Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Introduction:
Praise be to Allah who sent down to His servant to be a bearer of good tidings and a warner to the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, whom Allah made a guide and a guide and a shining lamp. Allah Almighty sent the prophets as guides and directors for people, and honored them with revelation to guide humanity. Among the characteristics of the prophets is their patience in obeying Allah Almighty, in addition to the harm and affliction in His Almighty saying: (And Ishmael and Idris and Dhu al-Kifl, all were among the patient) The prophets, with beautiful patience, surrender to Allah's command and will, as they are a comprehensive source of goodness in both worlds. This study came under the title: (The Patient Prophets in the Holy Quran, an Objective Study) and its effects on the believer were evident, especially in his life and society.After studying it carefully, and according to the nature of the subject, the research was divided into four sections and a conclusion:The first requirement came: The meaning of prophecy and the prophet linguistically and legally, the second requirement: The meaning of the messenger linguistically and legally, and the third requirement: The meaning of patience linguistically and legally.The first section consisted of: The first requirement: Definition of the patient prophets, and the second requirement: A brief summary. The second section: The first requirement: The virtue of patience in the Holy Quran, the second requirement: Lessons learned from the patience of the prophets. The third section: The first requirement: Educational evidence learned from the patience of the prophets, the second requirement: The wisdom of the patience of the believers following the example of the prophets. The fourth section: Selected models of interpretation of the verses for some patient prophets

Summary
One of the blessings that God Almighty has bestowed upon us is the Holy Quran. It is an incumbent duty for students to engage in it. One of the topics that requires study is the extra letter in the Holy Quran.The issue of terminology is one of the most important issues that must be highlighted before embarking on the intended meaning. This is the subject of the first section of the first research. Similarly, the meaning of interpretation and its various types, as well as the meaning of the letter, are the subject of the second section. It is no secret that clarifying the types of letters in terms of originality and addition is essential in this study. This is the subject of the third section.One of the issues that has preoccupied students is the use of the extra letter in the Holy Quran: is it permissible or not? This is the subject of the first section of the second research. In this research, we have addressed three letters: To be applied in conjunction with theorizing, these letters are: min, ba, and kaf. It is important to clarify the meanings they contain in the Holy Quran, which is the subject of the second section. Then, the translation, analysis, and interpretation of verses from the Wise Remembrance are the subject of the complete research, and therefore we have devoted the third section to it. We conclude with a conclusion that includes the most important findings of this study

Abstract
This research examines "Oaths, Their Expiations, and Their Impact on Societies in Sahih al-Bukhari: An Analytical Study," using the hadiths contained in Sahih al-Bukhari, one of the most important books of Prophetic hadith. The book contains numerous hadiths related to oaths and their expiations, and how they impact the lives of individuals and society. Oaths in Islam are considered legal punishments that Muslims must be careful not to commit. However, if they do occur, Islamic law has prescribed a specific expiation to purify the person from their sin

Abstract:
The issues of indwelling (ḥulūl), union (ittiḥād), and the unity of being (waḥdat al-wujūd) are among the interrelated topics within Kalām (Islamic theological) studies. This research isolates the discussion of these topics due to the seriousness and problematic nature of their implications concerning the Divine Essence. The study clarifies that the term "Unity of Being," as used by its proponents, is sometimes synonymous with general union—the belief that true existence is singular, being the existence of God, while everything else, including all created beings, are merely manifestations or theophanies of this One Existence.The research emphasizes that the concepts of indwelling, union, and unity of being are sensitive theological matters over which scholars' views have differed. Our study presents these various perspectives, elucidating the precise theological stance, which is a rejection of such doctrines and their outcomes, due to the confusion they introduce into the Islamic conceptualization of the Necessary Existent (Wājib al-Wujūd

Abstract
Studying the biography of the Prophet in Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur is of great importance from several aspects, manifested in linguistic, literary, cultural, and religious dimensions. The biography of the Prophet in Lisan al-Arab is one of the most important sources that shed light on the life of the Prophet and his fragrant biography, as its importance and understanding come in the context of Arabic literature and language; because the dictionary Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur is one of the largest and most comprehensive dictionaries of the Arabic language, presenting a huge linguistic wealth related to the biography of the Prophet and its history.

Research Summar
Jews lived during the Islamic Caliphate, enjoying security and freedom in Andalusia. In order to shed light on their lives during that period, their conditions and customs, and Islam's stance toward them, I decided to highlight a segment of the Jews living in the city of Al-Yasana. The title of this research is: "Jewish Families in Andalusia - The Jews of Al-Yasana as a Model."The research included, after the introduction, four sections. The first section included a definition of the city of Al-Yasana, the second section dealt with the relationship between Muslims and the Jews of Al-Yasana, the third section dealt with the economic life of the Jews in Al-Yasana, and the fourth section dealt with the social and cultural life of the Jews in Al-Yasana. Then, the conclusion of the research included the most important results and proposals.

The Holy Qur’an has amazed and puzzled minds with the miracles it contains. Verbal similarities represent one of the aspects of the Quranic miracle. Because it contains rhetorical secrets and rhetorical jokes, which prompted his scholars to highlight its eloquence in every place, and to clarify the reasons for disagreement in it, so the writings on it expanded

Abstract
The importance of this research lies in shedding light on the prominent role of educational values derived from the Holy Quran in enhancing the relationship between teachers and students, which positively impacts the educational environment and the overall quality of the educational process. The Holy Quran is considered an important reference for shaping moral values that contribute to building human relationships based on respect and understanding within educational institutions. The research problem centers on identifying how Quranic values such as mercy, justice, patience, and kindness influence the improvement of the teacher-student relationship. The research raises questions about how these values can be applied in contemporary educational environments and their contribution to creating a cooperative and understanding-based educational atmosphere, free from conflict or distance between teachers and students.The research aims to:
1. Analyze Quranic educational values and how they are derived from the Holy Quran.
2. Study the impact of these values on the teacher-student relationship by enhancing respect, trust, and positive interaction.
3. Provide practical recommendations on how to apply Quranic values in educational curricula to improve the educational environment.The research relies on the descriptive analytical method, and the study recommends the necessity of incorporating the educational values derived from the Holy Quran into educational curricula, along with training teachers on applying these values in their interactions with students, which will enhance the quality of education and contribute to improving relationships within the educational environment

Abstract
This study aims to explore the jurisprudence of leases in residential and commercial real estate from a foundational and applied perspective, with a focus on the context of Iraq. The research discusses the jurisprudential foundations of leasing, including its definition, pillars, and rulings. It also analyzes the contemporary realities of leasing in Iraq and the associated challenges, offering Sharia-compliant and legal solutions for disputes.
The study begins with a definition of leasing and its essential components in Islamic jurisprudence, discussing the rulings pertaining to residential and commercial leases. Additionally, it examines the reality of residential leases in Iraq, highlighting the lack of a structured legal framework and the rising rental prices, which burden families. The study also addresses commercial leases, emphasizing their role in supporting the economy while noting the impact of weak regulation, which hinders small businesses.
Proposed solutions for lease disputes include the importance of documentation, clarifying obligations in contracts, and enhancing the role of Sharia and legal bodies in dispute resolution. The research concludes that leasing is permissible under Islamic law when its conditions are met, but in Iraq, it faces challenges such as rising prices and poor regulation.
The study recommends enacting clear legislation, increasing legal awareness, and establishing committees to resolve disputes. It also advocates for regulating rental prices to ease the burden on families and support economic projects.

Study summary:
The research deals with the innovative attempt of Imam Ahmad Al-Sirhindi - one of the imams of the Naqshbandi order in the Indian subcontinent - to renew Sufism and purify it from some of the deviant ideas that have seeped into the scope of Sufism, such as the theory of unity of existence, by creating a method that combines the law with the truth, the apparent and the hidden. He tells us About the existing Sufi approachOn Sufi revelation with its various tools of visions, dreams, insight, imagination, and thoughts, and all of that is controlled by the Sharia, as it makes the final word for this upright Sharia represented by the Qur’an, the Sunnah, consensus, and the sayings of the predecessors.

Opening words: Narrations of incantations according to Al-Dahlawi.
The subject of this research (Narrations of Ruqyahs according to Al-Dahlawi: A Comparative Jurisprudential Study) is a collection of Al-Dahlawi’s narrations about Ruqyahs in his Tatar Khani fatwas. He narrated three separate narrations from him, and a comparative jurisprudential study of them, from the book (Ruqyahs), which was narrated by Imam Muhammad bin Sama’ah from Imam Muhammad bin Al-Hasan Al-Shaibani (may Allah have mercy on him). The importance of the title comes from the importance of the narrations. I divided the research into an introduction and two sections in which I discussed the vocabulary of the title and the narrations of the book of Ruqyahs.

Conclusion
Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon our Master Muhammad, his family, and all his companions.Manuscripts are part of the heritage of the Islamic library, as they contain valuable Islamic knowledge. Among the manuscripts I came across is a treatise on tranquility in standing after bowing and sitting between the two prostrations (by the scholar Muhammad ibn Hamza al-Aydini, who died after 1122 AH).It deals with the ruling on tranquility in prayer, mentioning the opinions of the owners of the schools of jurisprudence on it, and mentioning the disagreement between Abu Hanifa and his companions. So I began to verify this message, so I attributed the Qur’anic verses to their surahs, with the graduation of the Prophetic hadiths, and the translation of the notables mentioned in the manuscript, with the definition of the terms mentioned, and the discussion of some jurisprudential issues that need to be discussed, so that the light may be written for this blessed book, and it may enrich the Islamic library in the science of jurisprudence

Research Summary
The research aims to clarify the controversial issues in Ibn Al-Shajari’s criticisms, as I talked about the grammatical issues in the chapter on letters, which amounted to (five) issues. I was able to show that Ibn Al-Shajari was right in his objections to the grammarians in most cases, and that he relied on the Basran school in his objections, whether in terms of terminology or in terms of applying the principles of the Basran school of listening, analogy, and grammar. Although the two schools used the same principles and methods, each had its own understanding of them and its own distinct position on them. The Basrans were proud of their approach and criticized the Kufians for their laxity in taking and their expansion in listening. The goal of the disagreement was good, which is to seek the correctness in the structure despite the differences in listening and analogy. Ibn Al-Shajari was not one of the imitative grammarians who accepted everything he had reached from the grammatical heritage of the ancients, but rather he had an independent grammatical personality that appeared through his subjection of this heritage to criticism and scrutiny, and his objections to the grammarians are only evidence of that Research Summary

Abstract:
This study offers an analytical and applied examination of the statement “I do not know him” as used by Imam Yahya ibn Maʿin in Suʾālāt Ibn al-Junayd. The research identifies all narrators about whom Ibn Maʿin made this statement in that specific source, totaling sixteen narrators. Their cases are analyzed in light of the broader hadith criticism tradition, with comparison to other scholars’ evaluations and their status in biographical sources. The findings indicate that this phrase does not imply authentication or final judgment, but rather reflects Ibn Maʿin’s lack of familiarity with the narrator at the time. In several cases, he later revised his position. Most narrators marked with this phrase were ultimately found to be weak or unreliable, highlighting Ibn Maʿin’s precision and reluctance to pass judgment without full verification. The study emphasizes the importance of contextualizing such statements and integrating them with the broader critical discourse of hadith scholars

Abstract:
This research focuses on studying the differences and similarities between the concept of faith and the concept of Islam, and how each of them is interpreted in the Qur’an and Sunnah, especially in the Qur’anic texts and noble hadiths, according to Sheikh Abdul Qadir bin Malahwish Al-Ani (d. 1398 AH), as Sheikh Abdul Qadir bin Malahwish (may God have mercy on him) highlights how faith forms the internal foundation of Islam, as the two aspects are linked in building the believer’s personality

Abstract:
The Abbasid era is considered one of the most prosperous eras of Arabic literature, and its poets are considered among the bravest Arab poets; because of their adoptation the idea of revolution against the old poetic style. Thus, the poetic form was transformed from a mere sterile, stereotypical form that performed its function through those meters confined to the Khalilian poetic meters, into a beautiful lyrical form that delights the soul and delights the ear. Aliya bint al-Mahdi comes at the head of those who looked forward to renewal in the artistic form of poetry, and her poetry came based on the lyrical tendency, and she was helped in that by her singing it in the council of her brother al-Rashid. One of the types of renewal in her poetry is giving time and place their own special nature. This indicates Oliya’s investment in them to indicate the hidden aspects of her soul and the secrets of her mind.

Research summary
The word (after) has several connotations in the context of the sentence, but most of it is the opposite of the word (before), and most of it refer to aderbs of time, it may refer to aderbs of place . there are some prepositions and adverbs have come that correspond to the word (after) in meaning, and this research attempts to collect and study them

Abstract:
This study aimed to explain the phenomenon of fire tornadoes through the California fire tornado. It used both the descriptive and analytical methods. The study discussed the concept of tornadoes, their types, types of winds, the meaning of fire tornadoes in the Quran, and concluded with the findings, which are as follows:There are several types of tornadoes, including: tropical tornadoes, subtropical tornadoes, and extratropical tornadoes, as well as the "tornado" itself. There is a close connection between tornadoes and the outbreak of fires in vegetation covers and forests in their natural environments. A fire tornado, as described in the books of practical miracles, is often in the shape of a funnel hanging from cumulonimbus clouds to the surface of the Earth. It may exhibit a continuous electrical discharge in its walls, making it appear as if it is on fire. The speed of the tornado can reach up to 500 kilometers per hour, sweeping through everything in its path, including buildings, crops, and settlements, causing total destruction along its route

Abstract:
This research undertakes a meticulous examination of directive strategies within the framework of speech act theory, elucidating their manifestation through linguistic mechanisms that significantly contribute to the construction of effective communicative discourse, aligning with the classification of speech acts. The core value of this study resides in analyzing how these strategies shape discourse meanings and assessing their impact on the addressee, by exploring the contextual and discursive dimensions governing the communicative process

Summary
Fundamentalists are the scholars most concerned. with studyin The meanings of words and their connotations. Their care almost exceeds that of Linguists and rhetoricians. This research is based on understanding the texts of the Holy Quran and the sunnah of the Prophet. Based on extrapolating and studying Arabic methods and vocabulary. Arriving at rules and regulations. Leads to understanding the rulings. correct understanding of the legal texts. This study revealed that the Fundamentalists stopped short of Linguistic rules and approached" their studies white with scientific integrity in research and investigation. Free from Personal nature or fanaticism. Their study was aimed at serving the Quranic texts and deriving Legal rulings from them. Seeking the Pleasure." of God Almighty and adhering to His rule.

Abstract
In this study, I have endeavored to present the most important argumentative connections that the poet Nasih al-Din al-Arjani used, and to show how important the connections are to strengthen the poet’s speech so that he can reach his goal of influence and strength to convince the recipients of his arguments, since argumentation is a form of persuasion and gives great importance to the study of his style The rhetorical approach that the arguer follows for the purpose of influencing the counterpart, who is (the argumenter) and convincing him of the thesis he presents. According to the achievement of his desired goal, Al-Arjani employed various argumentative mechanisms, including: argumentative factors and links. However, the subject of our study is (argumentative links), which in turn link the internal structure of his poems, as well as It links several arguments, or between the arguments and their results, in order to direct the poet’s arguments towards a result supported by the recipient of his argument, since language is of great importance in its use of connections Accordingly, the language performs its function of persuading the recipient by linking the statements and coordinating them into a system that has a strong influence on others.The subject of our study is the argumentative connections used in Nasih al-Din al-Arjani’s poems

Abstract
The aim of the research was to identify:
1-Emotional clarity among university students.
2-Emotional clarity among university students according to the variables: gender (male - female) and specialization (Scientific - Humanities
3-Psychological prosperity among university students.
4-Psychological prosperity among university students according to the variables: gender (male - female) and specialization (Scientific - Literary
5 - The significance of the differences in the correlation between emotional clarity and psychological prosperity among university students according toVariables: gender (male - female) and specialization (scientific – humanities)
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher relied on the following:
The researcher adopted the( Gohm & Clore 2000) scale for emotional clarity, which consists of (20) items.The individual's emotional feelings are described, and the researcher also adopted the (EPOCH) scale for psychological prosperity.
(Butler Kern, 2016) consisting of 20 paragraphs distributed over five areas: integration, perseverance, optimism, communication, and happiness. The researcher applied the scale to a sample of 400 university students, 140 males and 260 females, for the academic year 2024-2025. The results were as follows: University students in general have an average level of emotional clarity and there are no differences.
For gender and specialty.
1-University students in general have a high level of psychological prosperity and there are no differences in terms of gender and specialization
2-The correlation between emotional clarity and psychological flourishing among university students is no different. Depending on the student’s gender and specialization.
3-The research concluded with a discussion of the results and the presentation of some recommendations and suggestions.

Summary
[Ibn Hamza Al-Maghribi, Baha' al-Din al Amili , Algebra , Geometry Logarithms ] The 16th century saw significant development in mathematics, with scholars like Ibn Hamza Al-Maghribi and Baha' al-Din al-‘Amili contributing to various mathematical fields. Ibn Hamza was known for his contributions to algebra and arithmetic, while Baha' al-Din focused on geometry and logarithms. These discoveries had a profound impact on the European Renaissance, as Latin translations of Arabic mathematical works transferred knowledge to Europe, contributing to the growth of scientific thought during that time.

Abstract:
Transportation is an important part of the city’s infrastructure , distributed in the form of networks of red buses that played a vital and important role in securing transportation for most of Mosul’s areas from it’s establishment in 1956 until 1986 . Those in charge made positive efforts to serve citizens through buses that benefited various segments of society , both poor and middle- income . It is managed with employees , accountants , and private garages for repair and bus accommodation . The residents call it the ( trust ) and among it’s distinguishing features are its services and the regularity of it’s timings . The drivers and the customs officers have special , distinctive uniforms .

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the effect of a guidance program based on reality therapy theory in developing positive attitudes among university students towards people with special needs, and it is determined by undergraduate students at Al-Mustansiriyah University for the year 2024-2025. To achieve the research objective, Seligman's learned helplessness theory was relied upon in constructing the scale and reality therapy theory in constructing the guidance program. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified, and the research results showed that the guidance program is successful, and the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and proposals

Summary
In this research, examples of weak issues as addressed byImam Ardabili in his book “Al-Anwar” are investigated and analyzed within the framework of a comparative jurisprudential study. The research aims to:
• Identifying weak issues: Reviewing the texts and evidence cited by Imam al-Ardabili, and identifying the points that he considered weak in terms of legal foundations and evidence.Comparison between schools of jurisprudence Comparison of the different jurisprudential views on these issues, highlighting the points of agreement and difference between the schools.• Analysis of the causes of weakness: Studying the reasons for the weakness of some issues in terms of legal texts and jurisprudential principles, and how this weakness affected the derivation of rulings.It is clear from the study that weak issues pose a challenge to the jurisprudential thinker, as they require reconsidering some traditional positions and updating them to suit the requirements of the era

Abstract:
This study examines the nature of the relationship between Sheikh Dhari al-Mahmoud and the Ottoman Empire. It demonstrates that it was a conscious relationship based on a clear political and religious stance, rather than one of absolute subservience or loyalty. Sheikh Dhari dealt with the Ottoman Empire based on his deeply held convictions, standing by it in the face of the British occupation, driven by his belief in Muslim unity and his rejection of the presence of enemies in the country.The study also demonstrates that his positions were not momentary or emotional, but rather stemmed from a comprehensive vision of the political reality at that time, expressed through his active participation in the battles against the occupation and through clear statements exposing British intentions. Accordingly, his relationship with the Ottoman Empire represented a strategic choice made based on his principles, not out of submission or narrow interests

Summary:
This research addresses the issue of the extent of the state’s commitment to the economic and social rights of citizens in the Iraqi constitution, as most contemporary countries refer in their constitutions to a list of rights and freedoms, including economic and social rights - including Iraq - to provide protection for them based on the principle of “the supremacy of the constitution. These constitutions vary in their formulation of economic and social rights, and in the mechanism for dealing with them according to the legal system followed in the country and the internal and international influences on it

Summary
The preamble of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) affirms that the ICC, established under the Rome Statute, shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions. The significance of the principle of complementarity is highlighted in the context of the ICC’s relationship with national judicial systems. This principle is one of the key foundations of international criminal justice in general and the ICC in particular. The study aims to examine the compatibility between national and international justice, considering the latter as a complement and counterpart to the former. The ICC exercises its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute cases.The study addresses the issue that many states regard national sovereignty as a highly significant matter and perceive the prosecution of their nationals by an external court, even an international one, as a sensitive issue and an infringement on their sovereignty. The study concludes with several key findings, the most important of which is that the principle of complementarity is one of the fundamental pillars of the Rome Statute, as it delineates the boundaries between national jurisdiction and the ICC’s jurisdiction. Moreover, the ICC does not recognize immunities granted to individuals, including heads of state, despite such immunities being provided under national laws.The study also presents several recommendations, the most notable of which are: urging non-signatory states to respect the fundamental principles upon which the ICC was established and encouraging them to join the court. Additionally, Arab states and governmental organizations should initiate legal proceedings against Israel for crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the ICC. This can only be achieved by submitting complaints to the United Nations Security Council or the ICC Prosecutor

Research Summary
While the precise meaning of the word \"law\" includes every rule, regardless of its source, the general meaning intended by the word \"law\" is: \"A set of abstract general rules of conduct regulating social relations between individuals and accompanied by a material penalty imposed by the public authority on those who violate them.\" However, the term \"law\" may not be applied in a general sense, but rather has a specific or narrow meaning. Legal rules are the product of human needs to organize and arrange life matters in order to preserve, protect, and maintain rights. The more organized a society is, the more the word of law prevails within it. A legal rule regulates the external behavior of individuals, on the one hand, and imposes applicable behavior, on the other hand, and is characterized by a social nature, on the third hand

Abstract
The general rule for resolving the problem of successive treaties and the resulting conflict between the obligations of states arising from two treaties, findid it in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, specifically in Article (30) of the Vienna Convention, Article (30) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties addressed the forms of successive treaties that we can divide into cases in which the parties are the same in both treaties, There are cases in which one or both treaties contain clauses that indicate their position on the subsequent or previous treaty, which is called the dispute clauses, and other treaties that do not include such clauses, and other cases in which the parties differ between addition and subtraction, This prompted us to study the cases of successive treaties in the case of the unity of the parties in both treaties, the case of the difference of the parties, and the case in which there are special clauses for the conflict, in addition to the penalty for breaching the treaty obligations contained in the same article, through analyzing the paragraphs of Article (30) related to the cases that our research is concerned with studying

Abstract:
The right to political participation is considered a relative basic right, as no country grants this right to all its citizens simply because they are citizens. Electoral legislation in many countries imposes restrictions on some groups of society, depriving them of the right to vote, which may be logical to avoid granting the right to vote to minors and the insane. Therefore, it was necessary for the legislator to intervene to clarify the concept of universal suffrage. Universal suffrage means granting all citizens, of both sexes, who have reached a certain age, the right to choose their representatives, without excluding any individual based on his education, loyalty, or economic status. However, the application of this universal suffrage depends on the position of legislators, as it may be subject to several conditions, including substantive conditions such as age, nationality, and eligibility, and other formal (procedural) conditions such as the requirement for registration in voter registers and the residency requirement.

Abstract
This research aims to examine the legal framework governing the activities of private military and security companies in the context of armed conflicts, while highlighting the legal gaps that allow these entities to circumvent the provisions of International Humanitarian Law. The study reviews the current legal status of these companies, the challenges related to their classification, and the legal relationships between states and private actors amid the absence of a binding international treaty. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research compares legal texts and international documents to identify legislative deficiencies and proposes mechanisms to enhance transparency and accountability. Through its recommendations, the study seeks to safeguard human rights and strengthen international regulatory frameworks to ensure full compliance with International Humanitarian Law.

Abstract
The aim of this research is to identify:
1. Problem-solving skills among female students of the College of Education for Women according to the variables of class and specialization.
2. The significance of statistical differences in problem-solving skills among female students of the College of Education for Women according to the variables of class and specialization.The sample of this research was limited to (60) female students from the College of Education for Women at Al-Iraqia University , in the specializations of (Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education, History, and English Language), in the (first and third) academic grades.The researcher adopted the scale (Ben Shabiba, 2018), consisting of (40) paragraphs, each paragraph has (4) multiple choices, from which the respondent chooses the alternative that he agrees with or applies to, verified for its reliability using the Cronbach\'s alpha method, as the reliability coefficient of the scale was (0.70), and verified for its face validity.By using the T-test for one sample, the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic means of each of the grades (first, third) and the theoretical average in the degree of problem-solving skills among female students, in favor of the arithmetic averages of each of the grades (first, third), in addition to the presence of a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic averages of each of the specializations (Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education, History, and English Language) and the theoretical average in the degree of problem-solving skills among female students, in favor of the arithmetic averages of each of the specializations (Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education, History, and English Language).Using the two-way analysis of variance, the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the problem-solving skills of female students according to the variables of the grades (first, third) and specialization (Quranic sciences and Islamic education, history, and English language). In light of this, the researcher made recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The theory of error analysis in the book Taqwim al-Lisanayn
Writer: Muhammad Taqi al-Din al-Hilali
The most important thing that distinguishes our Arabic language is its superiority over other world languages as the language of the Holy Quran, and that memorizing the Quran was one of the most important reasons for preserving the Arabic language, which God Almighty has guaranteed to preserve.It is necessary to state the importance of our Arabic language, and the status it enjoys among its children and speakers, as it is like the key to which we resort to the world of thought and civilization, as the importance of our Semitic language is what made us delve into it in order to know its beautiful secretsIn this research, I have sought to identify errors, classify them, and state their correctness, and whether these errors have an origin in the Arabic language or not, as well as whether there are Arabic sources that have addressed these errors, and to compare the errors mentioned in the book (Taqwim al-Lisanayn) with other Arabic sources.One of the most important reasons that prompted me to choose this topic is to show a number of benefits, the most important of which are:Caring for the language of Dad and preserving its beauty from corruption. As well as correcting common mistakes among Arabic speakers and avoiding them. Preferring Arabic words, which are a vast sea, over foreign languages. How to improve the use of the Arabic language and presenting the correct ways to use it.I was able to find some linguistic errors that were mentioned in the book (Taqwim Al-Lisanayn) by identifying the error, and then classifying it as (grammatical, morphological, morphological, semantic, or spelling) and mentioning the reasons that led speakers to make this error.In writing the research, I relied on sources and references for Arabic language books, grammar and morphology, linguistic dictionaries, books of the texts of the Prophetic Hadith and their explanations, and books of biographies available in university and Islamic libraries.According to the requirements of the study, this research was divided into two sections:The first of them was divided into two requirements: The first of them included: The life of the writer Muhammad Taqi al-Din al-Hilali.The second was divided into two paragraphs: the first of which is: a statement of some concepts and terms, and the second is entitled: an inventory of linguistic errorsAs for the second topic, it was also divided into two requirements: the first included: a statement and analysis of linguistic errors. The second requirement was entitled: a statement and analysis of some other errors.I concluded the study with a conclusion of the results I reached, the most important of which are:The Arabic language is a Semitic language and a vast sea of countless words, and it is bound to be exposed to a lot of distortion and misprinting carried out by the ignorant of this language. The linguistic errors in the Arabic language are many, and one of the reasons for their occurrence is the entry of some foreign expressions into our language, which affected it and mixed with it. The author of the book (Taqwim Al-Lisanayn) mentioned a group of errors that I addressed in this research by analyzing these errors and identifying them, whether this error is morphological, syntactic, phonetic, semantic, or spelling. In this research, I have shown the common errors in the use of some words, and explained the original meaning of the word used that must be pronounced. I have mentioned the statements of Arabic scholars on common linguistic errors, which were in agreement with what was mentioned by the author of the book (Taqwim Al-Lisanayn(.

Abstract
Zayd bin Ali led a revolution in Kufa against the Umayyad rule led by Caliph Hisham bin Abdul Malik. The people of Kufa were suffering from the injustice of the Umayyads, which prompted them to search for a leader to lead them towards justice. The people of Kufa learned of the existence of Zayd bin Ali, so they pledged allegiance to him to wage jihad against injustice, and he responded to their calls

Abstract:
Ottoman Policy Towards Tribes in Asir Province In ancient times, tribes played an important role in the lives of Arab societies. Asir Province in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was home to a number of Arab tribes that enjoyed significant influence and power in the region. Ottoman policy played a significant role in dealing with these tribes and regulating their affairs in Asir Province. History of Tribes in Asir Province: Before the Ottoman Empire ruled the region, the tribes enjoyed self-rule and managed their internal affairs independently. There were constant conflicts between tribes for influence and control over natural resources and land. When the Ottoman Empire took control of Asir Province, it began implementing a wise policy towards the tribes with the aim of calming conflicts and regulating internal affairs in the region. The Ottoman Empire took several measures to achieve this goal. First, the division of the tribes. The Ottoman Empire divided the tribes into small sections under the supervision of an appointed governor. This division played a significant role in reducing conflicts and facilitating oversight of the tribes. Second, the appointment of sheikhs. The Ottoman Empire played a role in appointing sheikhs to manage tribal affairs and assist the Ottoman government in enforcing law and order. Third, the appointment of sheikhs. Providing Economic Aid: The Ottoman Empire provided economic aid to the tribes with the aim of improving their living conditions and reducing tensions between them and the government. Fourth: Imposing Taxes: The Ottoman Empire imposed taxes on the tribes to achieve economic stability in the region and provide resources for infrastructure development. Ottoman policies had a significant impact on the tribes in the Asir province. The Ottoman Empire was able to calm conflicts and achieve stability in the region, increasing the power of the central government at the expense of the tribes.

Abstract:
The intelligence service was designed to be under the control of senior Communist Party officials. It was divided into approximately 20 directorates, the most important of which were responsible for foreign intelligence, domestic counterintelligence, technical intelligence, protection of the political leadership, and border security. In the late 1960s, an additional directorate was created to monitor suspected dissidents in the churches and intellectuals. Over the next twenty years, the KGB became active in persecuting enemies, harassing, arresting, and sometimes exiling human rights defenders, Christian and Jewish activists, and intellectuals deemed disloyal to the regime. The KGB was described as the sword and shield of the Bolshevik Revolution and the Communist Party. The new security service was designed to be under the control of senior Communist Party officials. It was divided into approximately 20 directorates, the most important of which were those responsible for foreign intelligence, domestic counterintelligence, technical intelligence, protection of the political leadership, and the security of the country\'s borders. The KGB gradually expanded its foreign intelligence operations to become the largest foreign intelligence service in the world. As the Cold War with the United States intensified, the KGB came to be seen as a counterpart to the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Soviet intelligence achieved great successes in its early stages, as the agency was able to exploit the state of security laxity and peace and reassurance experienced by Western countries such as the United States and Britain, in planting spies within the government agencies of those countries, and even within their security agencies as well. The agency played a major role in preserving the Soviet Union as a one-party state during the Cold War, by opposing and preventing political ideas that were opposed to or different from the ideology of the Communist Party, or what was called at the time (destructive ideologies). It was also able to leak advanced technology from the Western world to the Soviet Union through the huge network of agents it possessed.

Abstract:
This study explores the evolution of the social contract theory from classical philosophy to modern political thought by analyzing the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Rawls regarding political legitimacy and the role of the state in ensuring justice and stability.The research examines Hobbes\\' concept of the social contract, which views the state of nature as chaotIc and violent, necessitating an absolute authority to maintain order. In contrast, Locke proposed a more liberal perspective, arguing that the social contract should protect natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and that people have the right to revolt agaInst a government that violates these rights. Rousseau emphasized that legitimacy comes from the general will, advocating for direct democracy as a means to achieve social justice. In modern thought, Rawls redefined the social contract as a framework for achieving justice as fairness, based on the principles of liberty and equal opportunities.The study also discusses the Impact of these theories on modern political systems. Hobbes\\' Ideas influenced authoritarian regimes, while Locke\\'s philosophy laid the foundation for liberal democracies. Rousseau’s concepts Inspired revolutionary and republican movements, whereas Rawls’ principles contributed to social justice policies in welfare states.The research concludes that the social contract theory remains highly relevant in contemporary political thought, forming the basis for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law, with the necessity of adapting it to meet the challenges of the modern world.

Abstract
This study focuses on the geopolitical impact of China’s growing economic power and its impact on global dynamics. It also focuses on exploring China’s economic reforms, industrial growth, and international trade policies. The study highlights the Belt and Road Initiative as a key tool for China’s global expansion. It also discusses challenges such as debt, demographic shifts, and trade conflicts. The study assesses China’s role in reshaping international relations and the balance of power. Finally, it provides insights into the future trajectory of China’s economic and geopolitical influence.

Abstract
This research examines the evolution of American policy towards the Arab–Zionist conflict through various stages, with a special focus on the period from 1967 to 1973 as well as an analysis of preceding phases. Employing a descriptive analytical comparative methodology, the study explores the shifts in U.S. foreign policy and its strategies in dealing with the conflict. It also addresses the impact of international factors—such as Cold War dynamics, diplomatic pressures, and security considerations—on shaping American policy, particularly its fluctuating support for Israel and its mediation efforts aimed at achieving a peaceful resolution. The research concludes that American policy was based on balancing strategic interests with the need for regional stability and diplomacy, reflecting a complex interplay between security and political imperatives.

Research Summary
Studying relations between countries is essential and important for the continuation of joint work and the necessary communication to strengthen their relations. Saudi-Moroccan relations have gained great importance due to the depth of the historical ties between the two countries and their impact on coordinating common positions on various Arab and international issues. Saudi-Moroccan relations can be considered among the strongest Arab relations, with historical roots and, accordingly, in various political, economic, and social fields. The beginning of relations between the two countries dates back to 1957, after Morocco\'s independence. Relations between the two countries are considered among the most interconnected and stable Arab relations. The period between 1979 and 2005 was chosen, considering that the period before 1979 was studied until 2005, the year of the death of King Fahd, who was succeeded by King Abdullah as King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research was divided into three sections, covering the political, economic, and cultural levels.

Abstract
The emergence of the Internet was a global event; as it attracted the attention of many people of different ages and social, scientific and cultural levels. It helped to connect communication between peoples and their civilizational orientations, and through it, it transcended political and geographical borders, and the traditional isolation that human societies experience. Social networking sites played an effective role in providing people with a lot of information, positions and trends, which contributed to shaping their awareness and data; to be more able to influence and attract others, and to acquire different habits and behaviors. Through this acquisition, you find the individual benefiting from the activities and programs available to him, and interacting with others, and thus reflecting on the formation of public opinion towards an incident or social phenomenon that concerns society.
Public opinion is a common term that is often mentioned by writers and journalists, and every person must be interested in public opinion; because it is part of reality, in addition to the fact that this opinion represents a force with a great influence on people\'s lives in general. It is noted that every issue revolves around public opinion; You find fame and support from public bodies, and those who make laws, as well as you find consideration for social traditions and moral principles and denial of them, and public opinion affects the daily life of every person, but there are few people who think about it deeply and know the way public opinion works, and from this standpoint this study attempts to research the role of social networking sites and their impact on shaping political opinion and public opinion, and to show the most important leaps achieved by these sites, and the functions they practiced and to show their impact, and this definition allows us to identify the most important topics that these sites focused on in light of what the Iraqi reality is witnessing.

Abstract:
Land transportation, especially vehicles of various sizes and types, are a major source of air pollution, as they are largely responsible for this pollution, as a result of the increased concentration of pollutants resulting from gases emitted from their exhausts and causing air pollution.The research aims to clarify the role of artificial intelligence techniques in reducing environmental pollution resulting from vehicle exhausts, as it uses the intelligent transportation system technology, which represents one of the artificial intelligence technologies and relies on a number of competencies in this field, such as (GPS) Reality Determination System, Geographic Information Systems (GPS), and (AVL) Automatic Vehicle Location Systems, in addition to systems for monitoring vehicle traffic and their smart locations, passenger information systems, and others.The research found a strong relationship between intelligent transportation systems and the environment, as these systems came to confront the problems and challenges resulting from land transportation, especially vehicles and the pollutants that their exhausts produce that are dangerous to the environment, in addition to traffic congestion, which is one of the causes of environmental pollution due to the exhausts released by vehicles during congestion, stopping and slow driving that lead to pollution.These systems also work to encourage sustainable and environmentally safe transportation, ensuring the reduction of the negative effects of environmental pollution resulting from vehicle exhausts and reducing fuel consumption, in addition to reducing the time lost in transportation due to congestion and reducing the cost of transportation

Abstract
The present research endeavors to investigate (the efficiency of the transformational learning strategy in terms of acquiring time concepts for the fifth-grade-intermediate school students, in history subject). In order to accomplish the goals of the research, a null hypothesis was set, and the experimental design was used with two groups; the first experimental and the other control, The researcher used thi exprmental design with two groups, the first is the expemental group and the second is the control group. The size of the was (66) male and female students from the fifth grade of middle school, with (32) students of males and females as the experimental group and (34) students to represent the control group, The researcher rewarded the two groups in the variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence, fathers’ achievement, mothers’ achievement, history grades for the previous year, general average for the previous year, choice of temporal concepts), The researcher applied the post-test of temporal concepts and after using statistics to process the data by means of using t test (t-test) for two independent samples and the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the post-test of temporal concepts among the students of the experimental group who studied according to the transformational learning strategy and the students of the control group who studied using the traditional method.

Abstract
The Purpose Of This Study Is To Identify The Electronic Tests In Terms Of Concept, Development, Objectives And What Are The Advantages Of Using Them In Universities, As Well As What Are The Most Important Problems And Obstacles Faced By Teachers To Be Used In Universities. The Researcher Used The Descriptive Approach In His Research. This Research Was Applied To An Intentional Sample Of (30) Faculty Members In The Departments Of (Horticulture And Field Crops) At The Faculty Of Agriculture /University Of Samarra. To Achieve The Objectives Of This Goal, The Researcher Designed A Questionnaire Consisting Of (20) Paragraphs Used As A Data Collection Tool.
The results of the research have proven the existence of problems and obstacles to the use of electronic tests in the Faculty of Agriculture /University of Samarra, and based on these results, the current studies have recommended a number of recommendations, including:
- Providing training programs for teaching at the Faculty of Agriculture, Samarra University, on the use of electronic tests.
- Work on developing a specialized center in electronic tests at Samarra University, equipped with all modern means, methods and devices.
- Provide dedicated technical staff in each computer laboratory.
- Provide computer laboratories with continuous Internet service.
- Teaching computer science to students.
- Conduct more research on the topic of e-testing in other environments.

Abstract
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of all worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of the Messengers and upon his family and all his companions.
I have written multiple research papers on Maqasid al-Sharia and on the concept of legal interest (maslahah), including: “Maqasidi Reasoning / A Maqasidi Study.” This research serves as a continuation of the study on Maqasid al-Sharia. The research is divided into two main sections:
• The first section defines the title and the key terms of the research, structured into eight parts.
• The second section deals with the classifications of Maqasid al-Sharia, organized into seven parts.
I addressed each classification briefly yet without compromising the intended meaning.
In the conclusion, I presented the findings and deductions of this modest research, among which are: previous scholars of Maqasid did not fully comprehend the concept for reasons that I have outlined. Contemporary scholars of Maqasid have provided various definitions that differ somewhat, possibly due to differences in scholarly rank, time, place, and other factors.
Furthermore, I concluded that the classifications of Maqasid are numerous and varied depending on different considerations and contexts. These include the necessary (daruriyyah), complementary (hajiyyah), and embellishing (tahsiniyyah) objectives; the considered (mu\'tabarah) and free (mursal) objectives, alongside the canceled (mulghah) objectives which the legislator has annulled; the original (asliyah) and partial (juz\'iyah); the definitive (qat\'i) and speculative (zanni) as well as the imaginary (wahmi); the general (kulliyyah) which benefit all the legal subjects, and the particular (juz\'iyyah) related to specific issues and evidences.
Above all, Maqasid are divided into two types: the objectives of the legislator (Maqasid al-Shari\') and the objectives of the legal subject (Maqasid al-Mukallaf). The former is the main concern in Maqasidi studies, whereas the latter refers to what the legal subject intends and wills in his speech, actions, and behavior.

Abstract
This research addresses the methodological problems facing researchers when using literary and historical letters as sources in the study of history، through studying the letters of Diya’ al-Din Ibn al-Athir (d. 637 AH/1239 AD) as a model representing this type of source in the Ayyubid era. Ibn al-Athir’s letters are predominantly rhetorical and decorative، which sometimes makes it difficult to extract accurate historical information from them. The use of metaphors and figurative expressions also gives the letters a literary character that distances them from historical objectivity. Ibn al-Athir was an employee in the state offices، which may make him adopt the positions of the authority he addresses or defends، and thus distort or select facts to serve the political discourse. Religious issues are still in their infancy in the presence of a discourse that deals with the text، and the approaches to this approach are more than the intellectual and philosophical justifications and explanations for the research process، and thus for the creative process itself. Ibn al-Athir’s answers to the questions of literary، social، political and religious texts، and his important perceptions of them، are readings New، exploring and sometimes evaluating the depth of Arab culture.

Abstract:
Personal pronouns play a central role in the linguistic structure of any language. They are tools of reference and substitution that link parts of the text and clarify the relationships between subjects, objects, and recipients in different contexts. In Semitic languages in general, including Hebrew and Arabic, pronouns are considered a fundamental element in defining the syntactic and semantic identity of words and sentences, which makes them an essential element in understanding the meaning and inferring textual content. In the context of the Bible, which is one of the most extant religious and literary texts ever written in Hebrew, personal pronouns have a unique importance, as they reflect the nature of theological speech, the rhetorical styles used, and the relationships of the characters mentioned in the sacred texts. Any deviation or difference in the translation of these personal pronouns may lead to semantic changes that can affect the overall meaning of the text and its interpretation in theological and historical contexts. Hebrew personal pronouns are characterized by their variety of systems and inflections in terms of gender, number, and syntactic position, which can create problems when translating them into Hebrew. For example, in Hebrew there are detached personal pronouns, connected personal pronouns, and hidden pronouns that may be included within the verb form, which makes it difficult to translate accurately to ensure the accuracy of meaning. In addition, some personal pronouns may have more than one meaning in the biblical context, which opens the door to differences between translations, such as the translation of masculine plural personal pronouns in certain contexts where the meaning may also include females depending on the cultural and textual context. As a result, an analysis of how the different Arabic translations deal with these linguistic problems reveals different translation strategies and differences in theological and interpretive understanding of the texts

Abstract
This research examines the influence of the Samaritan heritage on the Hebrew language in the twelfth century, highlighting the deep linguistic and cultural relationship between the Samaritans and the Jews in the Middle Ages. The research aims to examine the linguistic influences between the Samaritans and the Jews through analyzing the shared vocabulary and linguistic structures in Samaritan Hebrew and Jewish Hebrew. In addition, the research examines the grammatical and morphological influences that the Samaritans left on the linguistic system of the Hebrew language during this period, with a focus on the use of the Samaritan alphabet in writing Hebrew. The Samaritan literature is also reviewed and how it influenced Hebrew literature, with examples of shared religious texts that embody this overlap between the two languages. Through these analyses, the research seeks to provide new insights into the relationship between the Samaritans and the Jews, document their mutual influences on the development of the Hebrew language, and present conclusions that highlight the importance of this cultural and linguistic interaction

Abstract:
The synonymy of grammatical units in complex sentences is an important topic in syntax and grammar. This phenomenon involves the ability of different syntactic constructions to convey similar meanings, which opens up possibilities for the expressiveness of the language. In complex sentences, synonymy is manifested through the use of various grammatical units, allowing authors and speakers to choose the most suitable constructions to convey their thoughts. The study of grammatical synonymy helps to understand the structure of the language and contributes to the improvement of communication skills.
Introduction:Grammatical synonymy« is an important phenomenon in language, related to the ability to convey the same or similar meanings through different syntactic structures. [1, с.45]. This phenomenon plays a significant role in language as it helps to diversify speech, make it more expressive, and avoid repetition. Synonymy is more evident in complex sentences, where several grammatical units interact.
Relevance:Grammatical synonymy is relevant in the context of modern society, where effective communication plays a key role. «The ability to use various syntactic constructions to convey the same idea becomes a necessary skill» [8, с. 77]. This not only helps to diversify speech but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the language and enhances overall communication.The purpose of the article is to explore grammatical synonymy in complex sentences, define its impact on the expressiveness of language, examine the types of complex sentences, and show how different syntactic constructions can convey similar meanings.
Tasks of the article:
1. Define grammatical synonymy and establish its boundaries.
2. Consider the types of complex sentences that use synonymous constructions.
3. Study the synonymous use of subordinate structures.
4. Conduct a comparative analysis of coordinated and uncoordinated sentences.
5. Examine the practical application of knowledge about grammatical synonymy to improve written and spoken communication.

Abstract
This study aims to investigate educators\' experiences with task-based language strategies and show the weaknesses instructors face when using them to enhance international students\' speaking abilities. This research utilizes an explanatory case study methodology, including six teachers who taught international postgraduate students in an intensive English program at the University Utara Malaysia Language Centre during the academic year 2023-2024. The data were evaluated using a qualitative technique. According to this study\'s findings, the weaknesses of task-based language teaching implementation are the interference of exam-oriented teaching methods and the restricted teaching hours for task-based learning; students\' lack of vocabulary or prior knowledge is the main weakness of using task-based language teaching. Additionally, several suggestions for improved Task-based language teaching implementation are given.

Abstract
This paper intends to examine teachers’ perceptions of medical students’ linguistic requirements. It too attempts to inspect if the linguistic requirements of medical students are conceived another way by sponsors in medical sciences. For so doing, a structured interview was developed and distributed to 30 teachers, teaching English for medical purposes (EMP) at colleges of medicine in Iraq. The collected data were qualitatively analyzed based on the teachers replies to the questions raised in the interview. The results revealed that medical students are required to be sufficiently skilled in the main language skills, seeing the challenging status of their career in the future. They graded the position of the main language skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening.

Abstract
The Gardener of Baghdad 2015, by Ahmed Ardalan, provides an authentic portrayal of the atrocities of war and its enduring repercussions. Through the analysis of the novel, it becomes evident that the challenging events experienced by individuals serve as a reflection of their relationships, decisions, and actions. Moreover, these experiences impacted the whole social system, not only a few individuals. A critical examination and analysis of literary works reveal the impact of war-induced trauma on individuals, their identity formation, and the resulting interactions within society. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the enduring nature and consequences of conflict-induced violence. The primary objective of the research is to provide a comprehensive perspective and critical examination of how Ardalan portrayed the enduring consequences of war. The paper illuminates the degree to which individuals react to this phenomenon. This research paper, grounded in the trauma theoretical framework, illuminates the consequences of war experienced by both people and society at large. Applying the trauma theory of Cathy Caruth, the study demonstrates the psychological consequences of war, such as remorse, the need for redemption, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Not only does the research look into the psychological effects people face, it also looks into how social structures break down and become disorganized, leading to a change in culture and people having to move. This is a clear correlation between the traumas experienced by individuals and the collective well-being of society. The research has significantly contributed to sparking numerous debates on war, its casualties, and its long-lasting effects on people\\'s lives, while also highlighting the profound shock that war inflicts on society and its devastating aftermath

Abstract
This study sociopragmatically inspects how outrage is reflected in BBC News reports as far as the accident of Quran burning is concerned. Outrage is mainly selected as it has not been given a satisfactory consideration by researchers from a sociopragmatic perspective, as far as the researcher could inspect. Therefore, this knowledge gap should really be bridged by socipragmatically scrutinizing the manifestation of outrage in the context of Quran burning in BBC News reports. This study, thus, attempts to accomplish the following aims: pinpointing the pragmatic strategies that manifest outrage in BBC News reports; and finding out the social variables that influence the use of outrage over Quran burning in BBC News reports. Along the lines of its aims, this study hypothesizes that: the pragmatic strategies of speech acts, framing, stance-taking, presupposition, lexical choice, moral positioning, solidarity appeal, and other strategies can be used to pragmatically represent outrage over Quran burning in BBC News reports; and the social variables of geopolitical context, public and political reactions, religious and cultural sensitivities, media framing and others highly affect the manifestation of outrage over Quran burning in BBC News reports. To accomplish its aims, this study follows certain steps: it briefly reviews the relevant literature about the sociopragmatics of outrage as far as the accident of Quran burning is concerned in BBC News reports; develops a model of the pragmatics of outrage to analyze the data; analyses three representative extracts qualitatively using the model developed in this study for this purpose; and discusses the findings to arrive at some conclusions. The present study ends up with a variety of conclusions, the most dominant of which is that BBC News constructs outrage over Quran burning not only as an emotional reaction but also as a sociopragmatic media event shaped by geopolitical, religious, and cultural discourse.

Abstract:
The chemical fertilizer industry is considered one of the vital strategic industries for any country due to its close connection with agricultural production and food supply. It is one of the most important factors in increasing agricultural output. This industry requires several locational factors for its establishment, such as the availability of natural gas—which is a key raw material in the production process—as well as electric power, transportation and marketing infrastructure, water resources, land, secure location, and skilled labor specialized in this field.The fertilizer industry in Baiji District represents one of the most significant sites for this industry. It was established in 1987 due to the urgent need for fertilizers following the destruction of fertilizer production facilities in Basra Governorate during the Iran–Iraq war. The Baiji plant remained in operation until 2014, when it was destroyed by terrorist groups.The selection of this research topic stems from the potential to revive this industry according to the Ministry of Industry’s plan to construct two factories—one for nitrogen fertilizers and another for compound fertilizers—to meet both immediate and future demand, reduce reliance on imports, and mitigate high prices, especially during times of crisis. Salah al-Din Governorate is among the important agricultural producers in Iraq. The current and future demand for fertilizers was calculated, as production from the proposed facilities is expected to supply neighboring provinces with an estimated 112,000 tons annually, generating a significant added value exceeding 80 billion Iraqi dinars per year