school students to learn according to the variable of gender (male/female) and the variable of specialization / branch (scientific and literary. (5) Identifying the differences in school climate for preparatory school students according to the variable of gender (male/female) and the variable of specialization / branch (scientific and literary), and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared the scale (motivation to learn) and the scale (school climate), and after extracting the psychometric characteristics of the two scales from (truth and consistency And the discriminatory power) were applied to the basic research sample that was randomly selected from preparatory school students / Kirkuk City Center / General Directorate of Kirkuk Education, as the number reached (300) students distributed among (11) preparatory schools, and statistical means were used (Chi-square, the T-test for two independent samples, the T-test for one sample, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, the T-test to calculate the statistical significance of the correlation coefficient). The research has reached the following results: The research sample individuals have a high level of motivation to learn and have the school climate. There is a positive correlation between the motivation to learn and schools climate among preparatory school students. There are no statistically significant differences in the level of motivation to learn according to the gender variable (males and females). There are statistically significant differences in the level of motivation to learn according to the variable of specialization / branch (scientific and literary) in favor of the scientific branch. There are no statistically significant differences in the level of school climate according to the gender variable (males and females). There are no statistically significant differences in the level of the school climate according to the variable of specialization / branch (scientific and literary). In the light of the research results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The years preceding the child's enrollment in school are a crucial stage in a child's life, as his basic skills are developed at an early age, he can improve his ability to learn, and develop his cognitive and human awareness in the various stages of his life, the current research aims to know:
- Level of social facilitation among kindergarten children.
- Statistically significant differences, the level of social facilitation according to the gender variable (males, females).
The size of the research sample was (400) of government children in Riyadh in Baghdad Governorate B (Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa) for the academic year (2019-2020). They were chosen randomly. The scale consists of (20) items and alternatives that are (they always apply to it, sometimes they apply to it, but not applicable to it) and weights are (1,2,3) and the scale has good validity and reliability, and appropriate statistical means were used to show the research results. Search results from the following:
1- Children enjoy a high level of social facilitation.
2- There are statistically significant differences in social facilitation in favor of females.
Based on the results of the research, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract
Childhood is the focus of self-development, as praising the child, paying attention to his opinions, listening to him, allowing him to express himself, and building positive relationships with others that help to express himself positively or negatively, this will help us build a healthy personality, the goal of the research is to identify:
- The level of self-awareness among kindergarten children.
- Statistically significant differences in the level of self-awareness according to the stage variable (kindergarten, introductory)..
The sample size of the study was (200) male and female children from the governmental Riyadh in the city of Baghdad with its two sides (Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa), and they were chosen randomly.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a self-awareness scale that included (15) pictorial positions, whose psychometric properties were verified, and after analyzing the data, the results showed: that the level of self-awareness among kindergarten children was high, and there were no statistically significant differences in the level of self-awareness of Kindergarten children according to the stage (kindergarten - introductory), and the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals

Abstract
Childhood is the main pillar in a person`s life, in which his personality is formed and his future trends , tendencies and values are determined, in order to achieve the objectives of research it was necessary to build research criteria (lying) and the researcher extracted the validity and reliability coefficients for scale and the scale consisted of three alternatives, the research sample consisted of (200) kindergarten children , the results showed that kindergarten children lie imaginary , proud and traditional lies from time to time

Abstract
The current research aims at the following:
1- ldentifying the life styles (taking -Cooperative - control- avoidance) among (sixth grade student
2- ldentify if there are statically significant differencas at the level of the lifestyle (taking-controlling- cooperative- avoiding)According to the gender variable (male- female(
3- ldentfying if there are statistically significant differences at the level of the lifestyle (taking-Cooperative control-avoiding) according to the students birth sequen ce variable (first –second- third and more).
The sample of the research in cluded (412) male and female students from the sixth grade of primary school ,which were tested in a random , forgotten manner from the districts (Al-karkh and Al-Rusafa ) the results are:
1- That sixth grade students enjoy a cooperative method
2- The presence of statistically significant differences at the gender variable (male- female) in the taking method and the dominant method in favor of (males), and in the cooperative method .The avoided for the(females)
3- There are no statically significant differences according to the variable of the students birth sequence in the approach taken
4- The presence of statistically significant differences according to the birth sequence variable in the first – third and more dominant method in favor of the third and more
5- The presence of statistically signiflcant differenes according to the birth sequence variable in the cooperative method between (the first – The third or more in favor of the third or more.
6- The presence of statistically significant differences according to the birth sequence variable in the avoided method between (first – second ) in favor of the second ,and between the first three and more in favor of the third and more The researchers reached a number of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract:
Taking on the social responsibility emerges throughout the individual's accomplishing of her/his duties and obligations towards her/his society which also means the individual's fulfillment of actions of public benefits and that in return has a positive indication for the individual's positive valuable achievement. The current research aims for measuring the concept of taking on the social responsibility among instructors of a university according to the (kind of variable). In this respect, the research sample of the current research includes taking two samples from the first research community for building the measurements and it consists of (400) female and male instructors, while the second research community formulates the fundamental sample for application and it is also about (400) female and male instructors. Therefore, the male instructors are (200) instructors and the females ones are (200) instructors as well. It is significant to mention that the research sample has been chosen randomly for both sex. According to the meant objectives of the current research, the researcher reaches to a number of conclusions and the most important ones are:
1- According to a comparison made between the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical mean, the individuals of the research sample have the concept of social responsibility among the instructors of Al-Anbar's University and Tikrit University precisely at (0,05) of the indication level.
2- There are differences of a statistical significance within the measurement of taking on social responsibility according to the (male/female) variable and it goes to the advantage of the male instructors at (0,05) of the indication level. Additionally, the researcher reaches to a number of recommendations, suggestions and conclusions.

Abstract
The decision-making process and the creative personality are among the important variables that must be studied scientifically in order to get to know the relationship of these two variables to an important segment of society who are students of the Biomedical Informatics College, knowing that it is a new college for the year 2019-2020
The researchers sought the problem of the research from the difficulty of selecting first-graders for the department in which they accepted, knowing that they are graduates of the preparatory in the biology and applied branches, The current research aimed to:-
1- Measuring decision-making for students of the College of Biomedical Informatics in its two departments (intelligent Medical Systems - Bioinformatics).
2- Measuring the creative personality of the students of the College of Biomedical Informatics in its two departments (intelligent Medical Systems - Bioinformatics).
3- Finding the correlation between decision-making and the creative personality of students of the College of Biomedical Informatics.
Include the society of 60 students from the Faculty of Biomedical Informatics The research sample consisted of (40) male and female students randomly chosen by (20) from the Department of intelligent Medical Systems (10) from males and (10) from females, as well as (20) from the Department of Bioinformatics and at the rate of (10) males and (10) Furniture, and the two measures were applied, the decision-making measure for Al-Moussa (2010) and the measure of the creative personality of Al-Khafaji (2015) on the research sample. It has creative characteristics, and the results also found a correlation between decision-making R and the creative personality, the researchers developed a set of recommendations and proposals according to the results.

Abstract:
The aim of the current research is to identify: -
a. The level of the role struggle of primary school teachers in Tikrit.
b. The level of self-assertion among primary school teachers in Tikrit.
In order to achieve the goals of the current research, building two measures is the first, the role conflict scale, consisting of its final form of (33) paragraphs, and the second, the self-affirmation scale, consisting of (24) paragraphs, the research sample consisted of (100) teachers, and the sample was randomly chosen from primary school teachers in Tikrit city, After analyzing and statistically processing the data, the following results were shown:
In light of the current research results, we can conclude the following: -
- The indicators indicating the role struggle of primary school teachers in Tikrit were weak.
- Primary school teachers in Tikrit have a good level of self-assurance.
- The existence of a positive correlation between the role struggle and self-affirmation among primary school teachers in Tikrit.
- There is a statistically significant difference between primary school teachers in the conflict of homes and in favor of females.
- There is a statistically significant difference between primary school teachers in self-affirmation and in favor of males.
To complement the results of the current research, the researcher came up with many recommendations and proposals

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify (the effect of a training program according to the theory of Nelson and Narrence of attention in the cognitive representation of biology teachers), and for the purpose of the research goal the following zero hypothesis was formulated:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of biology teachers for the experimental group who will undergo training in the training program prepared according to the theory of Nelson and Narrens attention, and the average scores of biology teachers for the control group who were not subjected to training in the training program in representation Cognitive, the researcher adopted experimental design with partial control of the experimental and control groups. With the (dimensional) scale of cognitive representation of teachers, as the experimental group was subject to the prepared program, while the control group did not submit to it, the sample was randomly chosen in the General Directorate for Qadisiyah Education, the research sample for teachers consisted of (32) teachers and schools distributed equally to the two groups, As it reached (16) teachers and schools for each group, the experimental group that underwent the training program was represented, while the control group was not subject to the training program in light of defining a summary of the content of the training program for the academic year 2019-2020, and they were rewarded in the following variables (gender, educational qualification, number of Training courses. Previous, number of years of service), and the training program was built according to three phases (inputs, processes, outputs). As for a tool, the cognitive representation scale was built in its final form of (30) paragraphs with five alternatives, and its apparent sincerity, construction sincerity, discriminatory strength and factor The difficulty and the stability of the scale were extracted, as well as according to the Alpha Cronbach equation and reached (0,83). The training program was applied to the experimental group, and he observed the presence of statistically significant difference at the level (0,05) in favor of the experimental group that was trained according to the theory of Nelson and Narns to pay attention to Control group who were not subject to the program Training.

Abstract:
The current conditions experienced by Iraqi society in general are exceptional conditions, which resulted in a lot of moral, psychological and social problems that affected in one way or another all components of the same people, and these difficult circumstances led to a clear problem, it is weakness of taking care relationships and lack of mothers caring for their children. The researcher felt through its interaction with the society individuals with the necessity of the existence of taking care relationships and responding to the needs of children, in order to establish an ethical human society that contributes to the rebuilding of the Iraqi individual morally and psychologically and socially, therefore the current research seeks the necessity of initiative by presenting the provision of theoretical diligence based on objective field procedures, stems from privacy of taking care relationships in an attempt to answer the following question: What is the level of taking care relationships among the mothers of kindergarten children? Based on the importance of the subject of the research, and the importance of the research sample and its variables, the researcher set objectives for the research, and it included:
1- The taking care relationships among the kindergarten mothers.
2- The significance of the differences in the levels of the taking care relationships among the individuals of the sample according to the child's gender variable (males - females).
3- The significance of the differences in the levels of the relationships among the individuals of the sample according to the job variable (worker- not worker).
4- The significance of the differences in the levels of the relationships among the individuals of the sample according to the variable of the child's birth order.
The researcher has adopted the relational descriptive approach in completing her research, and the research sample included (400) mothers of kindergarten children, who were randomly chosen class, in order to achieve the goals of the research, it was necessary to have a tool through which to collect data and information related to the research. The researcher has built a measure of (taking care relationships), and to extract the apparent honesty, the researcher has presented the items of the measure in its preliminary form, to a number of arbitrators and their number reached (24) arbitrators. The measure of the taking care relationships, in its final form, has become (33) items and alternatives (they always apply to me, they often apply to me, they sometimes apply to me, it does not apply to me , it does not apply to me at all) with degrees (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), and the researcher used the T-test to extract the discriminatory strength of the measure items and analysis of variance to extract the differences among the study variables. The stability coefficient by re-test method was (0,86) by the fakronbach method (0.92). After applying the measure to the sample individuals of (400) mothers from a kindergarten children mothers, the results were calculated and were:
1- There is a high level of taking care relationships among kindergarten children mothers.
2- There are no differences in the taking care relationships according to the child's gender variable.
3- The results showed that the mother’s work outside the home affects her taking care relationship with children.

Abstract:
The research aims to:
1- Measuring visual thinking for kindergarten children.
2- Identify the differences in the visual thinking of kindergarten children according to the gender variable (male - female).
3- Identify the differences in visual thinking for kindergarten children according to the age variable (4-5) years and (5-6) years
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the visual thinking test for kindergarten children prepared by her, after preparing the paragraphs in their initial form with colored pictures for each paragraph and verifying its psychometric properties of validity and consistency by applying it to the building sample of (400) children and then applying it to a sample Reached (150) children and girls from the governmental Riyadh children in the city of Baghdad in its two sides (Karkh and Rusafa), and by using the T-test for one sample and the T-test for two independent samples, the following results were revealed:
1- Kindergarten children have visual thinking.
2- There were no statistically significant differences in visual thinking between males and females.
3- There is a statistically significant difference in visual thinking between children aged (4-5) years and children (5-6) years old, in favor of older children.

Abstract
Interest in childhood period indicate how far the society is progress in pre school stage ,the progress is determined through detect and work on for their talent which will be the pinpoint of the rest of their life. The well preparation for the children make them more harmony and fast development with society. The high developed societies measured by what they have of human wealth ,these societies work hard on human in childhood and interest in their problems and solve them, one of theses problems is linguistic delay.
The current research aims to identify:
1- level of the language development of pupils enrolled in kindergarten.
2- significance of the differences in the language development of pupils enrolled in kindergarten according to the gender variable (male-female).
3- level of the language development of pupils not enrolled in kindergarten.
4- significance of the differences in the language development of pupils who are not enrolled in kindergarten according to the gender variable (male-female).
5- significance of differences in language development among pupils enrolled and not enrolled in kindergarten.
The research sample included (40) male and female pupils enrolled and non-enrolled in kindergartens in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2019-2020).
the researcher adopted a measure of the language development of the researcher (Al-Talaqani 2011). The face validity was extracted by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in education and psychology. As for reliability, it was determined in two ways: the method of reapplying the scale and the method of Cronbach's Alpha and after applying the scale and using the T-test for one sample and two independent samples: The researcher reached the following results: -
1- There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the enrolled pupils and the hypothetical mean of the scale and this difference in favor of the mean of the enrolled pupils and this means that the pupils enrolled in kindergarten have a good level of language development.
2- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of male scores and the mean of female scores on the language development scale and this difference is in favor of the mean of female scores.
3- There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of pupils not enrolled in kindergarten and the hypothetical mean of the scale and this difference in favor of the mean scores of pupils enrolled, meaning that this difference indicates that the enrolled pupils are distinguished by language development as well.
The researcher can attribute the reason for this to the role that the school plays in enriching the linguistic aspect of pupils not enrolled in kindergarten, as well as the experiences provided to them in this educational institution.
4- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of male scores and the mean of female scores on the linguistic growth scale and this difference is in favor of the mean of female scores.
5- There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of pupils enrolled and not enrolled in kindergarten, and this difference is in favor of the mean scores for pupils enrolled in kindergarten.
In light of the results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals : -
1- Increasing interest in the linguistic aspect of pupils enrolled and not enrolled in kindergarten.
2- Supporting kindergarten curricula with more expertise that would further develop the linguistic aspect of children.
In light of the recommendations , the researcher suggested some suggestions: -
1- Conducting a study to know the relationship between language development and personal intelligence.
2- Conducting an evolutionary study in the language development of children of ages (3,4,5,6).

Abstract :
Observers of psychological and social affairs, internationally, Arab and local, agree that what the Iraqi society was subjected to during and after the events of April 2003 surpasses every imagination. Millions of victims of the war and its aftermath have gone because of terrorism that left no side of the country except for its citizens, properties, and its social and ideological fabric, and perhaps the wave of displacement and displacement due to the events. Sectarianism is the largest since the Second World War, and the horrific scenes of murder and displacement that the people have witnessed made thousands of them live from the effects of shock, so the researcher, from a national responsibility and specialization, embarked on this research as a modest first step to approach this important problem beginning with a major question: Whether it is There is a relationship of forced displacement with the psychological traumatic symptoms of university students or not? And what is the nature of that relationship, if any? A deliberate sample was chosen, of course, amounting to (100) male and female students who were subjected to forced displacement, and a research tool was constructed, represented by the Forced Displacement Scale (23), and it extracted for it the truthfulness in its two types, both apparent and constructive, and discrimination, as well as the relation of the paragraph to the scale, and consistency in two types. Audition and Alpha Cronbach. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is statistical significance at the level (0.05) and the degree of freedom (99), that the level of psychological symptoms in the research sample is high compared to the hypothetical criterion representing the general population, and the results indicated that females are more affected by displacement and suffering in terms of the level of Traumatic psychological symptoms of males with a degree of freedom (99) and a level of significance (0,05), and the advanced results are in agreement with most psychological studies in this field

Abstract:
The importance of the study of Hope comes as a concept related to optimism and problem-solving for people and its impact on their lives and their future. The practical importance of research is confirmed by building a mentoring program that adopts realistic guidance, which is one of the important instructional methods that focus on the mental and educational aspect. The research aims to know the effect of realistic counseling on developing hope among the members of the research sample in light of crises. The results of the research were consistent with its specific objectives. The researcher recommended recommendations to the concerned authorities and made some proposals to researchers.

Abstract :
Personality is characterized by honesty, gratitude, others acceptance, patience, emotional control, treating others in a flexible and balanced way, hard working, thinking positively and discarding negatives, participating with the others in accomplishing good deeds, and interacting with others in a quite dedicative and generous way.
This study aims for:
1. Recognizing positive personality among university professors.
2. Recognizing the statistical significant differences of positive personality among university professors according to gender variable (males-females).
To achieve these aims, the researcher built a scale of positive personality depending on Chlifton’s theory and its definition of positive personality. Also, the researcher has verified the psychometric properties of the scale which is extracted by two means: the virtual validity and the construct one. Additionally, the researcher found the stability by two means: re-test means where the stability coefficient was (0.82), and alphachronbach where the stability coefficient was (0.84). The final forma of the scale consists of (26) valid items for measuring the positive personality. The scale is applied on the data of the study which consists of (400) male and female professors of Tikret, Anbar and Mosal universities for the academic year 2020-2021 whom chosen randomly. After processing the data of study statistically by applying (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, the re-test for one sample, Pearson correlation coefficient and the re-test for two independent samples), the researchers reached to following results:
1. Individuals who represent the sample of the study are characterized by high level of positive personality
2. There are on statistical significant differences with positive personality among university professors according to gender variable (males- females).
The study reaches to a number of suggestions and recommendations.

Abstract :
Many of those infected with Coronavirus in our society and other societies suffer from psychological symptoms associated with the virus. Even after the epidemic subsides, some will feel symptoms of mental disorders. The current research aims to know.
1- Transformational hysteria disorder among respondents.
2- Obsessive-compulsive disorder among the subjects of the research sample.
3- Depressive disorder among the subjects of the research sample.

The current research is identifying individuals infected with the emerging corona virus (covid-19). In the city of Khanaqin for the year (2020). The sample reached (100) individuals
The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory was adopted. Upon analyzing the data, it was found that the research sample does not suffer from symptoms of transformational hysteria, but suffers from symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. In light of the results, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals